2 It’s all in the past

Glossary
Page 17 2.10 consequence (n) /ˈkɒnsəkwens/
a result of sth ● If you don’t follow the king’s
2.1 exhibit (n) /ɪɡˈzɪbɪt/ orders, you’ll have to face the consequences
an object of interest in a museum ● Greek and of your actions. ➣ consequently (adj)
Roman statues are among the most beautiful ❖
exhibits in the Louvre Museum. ➣ exhibit (v),
2.11 connect (v) /kəˈnekt/
exhibition (n) ❖
relate; show that things are related ● The
2.2 anthropology (n) /ˌænθrəˈpɒlədʒi/ development of road networks in Britain was
the study of the physical and cultural connected with the Roman invasion.
development of humans ● Jamie is ➣ connection (n) ❖
researching the development of early humans
2.12 take a long view (of) (expr) /teɪk ə lɒŋ vjuː
for his degree in anthropology.
(əv)/
➣ anthropological (adj), anthropologist (n)
think about the possible future effects of
❖
something, not just the immediate result
2.3 ancestor (n) /ˈænsestə(r)/ ● If you take a long view, think of your
a person in a family who lived a long time ago studies as an investment for your future work
● My ancestors from my grandfather’s family opportunities. ❖
lived in France until the 16th century.
2.13 complex (adj) /ˈkɒmpleks/
❖ ✎ Opp: descendant
complicated; not simple ● Complex electronic
2.4 influence (v) /ˈɪnflʊəns/ equipment is used to find the age of
make sb agree and do what you want ● The archaeological discoveries. ➣ complexity (n)
weather can influence our mood and make ❖
us feel happy or depressed. ➣ influence (n),
2.14 individual (n) /ɪndɪˈvɪʤuəl/
influential (adj) ❖
a person ● Each individual has a right to their
own opinions. ➣ individual (adj), individuality (n)

Reading
❖
Pages 18–19 2.15 version (n) /ˈvɜːʃn/
a copy of sth that has been changed so it is a
2.5 historian (n) /hɪˈstɔːriən/
little different ● There are two versions of the
sb who studies history and is an expert on it
history book – one for teenagers and one for
● A famous historian is going to present his
young children. ❖
book about ancient Troy. ➣ history (n), historic,
historical (adj) ❖ 2.16 genome (n) /ˈʤiːnəʊm/
a set of genes in a living thing or cell
2.6 residence (n) /ˈrezɪdəns/
● We are constantly discovering more about
a home ● Buckingham Palace is the residence
the human genome and how our body works.
of the British Royal Family. ➣ resident (n), reside
❖
(v), resident, residential (adj) ❖
2.17 evolve (v) /ɪˈvɒlv/
2.7 emperor (n) /ˈempərə(r)/
develop ● Medical science has evolved rapidly
a man who rules an empire ● The Roman
through the use of technology. ➣ evolution (n),
emperor Hadrian greatly admired the ancient
evolutionary (adj) ❖
Greek civilisation. ➣ empire (n), imperial (adj)
❖ 2.18 entire (adj) /ɪnˈtaɪə(r)/
whole ● He spent his entire life looking for
2.8 dynasty (n) /ˈdɪnəsti/
the lost city of Atlantis. ➣ entirely (adv)
a family of kings and queens who have
❖
controlled a country for many years ● The
Ming dynasty ruled China for almost three 2.19 requirement (n) /rɪˈkwaɪəmənt/
centuries. ❖ sth that sb says you must have in order to do
sth ● Two years’ experience is a minimum
2.9 inescapable (adj) /ɪnɪsˈkeɪpəbl/
requirement for the job. ➣ require (v)
impossible to escape, bound to happen
❖
● The end of the empire was inescapable from
the moment the war began. ➣ escape (v, n)
❖
© Cengage Learning, Inc.
2.20 field (n) /fiːld/ 2.32 specialise (v) /speʃəlˈaɪz/
the specialist area of work or study sb focus on a particular subject and become an
is involved in ● She works in the field of expert in it ● After completing his studies in IT,
microbiology and studies blood samples. he specialised in gaming development.
❖ ➣ specialist (n, adj) ❖
2.21 on the contrary (phr) /ɒn ðə ˈkɒntrəri/ 2.33 operate (v) /ˈɒpəreɪt/
used to introduce an opposite point of view work; function ● The election process operates
● I expected to enjoy the book. On the differently in each country. ➣ operation,
contrary, I found the plot rather predictable. operator (n) ❖
❖ 2.34 economic (adj) /ˌiːkəˈnɒmɪk/
2.22 context (n) /ˈkɒntekst/ relating to business and money ● The new
the circumstances in which sth is said or government promises to improve the country’s
done ● The book Jane Eyre was written in the economic situation. ➣ economy, economist,
context of nineteenth-century England. economics (n), economical (adj) ❖
❖
LOOK!
2.23 cliché (n) /ˈkliːʃeɪ/
a phrase or idea that has been used too often Notice the difference between the words economic
to be interesting ● I’m fed up with hearing the and economical.
old cliché ‘time flies’. ❖ The cost of building the royal palace added to
2.24 ignore (v) /ɪɡˈnɔː(r)/ the country’s economic problems. (= related to
not pay attention to sb/sth ● Alex can the economy)
sometimes make silly comments. Just ignore Natural gas provides an economical source of
him. ❖ energy. (= which doesn't waste money)
2.25 circumstances (n pl) /ˈsɜːkəmstənsɪz/
2.35 foundation (n) /faʊnˈdeɪʃn/
the conditions and things happening at a
basis ● The meeting laid the foundation
particular time and in a particular place ● The
for peace between the two countries.
company closed due to a series of unfortunate
❖
circumstances. ❖
2.36 justify (v) /ˈdʒʌstɪfaɪ/
2.26 analyse (v) /ˈænəlaɪz/
explain or prove a good reason for ● The
examine or investigate sth closely to find out
politician was asked to justify the amount he
more details about it ● Historians are still
had spent on decorating his home.
analysing the probable causes of the end of
➣ justification (n) ❖
the Minoan civilisation. ➣ analysis, analyst (n),
analytical (adj) ❖ 2.37 very (adj) /ˈveri/
actual ● The elections are taking place at this
2.27 question (v) /ˈkwestʃən/
very moment. ❖
be doubtful about the value or truth of sth
● Some historians still question the theories 2.38 existence (n) /ɪgˈzɪstəns/
about how the Pyramids of Giza were built. the state of being real ● The existence of the
➣ question (n) ❖ unknown Amazonian tribe was discovered by
an explorer. ➣ exist (v) ❖
2.28 perception (n) /pəˈsepʃn/
understanding; belief or opinion ● Her 2.39 dismiss (v) /dɪsˈmɪs/
perception of learning has changed since she reject ● In the past, many people dismissed
took the course. ➣ perceive (v), perceptive the idea that the Earth is round! ➣ dismissal
(adj) ❖ (n) ❖
2.29 fake news (n) /ˌfeɪk ˈnjuːz/ 2.40 foolish (adj) /ˈfuːlɪʃ/
false information that is presented as news, silly ● It would be foolish to travel in this
usually online ● There’s so much fake news snowstorm. ➣ fool (n) ❖
around on social media that people don’t know 2.41 indulgence (n) /ɪnˈdʌldʒəns/
what to believe. ❖ doing or having whatever you like (even if it
2.30 phenomenon (n) /fəˈnɒmɪnən/ isn’t necessary); letting sb else do or have
a fact or event in nature or society, usually one whatever they like ● At the end of the stressful
not fully understood ● Friendship is a complex project, she enjoyed a few days’ indulgence at
phenomenon, which is not fully understood. a holiday resort. ➣ indulge (v) ❖
➣ phenomenal (adj) ❖ ✎ Plural: 2.42 worthless (adj) /ˈwɜːθləs/
phenomena without value or of no use ● The painting looks
2.31 regardless of (phr) /rɪˈgɑːdləs ɒv/ like a Picasso, but it’s just a worthless copy.
no matter ● Regardless of where we live, we ➣ worth (n) ❖
are all affected by the weather. ❖

© Cengage Learning, Inc.

2.43 fascination (n) /fæsɪˈneɪʃn/ 2.55 challenge (n) /ˈʧælənʤ/
a strong interest in sth ● Her fascination with questioning whether sth is valid or legal ● The
nature has led her to become an explorer. researchers’ findings present a challenge to
➣ fascinate (v), fascinating, fascinated (adj) existing beliefs. ➣ challenge (v), challenging
❖ (adj) ❖
2.44 vanished (adj) /ˈvænɪʃd/ 2.56 identical (adj) /aɪˈdentɪkl/
which has disappeared or no longer exists exactly the same ● The content of the two
● The Aztec temple ruins are all that remain websites was identical, so one was clearly
of a vanished civilisation. ➣ vanish (v) copied from the other. ❖
❖ 2.57 concern (n) /kənˈsɜːn/
2.45 bunk (n) /bʌŋk/ a worry ● Fake news is a matter for public
nonsense; false information ● I don’t believe concern. ➣ concern (v), concerned (adj)
this article. It seems like a load of bunk! ❖
➣ debunk (v) ❖ 2.58 relate to (sb) (phr v) /rɪˈleɪt tə ˈ(sʌmbədi)/
2.46 misguided (adj) /ˌmɪsˈɡaɪdɪd/ be able to understand and have sympathy
wrong because you’re mistaken ● The health with (sb) ● I can relate to his problem
advice given on some websites is misguided because I’ve been in a similar situation.
and could be dangerous. ➣ misguide (v), ❖
misguidedly (adv) ❖
2.47 enhance (v) /ɪnˈhɑːns/
improve ● The projection of 3D videos at the
archaeological site is going to enhance the
Vocabulary Page 20
visitors’ experience. ➣ enhancement (n) 2.59 armour (n) /ˈɑːmə(r)/
❖ protective metal clothing worn by soldiers
2.48 interact (v) /ˌɪntərˈækt/ in the past ● The brave prince put on his
communicate with each other, do things armour to go into battle. ➣ armoured (adj)
together, etc. ● Knowledge of the language is ❖
essential if you want to interact with the locals. 2.60 aristocrat (n) /ˈærɪstəkræt/
➣ interactive (adj), interaction (n) a person of high social class ● Modern
❖ aristocrats use titles like ‘duke’, ‘earl’ and
2.49 impact (n) /ˈɪmpækt/ ‘baron’. ➣ aristocratic (adj), aristocracy (n)
having a strong effect on sb/sth ● The ❖
consequences of Covid-19 have had an impact 2.61 medieval times (n pl) /ˌmediˈiːvl taɪmz/
on most people’s lives. ➣ impact (v) the Middle Ages; the years from about 1000 to
❖ 1450 ● The castle was built during medieval
2.50 conflict (n) /ˈkɒnflɪkt/ times in 1256. ❖
serious disagreement or fighting ● Access to 2.62 sword (n) /sɔːd/
natural resources has been a source of conflict a weapon like a large heavy knife ● Charlie
between nations for centuries. ➣ conflict (v), has a big collection of medieval swords.
conflicting (adj) ❖ ❖
2.51 class (n) /klɑːs/ 2.63 shield (n) /ʃiːld/
level of importance in a society; category sth used as protection against weapons or
● Most of the country’s wealth belongs to the damage ● The Roman soldiers marched
upper class. ➣ class (v) ❖ forward holding up their shields in front of
2.52 wealth (n) /welθ/ them. ➣ shield (v) ❖
riches ● The rich family used their wealth to 2.64 battlefield (n) /ˈbætlˌfiːld/
build a new cultural centre. ➣ wealthy (adj) a place where a fight takes place between
❖ armies ● Waterloo is a battlefield in Belgium,
2.53 property (n) /ˈprɒpəti/ where Napoleon was defeated. ➣ battle (n, v)
a building or buildings and/or land; ❖
possessions ● She invested her savings in 2.65 archaeologist (n) /ɑːkɪˈɒləʤɪst/
commercial property. ❖ sb who studies the past by examining ruins
2.54 labour (n) /ˈleɪbə(r)/ and objects found in the ground ● The German
work done by people, often involving physical archaeologist, Heinrich Schliemann, explored
effort ● Working on a building site involves the ancient site of Knossos in Crete.
hard labour. ❖ ➣ archaeology (n), archaeological (adj)
❖

© Cengage Learning, Inc.

2.66 warrior (n) /ˈwɒrɪə(r)/ 2.77 prehistoric (adj) /ˌpriːhɪˈstɒrɪk/
a fighter; a soldier ● The warriors fought with from a time before human history ● Dinosaurs
swords and shields. ➣ war (n) ❖ lived on Earth in prehistoric times. ➣ prehistory
2.67 the Bronze Age (n) /ðə ˈbrɒnz eɪdʒ/ (n) ❖
the period in history characterised by the 2.78 contemporary (adj) /kənˈtempərəri/
use of the metal bronze to make tools and modern ● Graffiti is a type of contemporary art.
weapons after the end of the Stone Age over ❖
5,000 years ago ● The museum exhibits 2.79 kingdom (n) /ˈkɪŋdəm/
include metal cooking pots and plates from the a country or region ruled by a king or queen
Bronze Age. ❖ ● Queen Cleopatra ruled the kingdom of
2.68 empire (n) /ˈempaɪə(r)/ Egypt. ❖
all the countries under the control of one ruler 2.80 monarchy (n) /ˈmɒnəki/
● The Roman Empire stretched across most of a method of government led by a king or
Europe. ➣ emperor (n), imperial (adj) queen ● Queen Elizabeth II became the head
❖ of the British monarchy in 1952. ➣ monarch
2.69 revolution (n) /rəvəˈluːʃən/ (n) ❖
a time when there is a violent change of a 2.81 imperial (adj) /ɪmˈpɪəriəl/
political system ● The French Revolution belonging to or connected with an empire
took place from 1789 to 1799. ➣ revolt (v), or emperor ● The emperor’s family lived
revolutionary (adj) ❖ in the imperial palace. ➣ empire, emperor,
2.70 civil war (n) /ˌsɪvl ˈwɔː(r)/ empress (n) ❖
a time when there is a violent change of a 2.82 presidential (adj) /ˌprezɪˈdenʃl/
political system ● The last Incan emperor was belonging to or connected with a president
killed in 1533 by the Spanish after the Incan ● The US presidential elections are held every
Civil War. ❖ four years. ➣ president (n), preside (v)
2.71 campaign (n) /kamˈpeɪn/ ❖
a group of planned activities that have a 2.83 violent (adj) /ˈvaɪələnt/
specific purpose ● The political parties have happening with a lot of force ● History is
begun their campaigns to win the election. full of violent battles between different
❖ countries. ➣ violently (adv), violence (n)
2.72 firearm (n) /ˈfaɪərɑːm/ ❖
a gun ● When he joined the army, he 2.84 guard (n) /ɡɑːd/
learnt to hold a firearm to shoot at a target. a person who keeps sb/sth safe from other
❖ people or danger ● Guards stand outside the
2.73 bow (n) /bəʊ/ royal palace at all times of day. ➣ guard (v)
a long thin piece of wood or metal bent into a ❖
curve with a string joining each end, used to 2.85 successor (n) /sʌkˈsesə(r)/
fire arrows ● Robin Hood lifted his bow and a person who takes the place of another one
shot an arrow at the deer. ❖ ● The old emperor’s successor was his nine-
2.74 monument (n) /ˈmɒnjʊmənt/ year-old nephew. ➣ succeed (v)
an old building which is an important part of a ❖
country’s history ● The Tower of London is a 2.86 genealogical (adj) /ˌdʒiːniəˈlɒdʒɪkl/
famous monument. ❖ related to ancestors and the study of family
2.75 demonstration (n) /demənˈstreɪʃn/ history ● She researched her family history
a public gathering of people showing their and made a genealogical chart showing her
disapproval or unhappiness about sth ● After ancestors. ➣ genealogy (n) ❖
the new political measures were announced, 2.87 archive (n) /ˈɑːkaɪv/
the students held a demonstration outside a store of old documents or records ● Dad
the government offices. ➣ demonstrate (v), found his grandfather’s birth certificate in the
demonstrator (n) ❖ public archives at the town hall. ➣ archive (v)
2.76 rebellion (n) /rɪˈbeljən/ ❖
a violent action by a group of people who want 2.88 descendant (n) /dɪˈsendənt/
to change their country’s ruling system ● After a person’s children, their children and any
long discussions between the king and the future family members related to them
rebels' leader, the rebellion came to an end. ● He claims to be a descendant of Julius
➣ rebel (v), rebel (n), rebellious (adj) Caesar, but nobody takes him seriously!
❖ ➣ descend (v) ❖

© Cengage Learning, Inc.

2.89 generation (n) /dʒenəˈreɪʃn/ 2.97 agriculture (n) /ˈægrɪkʌlʧə(r)/
all the people who were born at about the farming ● As this country’s economy depends
same time ● The younger generation have on agriculture, the development of farming is
grown up using technology that their ancestors important. ➣ agricultural (adj) ❖
never imagined possible. ❖ 2.98 civilisation (n) /sɪvəlaɪˈzeɪʃn/
2.90 aristocracy (n) /ˌærɪˈstɒkrəsi/ organised human society ● The Aztec
the rich upper class of society, often with civilisation developed advanced agricultural
special titles ● Only members of the techniques. ➣ civilise (v), civilised (adj)
aristocracy were invited to the royal wedding. ❖
➣ aristocrat (n), aristocratic (adj) 2.99 invasion (n) /ɪnˈveɪʒn/
❖ when the army of a country goes to another
2.91 ruling (adj) /ˈruːlɪŋ/ country in order to take control of it ● The book
in charge of a society or country’s government is about the Spanish invasion of the Americas.
● Members of the ruling class were put in ➣ invade (v), invader (n) ❖
prison after the rebellion. ➣ rule (v), ruler (n)
❖ War and disagreement
2.92 labourer (n) /ˈleɪbərə(r)/ armour firearm
a person whose job involves heavy physical battlefield invasion
work ● Farm labourers pick the fruit crops in bow rebellion
autumn. ➣ labour (n, v) ❖
campaign revolution
The past: people civil war shield
ancestor guard conflict sword
archaeologist historian demonstration violent
aristocrat labourer
descendant successor
emperor warrior
Listening Page 22

Types of rule 2.100 demolish (v) /dɪˈmɒlɪʃ/

aristocracy imperial completely destroy a building so that it falls
down ● The old houses were demolished
class kingdom
when the new road was built through the town.
dynasty monarchy ➣ demolition (n) ❖
empire presidential 2.101 process (n) /ˈprəʊses/
method, action ● Digging for small objects on
an archaeological site is a slow process.
➣ process (v) ❖
Grammar Page 21 2.102 access (v) /ˈækses/
have a way into; open a file (e.g. on a
2.93 bust (n) /bʌst/ computer) ● I can’t access the website without
a statue of a person’s head and shoulders a password. ➣ access (n) ❖
● There were busts of Roman emperors inside
2.103 surround (v) /səˈraʊnd/
the palace entrance. ❖
be all around sb/sth ● The palace is
2.94 gather (v) /ˈgæðə(r)/ surrounded by a high wall, which is guarded
(of people) meet together in a large group 24/7. ➣ surroundings (n pl) ❖
● Groups of young people frequently gather in
2.104 construct (v) /kənˈstrʌkt/
the park. ➣ gathering (n)
build ● The wall was constructed during the
❖
rule of Emperor Hadrian. ➣ construction (v)
2.95 nomadic (adj) /ˈnəʊmædɪk/ ❖
connected with people who travel from place
2.105 legal (adj) /ˈliːgəl/
to place without a fixed home ● We are
allowed by law; connected with the law
researching the lifestyle of nomadic tribes in
● Owning wild animals isn't legal. ➣ legally
central Africa. ➣ nomad (n) ❖
(adv) ❖ ✎ Opp: illegal
2.96 sophisticated (adj) /səˈfɪstɪkeɪtɪd/
2.106 minority (n) /maɪˈnɒrɪti/
complicated and well-designed ● Smartphone
the smaller part of a group ● Only a small
technology is becoming more and more
minority of students eat in the college canteen.
sophisticated. ❖
❖ ✎ Opp: majority

© Cengage Learning, Inc.

Speaking Page 23
2.117 (it’s) a matter of time (expr) /(ɪts) ə matər əv
taɪm/
it will definitely happen, sooner or later
2.107 one-to-one (adj) /wʌn tʊ wʌn/ ● They’re bound to discover where the
between two people only ● She’s having a king was buried. It’s only a matter of time.
one-to-one session with her yoga teacher. ❖
❖
2.118 take your time (expr) /teɪk jɔː taɪm/
2.108 podcast (n) /ˈpɒdkɑːst/ don’t hurry ● Take your time and check
a digital audio file that you can download and your work carefully before you hand it in.
listen to on a computer or other device ❖
● I listen to podcasts on my headphones when
I’m out for a walk. ❖ 2.119 descend (v) /dɪˈsend/
go down ● He quickly descended the stairs to
2.109 collaboratively (adv) /kəˈlæbərətɪvli/ the ground floor. ➣ descent, descendant (n)
involving working together with other people ❖
● We’ll achieve more if we work collaboratively.
➣ collaborate (v), collaboration (n), 2.120 mass (n) /mæs/
collaborative (adj) ❖ a large amount of sth ● She read a mass of
information about Easter Island before writing
her conclusions. ❖

Grammar Page 24
2.121 major (adj) /ˈmeɪʤə(r)/
important; serious ● Overcrowding is a major
problem in many capital cities. ➣ majority (n)
2.110 howl (v) /haʊl/
❖ ✎ Opp: minor
make a loud sound like a wolf ● They heard
the sound of the tornado howling outside.
➣ howl (n), howling (adj) ❖ Expressions with time
2.111 anecdote (n) /ˈænɪkdəʊt/ at times high time
a personal story about an amusing or behind the times only a matter of time
interesting event ● Mum is forever telling for the time being take your time
my friends anecdotes about my childhood.
It’s so embarrassing! ➣ anecdotal (adj)
❖
2.112 still (adj) /stɪl/ Writing Pages 26–27
not moving ● There’s a snake just in front of
2.122 current (adj) /ˈkʌrənt/
you. Keep still! ❖
happening or existing now ● They elected
the current president two years ago.
➣ currently (adv) ❖
Use your English Page 25 2.123 whereas (conj) /ˌweərˈæz/
while (used to contrast two ideas); on the
2.113 at times (expr) /æt taɪmz/ other hand ● Visiting the museum is free for
sometimes ● My sister can be rather annoying children, whereas adults need to pay to enter.
at times. ❖ ❖
2.114 behind the times (expr) /bɪˈhaɪnd ðə taɪmz/ 2.124 conversely (adv) /kənˈvɜːsli/
old-fashioned in your views or behaviour ● The in the opposite way ● Many people speak of
company has had the same website content ‘the good old days’ when they talk about the
for 20 years, so it looks a bit behind the times. past. Conversely, I see history as a story of
❖ progress. ➣ converse (adj) ❖
2.115 for the time being (expr) /fɔː ðə ˌtaɪm ˈbiːɪŋ/ 2.125 tuition (n) /tjuˈɪʃn/
for the moment; temporarily ● I’m staying with teaching sth, especially to one person or a
my parents for the time being, but I plan to small group ● He had some extra tuition before
leave home when I get a job. ❖ his final exams. ❖
2.116 (it’s) high time (expr) /(ɪts) haɪ ˌtaɪm/ 2.126 install (v) /ɪnˈstɔːl/
used to stress that sth is urgent and sb put equipment somewhere and connect it so
should do sth soon ● It’s high time I got a that it is ready to be used ● The new sound
new laptop. This one is too slow to work on. system was installed in the theatre last week.
❖ ➣ installation (n) ❖

© Cengage Learning, Inc.

2.127 subscribe (to) (v) /səbˈskraɪb (tʊ)/ 2.138 publicity (n) /pʌbˈlɪsəti/
pay money to receive a product or service attention from the public ● The band are on
on a regular basis; support sth ● Hundreds tour to get publicity for their new album.
of people have subscribed to her YouTube ❖
channel. ➣ subscription, subscriber (n) 2.139 highlight (v) /ˈhaɪlaɪt/
❖ make noticeable ● In his talk, the archaeologist
2.128 vital (adj) /ˈvaɪtəl/ highlights the importance of his latest find.
extremely important or necessary ● It is vital ➣ highlight (n) ❖
to show your passport when you cross the 2.140 in favour of (phr) /ɪn ˈfeɪvə(r) əv/
border. ❖ in support of; for sth (not against it) ● Are you
2.129 resource (n) /rɪˈsɔːs/ in favour of spending money on museums?
sth that a person, organisation or country has ❖ ✎ Opp: against
and can use ● They managed to build homes
using the basic resources they had, like stone

2.130
and wood. ❖
funding (n) /ˈfʌndɪŋ/
Video Page 28
money to pay for a particular project, etc. 2.141 ruins (n pl) /ˈruːɪnz/
● The local government has run out of funding parts of damaged buildings, often very old
for children’s play areas. ➣ fund (n, v) ● Many tourists come to Peru to see the
❖ famous ancient ruins of Machu Picchu.
2.131 sufficient (adj) /səˈfɪʃənt/ ➣ ruin (v) ❖
enough ● Have you got a sufficient 2.142 inhabit (v) /ɪnˈhæbɪt/
amount of time to complete the study? live in a particular place ● Penguins inhabit
➣ sufficiently (adv), suffice (v), sufficiency (n) Antarctica, whereas it’s too cold for humans
❖ ✎ Opp: insufficient to survive long there. ➣ inhabitant (n)
2.132 primarily (adv) /praɪˈmerəli/ ❖
mainly ● The advertisement is primarily aimed 2.143 astronomy (n) /əˈstrɒnəmi/
at families with young children. ➣ primary (adj) the scientific study of planets, stars, and space
❖ ● I developed an interest in astronomy when I
2.133 alternative (adj) /ɔːlˈtɜːnətɪv/ got my first telescope. ➣ astronomer (n)
sth you can choose to do, use, etc. instead ❖
of sth else ● You can borrow books from the 2.144 literacy (n) /ˈlɪtərəsi/
library or download e-books as an alternative the ability to read and write ● Literacy levels
solution. ➣ alternative (n) ❖ are low in poorer countries where there is little
2.134 invest (in) (v) /ɪnˈvest (ɪn)/ education. ➣ literate (adj) ❖
put money, effort or time into sth to make a ✎ Opp: illiteracy
profit or gain an advantage ● I decided to 2.145 divide (v) /dɪˈvaɪd/
invest my savings in property and bought two share ● We divided the work fairly between us
apartments in the city. ➣ investment (n) to finish the project more quickly. ➣ division (n)
❖ ❖
2.135 accurate (adj) /ˈækjərət/ 2.146 constellation (n) /ˌkɒnstəˈleɪʃn/
without mistakes ● This is an accurate a group of stars ● In the starry night sky, we
news report of the demonstration as it really observed some constellations. ❖
happened. ➣ accurately (adv), accuracy (n)
❖ ✎ Opp: inaccurate 2.147 goods (n pl) /gʊdz/
things made to be sold ● Bags, rugs and other
2.136 benefit (v) /ˈbenɪfɪt/ handmade goods are sold in the market.
be helped by sth; help sb ● The college ❖
students would benefit from new sports
facilities. ➣ benefit (n), beneficial (adj) 2.148 clay (n) /kleɪ/
❖ a type of earth used to make pots ● She
shaped the vase from soft clay. ➣ clay (adj)
2.137 on balance (phr) /ɒn ˈbæləns/ ❖
after considering all options or points of view
● On balance, I prefer face-to-face lessons to 2.149 tablet (n) /ˈtæblət/
online ones. ❖ a thin flat piece of stone ● The archaeologist
found the writing carved on a large stone
tablet. ❖

© Cengage Learning, Inc.

2.150 fertile (adj) /ˈfɜːtaɪl/ 2.156 stable (adj) /ˈsteɪbl/
suitable for growing plants on ● Several fruit unlikely to change or fall ● The country’s
farms are located in the fertile valley. economy is becoming more stable and new
➣ fertilise (v), fertiliser, fertilisation, fertility (n) businesses are starting up. ➣ stability (n)
❖ ✎ Opp: infertile ❖ ✎ Opp: unstable
2.151 innovation (n) /ɪnəˈveɪʃn/ 2.157 supply (n) /səˈplaɪ/
a new idea or thing being used for the first time an amount of sth that is available for use
● This app is an amazing innovation that uses ● Remember to take a good supply of water
AI to enhance photos. ➣ innovative (adj) with you when you go hiking. ➣ supply (v)
❖ ❖
2.152 settlement (n) /ˈsetlmənt/ 2.158 fall (n) /fɔːl/
a place where people come to live and build the fact of losing power or being defeated
their homes ● Archaeologists identified the ● What caused the fall of the British Empire?
building as part of an ancient settlement. ❖ ✎ Syn: downfall
➣ settle (v), settler (n) ❖
2.153 soil (n) /sɔɪl/ The past: places and objects
the earth which plants and trees grow artefact residence
in ● I bought a bag of soil to plant some clay ruins
strawberries. ❖ goods settlement
2.154 thrive (v) /ˈθraɪv/ exhibit soil
grow; do well ● Olive trees thrive in a warm dry innovation supply
climate. ➣ thriving (adj) ❖ monument tablet
plain
2.155 plain (n) /pleɪn/
property
a large flat area of land ● The city lies on a
wide plain surrounded by hills. ❖

© Cengage Learning, Inc.