Biomolecules

BIOMOLECULES




 - Cx(H2O)y,

Ex. - Acetic acid, C2(H2O)2

Formaldehyde, CH2O

Ex. - Rhamnose (C6H12O5)




*
*
*

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 Biomolecules



 - / - /
–CHO >C=O

 Ex. -Sucrose.

 Ex. - Maltose, lactose

CH2OH HC OH CHO
| |
C=O C OH CH – OH
| | |


 

Carbon atoms General term Aldehyde Ketone

3 Triose Aldotriose Ketotriose
4 Tetrose Aldotetrose Ketotetrose
5 Pentose Aldopentose Ketopentose
6 Hexose Aldohexose Ketohexose
7 Heptose Aldoheptose Ketoheptose


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 Biomolecules
Ex. - (C2 )

(C4 )

CHO CHO CHO

H OH HO H H * OH
* *
HO H HO H HO H
* * *
H OH H * OH HO H
* *
H OH H OH
H OH * *
*
CH2OH CH2OH CH2OH

D-glucose D-manose D-galactose

(1)

 - C6H12O6 ( )

 D(+)

(i) -

H+
C12H22O11 + H2O C6H12O6 + C6H12O6
Glucose Fructose

(ii) -

H+
(C6H10O5)n + nH2O nC6H12O6
Starch Glucose

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 Biomolecules
• -

Glucose oxime

(CHCl)4
CH2Cl

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 Biomolecules
• -
(A) -

H
C= O
H OH
*
HO H
*
H OH
*
H OH
*
CH2OH
D-glucose

 -
(i) C6H12O6
(ii) HI n-
(iii)
(iv) NH2OH
(v)
• -
(i) NaHSO3, NH3, DNP ( CHO )
(ii) ( CHO )
(iii) GR ( CHO )
(iv)
(v)  
(vi)
(B) -


 C1
- -


 - 110º - 19.7° - -
36% - 64% - +52.5°

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 Biomolecules
• -

H OH HO H
H 1 1
C= O *
*
2 2
H OH H OH H OH
* * *
3 3
HO H HO H HO H
* * *
4 4
H OH H OH H OH
* * *
5 5
H OH H O H O
* *
6 *6
CH2OH CH2OH CH2OH
D-glucose -D-glucose -D-glucose

6 6
CH2OH CH2OH
O 5 O 5 O
H H H OH
H H
4 1 4 1
OH H OH H
HO OH HO H
3 2 3 2
H OH H OH

Pyran -D-glucopyranose -D-glucopyranose

• -
Heated in
(i) Glucose dry test tube
black mass

(ii) 
(iii) -
2-3 drops of alcoholic solution -Nephthanol
Glucose Formation of violet ring at
+ conc. H2 SO4 along the sides of test tube the junction of two liquids
(iv) -

CHO CH = N–NH–C 6 H5 CH = NNHC6H5 CH = N–NHC6H5

| | | |
CHOH C6H 5 NH-NH2 CHOH C 6H 5 NH-NH2 C =O C6H5NHNH2 C =N–NHC6H5
| | | |
(CHOH)3 –H2O (CHOH)3 –C6H5NH2+NH3 (CHOH)3 –H2O (CHOH)3
| | | |
CH2OH CH2OH adjacent CHOH CH2OH CH2OH
glucose phenyl groups oxidised by
hydrazone second molecule
glucosazone

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 Biomolecules
(2) C6H12O6,
 D(–)
 ( )


1 1
CH2OH HOCH2 OH HO CH2 HO
2* 2*
C= O
3* 3*
HO H HO H HO H
*
4* 4*
H OH H OH H OH
*
5* 5*
H OH H O H O
*
6 6
CH2OH CH2OH CH2OH
D-fructose -D-fructose -D-fructose

6 1 6
OHCH2 CH2OH OHCH2 OH
5 2 5 2

H H HO OH H H HO CH2 OH
1
4 3 4 3

OH H OH H
-D-fructofuranose -D-fructofuranose

Property Glucose Fructose

1. Molecular formula C6H12O6 C6H12O6
2. Nature Polyhydroxy aldehyde Polyhydroxy ketone

3. Melting point 146oC 102oC

4. Optical activity of natural form Dextrorotatory Lavevorotatory
5. With ethyl alcohol Almost insoluble More soluble

6. Reduction with NaBH4 D-Sorbitol Mixture of D-sorbitol and

D-mannitol
7. Molisch's reagent Forms a violet ring Forms a violet ring

8. Fehling's reagent Gives red precipitate gives red precipitate

9. Tollen's reagent Forms silver mirror Forms silver mirror
10. Phenylhydrazine Forms osazone Forms osazone

11. Mutarotation Show Show

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 Biomolecules

 -
+
H
Sucrose + H2O invertase enzyme Glucose + Fructose
+
H
Lactose + H2O lactase
Glucose + Galactose
+
H
Maltose + H2O maltase
Glucose + Glucose
 ( )

(1)

 -D- -D- -
C-1 C-2

6
CH2OH
5 O
H H
H
4 1
OH H
HO
2  -link
3
H OH
6 O
OHCH2  -link
5 2

H H HO CH2OH
1
4 3

OH H




 (–92.4º)

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 Biomolecules
(2) ( )–C12H22O11
 -D- C-1 C-4

6 6
CH2OH CH2OH
5 O 5 O
H H H H
H H
4 1 4 1
OH H OH H
HO OH
3 2 O 3 2
H OH H OH
( -1,4 - glycosidic linkage)


(3) ( )- C12H22O11
 -D- -D-
 C-1 C-4

6 6
CH2OH CH2OH
5 O 5 O
HO H OH
H H
4 1 4 1
OH H O OH H
H H H
3 2 3 2
H OH H OH
Galactose unit Glucose unit

( -1,4 - glycosidic linkage)

 C-1



 - (C6H10O5)n

(1) –
 -

 15-20% 100-200
-D- C1–C4
 80-85% -D-
C1-C4 C1-C6


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 Biomolecules

(2) –
 -D-
 C1 C4

HOH2C
O
O

HOH2C OH
O O
OH
HOH2 C OH
O O
OH
OH -links
O
OH

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 Biomolecules
Amino acids
–NH2 –COOH
, , ,  -

R CH COOH
NH2

 -



3- 1-
S.N. Name of the Characteristic feature Three letter One letter code
amino acids of sides chain, R symbol
1. Glycine Gly G
2. Alanine Ala A
3. Valine* Val V
4. Leucine* Leu L
5. Isoleucine* IIe I

6. Arginine* Arg R

7. Lysine* Lys K
8. Glutamic acid Glu E
9. Aspartic acid Asp D

10. Glutamine Gln Q

11. Asparagine Asn N

12. Threonine* Thr T

13. Serine Ser S
14. Cysteine Cys C
15. Methionine* Met M
16. Phenylalanine* Phe F

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 Biomolecules
17. Tryosine Tyr Y

18. Tryptophan* Trp W

19. Histidine* His H

20. Proline Pro P

 :




 :

 - :

–COOH –NH2

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 Biomolecules

 :

pH
(Isoelectric point)

 Mulder

 C, H, O, N S, P, [Cu++, Zn++, Fe++ ]

 10000 u



R R
| |
NH2  C  CO– OH  H –NH  C  COOH
| H2 O |
H H
 CO  NH 


 Dehydration synthesis

 =


 20



 : :
(1) (2)

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 Biomolecules
(1)

(2) :

 :
(1) :

(2) :
- - C –HN–
O

- -
 -
–NH C =O

 -
-

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 Biomolecules
(3) :
2° 3°

(4) :

( )
 :


(a) Ninhydrin -

(b) Biuret Test -

(c) Million’s Reaction -

( HNO3 HgNO3 HNO2)

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 Biomolecules
Enzyme



(i) Zn++, Mg++, K+, Na+, Fe++, Cu++, Mo++
(ii) : :
(a) :
, ,
(b) : ( )

Name of Enzyme Reaction Catalysed
(i) Zymase Glucose and Fructose  C2H5OH
(ii) Invertase Sucrose  Glucose + Fructose
(iii) Maltase Maltose  Glucose + Glucose
(iv) Lactase Lactose  Glucose + Galactose
(v) Emulsin Cellulose  Glucose
(vi) Urease Urea  CO2 + NH3
(vii) Pepsin Proteins  -amino acids
(viii) Trypsin Proteins  -L-Amino acids
(ix) -Amylase Starch  Glucose
 :
 298 K 313 K
273 K
 :


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 Biomolecules
Vitamins (Vital minerals)

( )


(i) – A, D, E K
(ii) – B C

.
1. A

2. B1 ( )
( )
3. B2 (
( ) ),

4. B6
( )
5. B12 RBC
6. C ( )
( )
7. D (
( )
8. E RBC

9. K

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 Biomolecules
Nucleic Acid

 1869 Nuclein

 Altman Nucleic acid



(1) (2) (3)

[1] :

(a) Pyrimidine :- (b) Purines



 
 1’ 3’  1’, 3’, 7’, 9’ 5

 6 Purine pyrimidine 4’ 5’

Imidazole ring

H H
7
C6 5 C6 5 N
1N C H 1N C 8
C H
2
2
C C H C C N9
4 H N 4
H N
3 3
H
Ex. Cytosine, Uracil , Thymine Ex. Adenine, Guanine

Thymine Cytosine Uracil Adenine Guanine

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 Biomolecules
Note:

 DNA RNA DNA RNA

[2] :

Ribose sugar Deoxyribose

(C5H10O5) (C5H10O4)

RNA DNA

5’ 5’
HOCH2 O OH HOCH2 O OH
4’ 1’ 4’ 1’
H H H H
H H H H
3’ 2’ 3’ 2’
HO OH HO H

-D-ribose  -D-2-Deoxyribose

 2’ C

 -furanose

[3] :-

OH O
| |
3 H   3
OH  P  O   O  P  O (PO 4 )
| |
OH O


 + =

 + =

( )

(DNA RNA)

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 Biomolecules
Note :
 RNA Ribonucleotide DNA Deoxyribonucleotide
 3 2', 3', 5' 3' 5'

 Deoxy ribonucloside sugar 3' 5' –OH

Phosphodiester
bond

Glycosidic
bond

Phosphate

Deoxyribose

Nucleoside

Nucleotide

 Nucleotide Nucleoside :

Bases
Purines Pyrimidines
Adenine (A) Guanine (G) Cytosine (C) Uracil (U)/Thymine (T)
In RNA Adenosine Guanosine Cytidine Uridine
Nucleosides
In DNA Deoxyadenosine Deoxyguanosine Deoxycytidine Deoxythymidine
In RNA Adenylate Guanylate Cytidylate Uridylate
Nucleotides
In DNA Deoxyadenylate Deoxyuanylate Deoxycytidylate Deoxythymidine

Note :

 N-glycosidic

 (1’-C) 3’-N 9’-N

 (5’-C)

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 Biomolecules

n



DNA


 RNA

 RNA
RNA (m-RNA), RNA (r-RNA)
RNA (t-RNA)

DNA
3’ 5’

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 Biomolecules

5' end

3' end

DNA
3’- 5’-OH

DNA
DNA
DNA
(i)
(ii)
(iii) DNA
(iv)

DNA DNA

 DNA DNA
 RNA
DNA

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