Sultanate Period (1206-1526AD)

I. The Delhi Sultanate

The Background of Delhi Sultanate

1. First Muslim Invasion-Mohammad Bin Qasim's Invasion (712AD) : Mohammad

Bin Qasim invaded India in 712 AD and conquered Sindh which became the
province of Omayyad Khilafat.

2. First Turk Invasion-Mahmud Ghaznavi's Invasion (998-1030 AD) : Sultan

Mahmud of Ghazni led about 17 expeditions to India to enrich himself by taking
away the wealth from India. In 1025 he attacked and raided the most celebrated
Hindu temple of Somnath that lies on the coast in the extreme south of Kathiwar.
The temple was destroyed in 1026 AD.

3. Second Turk Invasion-Mohammad Ghori's Invasion (1175-1206 AD) :

Mohammad Ghori invaded India and laid the foundation of the Muslim dominion
in India. He may be considered the 'founder of muslim rule' in India.

4. Reasons for the Success of Turks in India : (i) Rajputas lacked unity and
organisation and were divided by rivalries (ii) There was no central government
(iii) The Rajput Kingdoms were small and scattered (iv) The Turks were better
organised and took advantage of the lack of mutual co-operation among the
Rajputas.

The Delhi Sultanate : 1206-1526 AD

Mohammed Ghori's conquests became the nucleus of a new political entity in

India-the Delhi Sultanate. This period can be divided into 5 distinct periods viz. (i)
The Slave Dynasty (1206-90) (ii) The Khilji Dynasty (1290-1320) (iii) The Tughlaq
Dynasty (1320-1414) (iv) The Sayyid Dynasty (1414-51) (v) The Lodhi Dynasty
(1451-1526).

The Slave Dynasty : 1206-90 AD

Qutubuddin Aibak : 1206-10

1. A Turkish slave by origin, he was purchased by Mohammad Ghori who later

made him his Governor. After the death of Ghori, Aibak became the master of
Hindustan and founded the Slave Dynasty in 1206. For his generosity, he was
given the title of Lakh Bakhsh (giver of Lakhs).
2. He died in 1210 while playing Chaugan or Polo.

3. He constructed two mosques-Quwat-ul-Islam at Delhi and Adhai din ka

Jhonpra at Ajmer. He also began the constrction of Qutub Minar, in the honour of
famous Sufi Saint Khwaja Qutubuddin Bakhtiyar Kaki. Aibak was a great patron
of learning and patronised writers like Hasan-un-Nizami, author of 'Taj-ul-Massir'
and Fakhruddin, author of 'Tarikh-i-Mubarak Shahi'.

Shamsuddin Iltutmish : 1211-36

1. He was a slave of Qutubuddin Aibak and occupied the throne of Delhi in 1211
after deposing Aram Bakhsh.

2. He was a very capable ruler and is regarded as the 'real founder of the Delhi
Sultanate'. He made Delhi the capital in place of Lahore.

3. He saved Delhi Sultanate from the wrath of Chengiz Khan, the Mongol leader,
by refusing shelter to Khwarizm Shah, whom Chengiz was chasing.

4. He introduced the silver coin (tanka) and the copper coin (jital). He organised
the Iqta System and introduced reforms in civil administration and army, which
was now centrally paid and recruited.

5. He set up an official nobility of slaves known as Chahalgani/Chalisa (group of

40).

6. He completed the construction of Qutub Minar which was started by Aibak.

7. He patronised Minhaj-us-Siraj, author of 'Tabaqat-i-Nasiri'.

Ruknuddin : 1236

He was the son of Iltutmish and was crowned by her mother, Shah Turkan, after
death of Iltutmish. He was deposed by Razia, daughter of Iltutmish when he was
out of capital to curb a rebellion in Avadh against him.

Razia Sultana : 1236-40

1. Though Iltutmish had nominated his daughter Razia as the successor, the
nobles placed Ruknuddin Firoj on the throne. However, Razia got rid of
Ruknuddin and ascended the throne.

2. She was the 'first and only Muslim lady who ever ruled India'.
3. She was popular among the people but was not acceptable to the nobles and
theologians. She further offended the nobles by her preference for an Abyssian
slave Yakut.

4. Soon after her accession, the governors of Multan, Badaun, Hansi and Lahore
openly revolted against her. There was a serious rebellion in Bhatinda. Altunia,
governor of Bhatinda refused to accept suzerainity of Razia. Razia accompanied
by Yakut marched against Altunia.

5. However, Altunia got Yakut murdered and imprisoned Razia. Subsequently,

Razia married Altunia and both of them marched towards Delhi.

6. In 1240 AD, Razia became the victim of a conspiracy and was assassinated
near Kaithal (Haryana).

Bahram Shah : 1240-42

1. After Razia, Iltutmish's third son Bahram Shah was put on the throne by the
powerful turkish council Chalisa.

2. He was considered only as de jure ruler, while Naib-e-mamlakat (the regent)

was the de facto ruler.

3. Bahram Shah lost his life after his failed attempt to assert his authority once on
the throne.

Masud Shah : 1242-46

He was the son of Ruknuddin but was deposed after Balban and Nasiruddin
Mahamud's Mother, Malika-e-Jahan, conspired against him and established
Nasiruddin Mahamud as the new Sultan.

Nasiruddin Mahamud : 1246-66

He was the son of Iltutmish and was known as the Darvesi King as he was very
pious and noble. He died in 1266.

Ghiyasuddin Balban : 1266-87

1. Balban ascended the throne in 1266.

2. He broke the power of Chalisa and restored the prestige of the crown. That
was his greatest contribution towards the stability of the Sultanate.

3. To keep himself well-informed Balban appointed spies.

4. He created a strong centralised army to deal with internal disturbances and to
cheek Mongols who were posing a serious danger to Delhi Sultante.

5. He established the military department Diwan-i-Arz.

6. The Persian court model influenced Balban's conception of Kingship. He took

up the title of Zil-i-Ilahi (Shadow of God).

7. He introduced Sijda (prostration before the monarch) and Paibos (kissing the
feet of monarch) as the normal forms of salutation.

8. He destroyed the Mewati Rajputa brigandage in the doab, where forests were
cut and forts built.

9. In his last days he overlooked the Sultanate affairs due to the death of his
eldest and most loving son, Muhammad, and rebellion by his closest and most
loved slave, Tughril. Muhammad died fighting the Mongolians in 1285 while
Tughril was captured and beheaded.

Kaiqubad : 1287-90

A grandson of Balban was seated on the throne by Fakruddin, the Kotwal of

Delhi who assumed high political authority during the last days of Balban. But
Kaiqubad was killed by the Khiliji family, which saw the end of Slave dynasty and
beginning of Khiliji dynasty at Delhi throne.

The Khilji Dynasty : 1290-1320 AD

Jalaluddin Khilji : 1290-96

Jalaluddin Khilji founded the Khilji dynasty.

Alauddin Khilji : 1296-1316

1. He was a nephew and son-in-law of Jalaluddin Khilji. Alauddin Khilji killed him
and succeeded the throne in 1296.

2. He was the first Turkish Sultan of Delhi who separated religion from politics.
He proclaimed 'Kingship knows no Kinship'.

Alauddin's Imperialism

Alauddin annexed Gujarat (1298), Ranthambhor (1301), Mewar (1303), Malwa

(1305), Jalor (1311). In Deccan, Aluddin’s army led by Malik Kafur defeated Ram
Chandra (Yadava ruler of Devagiri), Pratap Rudradeva (Kakatiya ruler of
Warangal), Vir Ballal III (Hoyasala ruler of Dwarsamudra) and Vir Pandya
(Pandya ruler of Madurai).

Administrative Reforms

1. In order to avoid the problems created by the nobles, Alauddin issued4

ordinances. The Ist ordince aimed at the confiscation of the religious
endowments and free grants of lands. By the IInd ordinance Alauddin
reorganised the spy system. The IIIrd ordinance prohibited the use of wine. The
IVth ordinance issued by Alauddin laid down that nobles should not have social
gathering and they should not inter-marry without his permission.

2. He introduced the system of Dagh (the branding of horse) and Chehra

(descriptive roll of soldiers).

3. Alauddin ordered that all land was to be measured and then the share of state
was to be fixed.

4. The post of special officer called Mustakharaj was created for the purpose of
collection of revenue.

5. The peasants had to pay the produce as land revenue.

6. Alauddin sought to fix cost of all commodities. For the purpose he set up three
markets at Delhi : one market for food grains, the second for costly cloth and
third for horses, slaves and cattle. Each market was under the control of a high
officer called Shahna who maintained a register of the merchants and strictly
controlled the shopkeepers and the prices. The check on market was kept by two
officers- Diwan-i-Riyasat and Shahna-i-Mandi.

7. All goods for sale were brought to an open market called Sara-i-Adal.

8. Many forts were built by him and the most important of them was Alai fort. He
also constructed the Alai Darwaja, the entrance gate of Qutub Minar. He also
built the Palace of thousand Pillars called Hazar Sutun.

9. He was a patron of art and learning. Amir Khusrau the poet-musician was his
favourite court poet.

10. In 1316, after death of Alauddin, Malik Kafur, called Hajardinari seized the
throne. Before Kafur died, he nominated Shihabuddin (Alauddin's 6 year old
prince) as King but imprisoned the eldest prince Mubarak Khan. Kafur was killed
by the loyalists of the royal family of Alauddin.
Mubarak Khan : 1316-20

After the death of Kafur, Mubarak khan was freed from prison and worked as
regent for Shihabuddin. He captured the throne at the first opportunity he got, but
could rule only for a years as he sank into debauchery and could not give up his
dissipated lifestyle. He awarded his lover Mubarak Hassan authority over army
and palace guards, who soon obtained full control over Sultan's palace. Mabarak
Hassan was given the title Khusrau Khan by the Sultan and within months
Khusrau killed Mubarak Khan and assumed the title of Nasirudin in mid-1320.

Khusrau Khan : 1320

Khusrau Khan was killed by Ghazi Malik, governor of Dipalpur, when he tried to
oppose a rebellion by Ghazi Malik and his son Fakhruddin Jauna. This brought
the end of Khilji dynasty and established the Tughlaq dynasty on the throne of
Delhi.

The Tughlaq Dynasty : 1320-1414 AD

Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq : 1320-25

1. Khusrau Khan, the last king of the Khilji dynasty was killed by Ghazi Malik.
Ghazi Malik ascended the throne assuming the title Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq.

2. He died in an accident and his son Jauna (Ulugh Khan) succeeded him under
the title Mohammad-bin-Tughlaq.

Mohammad-bin Tughlaq : 1325-51

Prince Jauna, son of Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq ascended the throne in 1325.

He tried to introduce many administrative reforms. He had 5 ambitious projects
for which he became particularly debatable.

(i)Taxation in the Doab (1326) : The Sultan made an ill-advised financial

experiment in the Doab between the Ganges and Yamuna. He not only
increased the rate of taxation but also revived and created some additional
Abwabs or cesses. Although the share of the state remained as in time of
Alauddin, it was fixed arbitrary not on the basis of actual produce. Prices were
also fixed artificially for covering the produce into money. It is said that the
increase was twenty fold and to this were added Ghari or house tax and the
Charahi or pasture tax. The Sultan created a new department of Agriculture
called Diwan-i-Kohi. The main object of this department was to bring more land
under cultivation by giving direct help to peasants.
(ii)Transfer of Capital (1327) : The most controversial step which Mohammad-
bin-Tughlaq under took soon after his accession was the so-called transfer of
capital from Delhi to Devagiri Devagiri had been a base for the expansion of
Turkish rule in South India. It appears that the Sultan wanted to make Devagiri
second capital so that he might be able to control South India better. Devagiri
was thus named Daulatabad. After a couple of years Mohammad-bin-Tughlaq
decided to abandon Daulatabad largely became he soon found that just as he
could not control South India from Delhi, he could not control North from
Daulatabad.

(iii) Introduction of Token Currency (1329) : Mohammad-bin-Tughlaq decided to

introduce bronze coins, which were to have same value as the silver coins.
Mohammad-bin-Tughlaq might have been successful if he could prevent people
from forging the new coins. He was not able to do so and soon the new coins
began to be greatly devalued in markets. Finally Mohammad-bin-Tughlaq
decided to withdraw the token currency. He promised to exchange silver pieces
for bronze coins.

(iv) Proposed Khurasan Expedition (1329) : The Sultan had a vision of universal
conquest. He decided to conquer Khurasan and Iraq and mobalised a huge army
for the purpose. He was encouraged to do so by Khurasani nobles who had
taken shelter in his court. Moreover, there was instability in Khurasan on account
of the unpopular rule of Abu Said. This project was also abandoned.

(v)Qarachil Expedition (1330) : This expedition was launched in Kumaon hills in

Himalayas allegedly to counter Chinese incursions. It also appears that the
expedition was directed against some refractory tribes in Kumaon-Garhwal
region with the object of bringing them under Delhi Sultanate. The first attack was
a success but when the rainy season set in, the invaders suffered terribly.

3. His five projects led to revolts. His last days were spent in checking the
revolts (altogether 36 revolts in 25 years).

1. 1335 -> Mudurai became independent (Jalaluddin Ahsan Shah)

2. 1336 -> Foundation of Vijayanagar (Harihar and Bukka), Warangal became
independent (Kanhaiya)
3. 1341-47-> Revolts of Sada Amirs and Foundation of Bahamani in 1347
(Hasan Gangu)

4. He died in Thatta while campaigning in Sindh against Taghi, a turkish slave.

Firoz Shah Tughlaq : 1351-88

1. He was a cousin of Mohammad-bin-Tughlaq. After his death the nobles and
theologians of the court selected Firoz Shah as the next Sultan. After his
accession Firoz Tughlaq was faced with the problem of preventing the imminent
break up of Delhi Sultanate. He adopted the policy of trying to appease the
nobality, army and theologians and of asserting his authority over only such
areas, which could be easily administered from the centre. He therefore made no
attempt to re-assert his authority over South India and Deccan.

2. He decreed that whenever a noble died his son should be allowed to succeed
to his position including his Iqta if he had no sons, his son-in-law and in his
absence his slave was be succeed.

3. Firoz extended the principle of heredity to the army. Soldiers were allowed to
rest in peace and to send in their place their sons. The soldiers were not paid in
cash but by assignments on land revenue of villages (Vajeha). This novel
technique of payment led to many abuses.

4. Firoz tried to win over the theologians proclaiming that he was a true Muslim
king and the state under him was truly Islamic. In order to keep the theologians
satisfied a number of them were appointed to high offices.

5. He tried to ban practices which the orthodox theologians considered as non

Islamic. Thus he prohibited the practice of Muslim women going out to worship at
graves of saints.

6. It was during the time of Firoz that Jizya became a separate tax. Firoz refused
to exempt the Brahmanas from payment of Jizya since this was not provided for
in Shariat.

7. The new system of taxation was according to Quran. Four kinds of taxes
sanctioned by the Quran were imposed. These taxes were Kharaj, Zakat, Jizya
and Khams. Kharaj was the land tax, which was equal to 1 /10 of the produce of
the land, Zakat was 2°% tax on property, Jizya was levied on non-Muslims and
Khams was 1 / 5 of the booty captured during war.

8. In order to encourage agriculture, the Sultan paid a lot of attention to irrigation.

Firoz repaired a number of canals and imposed Haque-i-Sharb or Hasil-i-Sharb
(water tax).

9. He was a great builder. The cities of Fatehabad, Hisar, Jaunpur and Firozabad
stand to his credit.
10. The two pillars of Ashoka, one from Topra (Haryana) and other from Merrut
(U.P.) were brought to Delhi.

11. The Sultan established at Delhi a hospital described as Dar-ul-Shifa.

12. A new department of Diwan-i-Khairat was set up to make provisions for the
marriage of poor girls.

13. Another step which Firoz took was both economic end political in nature. He
ordered his officials that whenever they attacked a place they should select
handsome and well-born young boys and send them to Sultan as slaves.

14. However, his rule was marked by peace and tranquility, and the credit for it
goes to his Prime Minister Khan-i-Jahan Maqbul.

He died in 1388.

After Firoz Shah Tughlaq : 1388-1414

The Tughlaq dynasty could not survive much after Firoz Shah's death. The
Malwa, Gujarat and Sharqi 0aunpur) Kingdoms broke away from the Sultanate.
Timur's Invasion : 1398-99- Timur, the lame, a Turkish Chief and cruel conqueror
from Mangolia and descendant of Chengiz Khan, invaded India in 1398 during
the reign of Muhammad Shah Tughlaq, the last ruler of Tughlaq dynasty.
Taimur's army mercilessly sacked and plundered Delhi. Timur returned to Central
Asia, leaving a nominee named Khizr Khan to rule to Punjab. In 1404 he died
while on his way to conquer China.

The Sayyid Dynasty : 1414-50 AD

1. Khizr Khan (1414-21) : Timur's nominee captured Delhi and was proclaimed
the new Sultan. He was the first of the Sayyid dynasty which ruled over Delhi and
surrounding districts.

2. Mubarak Shah (1421-34) : He succeeded Khizr at the throne after his

successful expeditions against Mewatis, Katehars and the Gangetic Doab area.
He was killed by the nobles in his own court.

3. Muhammad Shah (1434-43) : The nobles put Muhammad Shah on the throne,
but he could not survive the in-fighting among the nobles in the court. He was
authorised to rule only a meagre area around 30 miles, and rest the of the
Sultanate was ruled by nobles. AlamShah(1443-51):The last Sayyid king
descended in favour of Bahlol Lodhi and retired. Thus began the Lodhi dynasty
which was confined to Delhi and a few surrounding areas.
The Lodhi Dynasty : 1451-1526 AD

Bahlol Lodhi: 1451-88

1. Bahlol Lodhi was one of the Afghan Sardars. He established himself in Punjab
after the invasion of Timur.

2. He founded the Lodhi dynasty.

Sikandar Lodhi : 1489-1517

1. Sikandar Lodi was the son of Bahlol Lodhi who conquered Bihar and Western
Bengal.

2. He shifted his capital from Delhi to Agra, a city founded by him.

3. Sikandar was a fanatical Muslim and broke the sacred images of the
Jwalamukhi Temple at Nagar Kot and ordered the temples of Mathura to be
destroyed.

4. He took a keen interest in the development of agriculture. He introduced the

Gaz-i-Sikandari (Sikandar's yard) of 32 digits for measuring cultivated fields.

Ibrahim Lodhi: 1517-26

1. He was the last king of the Lodhi dynasty and the last Sultan of Delhi. He was
the son of Sikandar Lodhi.

2. The Afghan nobility was brave and freedom-loving people but it was because
of its fissiparous and individualistic tendencies that the Afghan monarchy was
weakened. Moreover, Ibrahim Lodhi asserted the absolute power of the Sultan.
As a result, some of the nobles turned against him.

3. At last Daulat Khan Lodhi, the governor of Punjab invited Babur to overthrow
Ibrahim Lodhi. Babur accepted the offer and inflicted a crushing defeat on
Ibrahim Lodhi in the first battle of Panipat in 1526. Ibrahim Lodhi was killed in the
battle Normal and with him ended the Delhi Sultanate.

Causes of Decline of Delhi Sultanate

The main causes were

(i) Despotic and military type of government which did not have the confidence of
the people
(ii) Degeneration of Delhi Sultans (esp. the wild projects of Muhammad-bin-
Tughlaq, Incompetence of Firoz Tughlaq)
(iii) War of succession as there was no fixed law for succession
(iv) Greed and incompetency of the nobles
(v)Defectivemilitary organisation
(vi) Vastness of empire and poor means of communication
(vii) Financial instability
(viii) Number of slaves increased to 1,80,000 in Firoz Tughlaq's time which was
a burden on the treasury
(ix) Invasion of Timur.

Mongolian Invasions During Delhi Sultanate

S. No Regime of Sultan Year Events

Chengiz Khan came up to the bank
1. IItutmish 1221 AD
of Indus.

Tair Bahadur entered Punjab.

Towards the end of the 1245 AD,
2. Masud 1241 AD Balban fought back the Mongolians
and recovered Multan which was
captured by the Mongols.

Prince Muhammad of Multan,

Bughra Khan from Samana and
3. Balban 1279 AD
Malik Mubarak of Delhi combined
together to defeat the Mongols.

Tamar invaded India, Prince

Muhammad was killed in the battle,
4. Balban 1286 AD
and was decorated with the Khan-i-
Shahid title.

Abdullah came to the Northern part

of India. About 4,000 Mongols got
5. Jalaluddin Khilji 1292 AD
converted to Islam and became the
famous ‘New Musalman’.

Zafar Khan defeated the Mongols

1296-99 at Jalandhar and Saldi, their leader
6. Alauddin Khilji
AD was taken prisoner. Zafar Khan
was killed in the battle.
 7. Alauddin Khilji 1304 AD Ali Beg and Tash were defeated.
Tarmashirin Khan was able to
Muhammad-bin- reach the outskirts of Delhi but was
8. 1329 AD
Tughlaq defeated by Muhammad-bin-
Tughlaq.

Administration under Delhi Sultanate

1. The Turkish Sultan in India declared themselves Lieutenant of the faithful i.e.
of the Abbasid caliphate of Baghdad and included his name in Khutba, it did not
mean that the caliph became the legal ruler. The caliph had only a moral
position.

2. Political, legal and military authority was vested in the Sultan. He was
responsible for administration and was also the commander-in-chief of the
military forces.

3. No clear law of succession developed among Muslim rulers. Thus military

strength was the main factor in succession to the throne.

Central Administration

S. No Department Head (Founded by)

1. Diwan-i-Wizarat (Department of Wazir
Finance)
2. Diwan-i-Ariz (Military Department) Ariz-i-Mumalik
3. Diwan-i-Insha (Department of Dabir-i-Mumalik
Correspondence)
4. Diwan-i-Risalat (Department of Dabir-i-Mulq
Appeals)
5. Diwan-i-Mustakharaj (Department of (Founded by Alauddin khilji)
Arrears)
6. Diwari-i-Riyasat (Department of Rais-i-Mumalik (Founded by
Commerce) Alauddin khilji)
7. Diwan-i-Kohi (Department of (Founded by Md-bin-Tughlaq)
Agriculture)
9. Diwan-i-Bandgan (Department of (Founded by Firoz Tughlaq)
Slaves)
 10. Diwan-i-Khairat (Department of (Founded by Firoz Tugulaq)
Charity)
11. Diwan-i-Isthiaq (Department of (Founded by Firoz Tughloq)
Pensions)
12. Iqta (i.e. Province) Muqti or Wali
13. Shiq (i.e District) Siqdar
14. Paragana (i.e. Taluka) Chaudhary and Amil
15. Gram (i.e. Village) Muqaddam, Khut

Art and Architecture Under Delhi Sultanate

1. The new features brought by the Turkish conquerors were : (i) the dome (ii)
the lofty towers (iii) the true arch unsupported by beam (iv) the vault.

2. They also brought with them an expert knowledge of the use of concrete and
mortar, which had hitherto been little used in India.

3. The Adhai-din ka Jhonpra at Ajmer has a beautiful prayer hall, an exquisitely

carved Mehrab of white marble and a decorative arch screen.

4. The first example of true or voussoired arch is said to be the tomb of

Ghiyasuddin Balban in Mehrauli (Delhi).

5. In the Khilji period the usage of voussoired arch and dome was established
and for all. Famous examples is the tomb of Hazrat Nizamuddin Aulia at Delhi.

6. The Tughlaq buildings show stark simplicity and sobriety, probably indicating
less financial resources as well as puritanical tests. Slopping walls and a dark
appearance characterise the buildings. Some notable Tughlaq monuments were
the fort of Tughlaquabad, the tomb of Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq which marked a new
phase in Indo-Islamic architecture by serving as a model for later tombs and the
fort of Adilabad.

7. The Sayyid period was too short to allow construction of elaborate buildings.

8. The construction of double domes was the main feature of Lodhi Architecture.
One building worth noting is the Moth ki Masjid erected by the prime minister of
Sikandar Lodhi.

Literature of Delhi Sultanate

S. No Book Author Historical Importance
Alberuni was an Arabian scholar
1. Tahqiq-i-Hind Alberuni
who wrote about the Slave dynasty.
2. Tabaqat-i-Nasiri Minhaj-us-Siraj Gives an account of Iltutmish's reign
3. Laila-Majnu Amir Khusrau Court poet of Alauddin Khilji
Khazain-ul- Describes conquests of Alauddin
4. Amir Khusrau
Futuh Khilji
Gives account of Ghiyasuddin's
5. Tughlaq-Nama Amir Khusrau
reign
6. Nuh-Siphir Amir Khusrau Poetic description of Alauddin Khilji
Fatawa-i- Ziauddin Gives an account of the Tughlaq
7.
Jahandari Barani dynasty
Tarikha-i-Firoz Ziauddin Gives an account of Firoz Shah's
8.
Shahi Barani reign
Fatwah-i-Firoz
9. Firoz Shah Gives an account of his reign
Shahi
10. Kitab-fi-Tahqiq Alberuni About Indian sciences
Qanun-e-
11. Alberuni About astronomy
Masudi