JAWAHARNAVODAYAVI

DYALAYA
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the investigatory project report

entitled
"Drugs Addiction" submitted by
Dweep Raut
has been carried out under the guidance of
Shivali Arora Ma’am
&
P.Chaudhari Sir (P.G.T. Biology).
The project report is approved for submission requirement
for
investigatory project in CBSE Boards for the subject of
Biology.

________________ _____________
Subject Teacher Principal
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I express my sincere gratitude to our principal Mr. B.R

Khedkar and also express my sincere thanks to our
Biology teachers Shivali Arora Ma’am and P. Chaudhari Sir
for giving me this great opportunity to do this project
about Drug Addiction, which helped me to know about
the harmful side effects on various drugs. I also thank my
parents who have helped me in collecting data regarding
this project.
 CONTENTS

▪ INTRODUCTION
▪ WHAT IS ADDICTION
▪ TYPES OF DRUG ABUSE
▪ CAUSES OF ADDICTION
▪ EFFECTS OF ADDICTION
▪ PREVENTION AND CONTROL
▪ DIAGNOSIS AND ACTION
▪ TREATMENT OF ADDICTION
▪ HISTORY OF ADDICTION: DRUG ABUSE
▪ BIBLIOGRAPHY
 INTRODUCTION

Addiction is the one of the biggest disease of the world.

More than millions of the individual are struggling against
addiction. It takes away the happiness of the people by
avoiding them to get what they want and many of the
people were also not able to take correct decision.
According to the recent studies it has been found that
adolescent is more vulnerable to addiction. Addiction is
that type of diseases whose rehabilitation is very difficult.
As we know prevention is better than cure so we can
prevent our self from getting addicted by not living under
peer pressure. If we also get addicted, we should
immediately take the help of specialist for rehab .
 WHAT IS ADDICTION?

Addiction is the habitual, physiological, psychological

dependence on a substance or practice which is beyond
voluntary control. A person who is habituated to a
substance or a practice, especially a harmful one, is called
an addict. Addiction is a chronic, progressive and
sometimes fatal disorder with both genetic and
environmental roots. It manifests as a compulsion that
derives an individual to continue to behave in a way that
is harmful to self and loved ones, despite an intense
desire to halt that behavior. It is a disease of “more”- an
active addict needs an increasing amount of substance to
get high and is unable to cease usage without painful
withdrawal symptoms. This is true whether the addictive
substance is a drug or tobacco or alcohol or a behavior.
Medically, addiction is of three types: Tobacco Addiction,
Alcohol Addiction, Drug Addiction.
 TYPES OF DRUGS

1. Heroin
As a destructive opioid, heroin can lead to seizures, psychosis,
and hallucinations when it is abused. Heroin injections can also
spread diseases such as human immunodeficiency virus and
hepatitis. This drug is known to cause serious health issues when
it is abused because it interferes with the brain’s receptors.
Individuals who take heroin always require professional
rehabilitation because the symptoms of withdrawal may be life-
threatening.

2. Cocaine
Cocaine is a very dangerous stimulant even when taken in small
amounts. It induces euphoria, increases blood pressure, and
accelerates the heart rate. The drug may lead to fatal strokes or
heart attacks for some users. Due to the severe consequences of
using cocaine, users require immediate professional treatment.

3. Crack
A potent form of cocaine, crack is often smoked and suddenly
creates an intense euphoric sensation for a short while. Crack has
turned into a problem because it is cheap and easy to buy and
use. Abusing the substance, however, can lead to immediate
addiction. Abusers are also at risk of suffering heart attacks and
strokes with every use. Long- term use can cause liver, kidney,
and lung damage.
4.Hallucinogens

PCP (phencyclidine) and LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide) are

hallucinogens, which means that they make users feel, see, and hear
that are not real. While they experience hallucinations with these
drugs, users lose touch with reality and enter mental states of
disconnection. Withdrawing from hallucinogens is not easy, and
abusers will need professional treatment in a rehab facility.

5.Marijuana / Cannabis

Marijuana is the most common illegal drug that is abused, and

many people begin using it as a recreational drug in social
situations. Continued abuse of marijuana can lead to addiction, and
the substance can affect the physical coordination, memory, and
mental functions of users over time. While it is easy to abuse
marijuana, it is not easy to stop using it.

6.Alcohol

Abusing alcohol can cause psychological, physical, and social

problems, and it can lead to the destruction of relationships,
friendships, and marriages. A lot of alcohol abusers drink so much
that their bodies are unable to handle it. Sometimes this requires
that they are hospitalized for alcohol poisoning. Furthermore,
alcohol abuse can lead to injury or death to the people around them
while they are under the influence. Alcohol withdrawal can be fatal
because of delirium tremens, which is a symptom with the potential
to trigger heart failure or stroke. Refraining from drinking also is not
easy when it becomes a habit because of mental and physical issues.
Professional assistance is often necessary for abusers of alcohol.
 CAUSES OF ADDICTION

Some of the causes of addiction are: -

1. Peer pressure
2. Stress and depression
3. Lack of education
4. Religious rituals
 EFFECTS OF ADDICTION
• Fatigue –
The patient is tired most of the time.

• Memory loss –
Especially the patient's short-term memory.

• Eye muscles –
The eye muscles can become significantly weaker.

• Liver diseases –
The patient has a considerably higher chance of developing
hepatitis, and cirrhosis. Cirrhosis of the liver is an irreversible
and progressive condition

• Heart problems –
Regular heaving drinking can lead to cardiomyopathy
(damaged heart muscle), heart failure, and stroke.

• Menstruation –
Alcoholism will usually stop menstruation or disrupt it.

• Cancer –
Alcoholics have a much higher risk of developing several
cancers, including cancer of the mouth, oesophagus, liver,
colon, rectum, breast, prostate and pharynx.

• Suicide –
Suicide rates among people who are alcohol-dependent or
who abuse alcohol are much higher than among other
people.
 PREVENTION AND CONTROL

“Prevention is better than cure” is also true here. Tobacco,

drug/alcohol abuse are more during young age and
adolescence. The remedial measure should be taken in
time. The following measures would be particularly useful
for prevention and control of alcohol and addiction during
adolescents.

1.Avoid undue Peer pressure.

2.Education and counselling.

3.Seeking help from parents & peers.

4.Looking for Danger Signs.

5.Seeking Professional and Medical helps.

 DIAGNOSIS AND ACTION

Blood test or imaging scan can determine whether somebody is

addicted to drug or alcohol or smoking, and to what degree.
Blood test - this may be ordered to determine whether the
substance is still in the blood (whether the substance has been
taken recently). It is not used to diagnose addiction.
A GP (general practitioner, primary care physician) can help the
patient determine their degree of dependence by asking
pertinent questions, or using a specific questionnaire. The
following questions may help determine how dependent a patient
is:
▪ How many cigarettes do you smoke per day?

▪ Do you find it hard not to smoke in places where it is not

allowed, such as in a church, school, movie theatre, library,
public transport, hospital, etc.?
▪ If you had to give up, which cigarette would you miss the most
(e.g. the first one in the morning)?
▪ Do you smoke more cigarettes during the first few hours
after waking up, than during the rest of the day?
▪ If you are ill, with a bad cold or the flu , do you still take
drug or alcohol?
▪ Have you ever smoked more than you intended to?
▪ Have you ever neglected a duty because you were smoking, or
so that you could have a cigarette?
 TREATMENT OF ADDICTION

➢ DO-IT-YOURSELF –
Experts say about 30% of people with an alcohol problem
manage to reduce their drinking or abstain without seeking
professional help. There is a great deal of material in books and
the internet that may help the self-helper.

➢ COUNSELLING –
A qualified counsellor can help the alcoholic talk through his/her
problems and then devise a plan to tackle the drinking. Cbt
(cognitive behavioral therapy) is commonly used to treat alcohol
dependency.

➢ DETOXIFICATION –
The patient takes some medication to prevent withdrawal
symptoms (delirium tremens) which many alcoholics experience
when they give up drinking.
 HISTORY OF ADDICTION

1. BEER

Since the dawn of history, mankind has found ways to relieve the daily
grind of life. In ancient Mesopotamia (the area now known as Iraq),
agriculture slowly began to flourish, and a large network of city states
started to gain prominence. With the cultivation of wheat and barley came
another product: beer. After all, the water wasn't particularly healthy, and
the weak alcohol content in beer killed off a lot of harmful organisms in the
water.

While the beer wasn't particularly strong, it also wasn't particularly nice, as
the concept of sterility was unknown in 3,000 BCE. However, beer was
consumed in bulk. Consequently, addiction to alcohol was rampant in the
so-called cradle of civilization, and people during that time generally lived
much shorter lives thanks to disease and, presumably, drunkenness.

2. OPIUM

Throughout the time that beer was gaining popularity, the Indians, Assyrians
and Egyptians were cultivating and preparing opium from the opium poppy.
Indeed, the upper classes of many civilizations would use this to relax and
pass time, although some uses are much less benign. One Egyptian scroll
recommends using opium to soothe a crying baby.

3. HALLUCINOGENS AND NATURAL HIGHS

Moving on 15 centuries, the ancient Greece used a special form of mead

(fermented honey) or beer to induce visions known as mysteries. Naturally,
there is something very mystical in seeing hallucinations, and plants
containing entheogens (natural chemicals that induce hallucinations) have
been widely cultivated throughout the world; these include the peyote
cactus, fly agaric, and cannabis. Clearly, this is a form of drug abuse,
although it was a socially acceptable one at the time.

4. COCAINE
 During the second millennium, world trade started to be more prominent.
Ships started sailing from China to Europe-Marco Polo rediscovered major
trade routes to India and China, and in 1492, cocaine came to be major
product of trade. After
that, the American continent became ripe for development. Various
conquistadors discovered the drugs that kept the locals going, especially
cocaine, which was touted as a wonder cure for all ailments.

5. TOBACCO

One of the major drugs that came out of the New World was tobacco. Sir
Walter Raleigh famously introduced dried tobacco leaves to England, where
they were controlled and taxed heavily. Again, abuse of tobacco led to very
expensive addictions, as it was a risky but incredibly profitable voyage for
those who made it over the Atlant.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Special thanks to the following source: -

• Internet (Wikipedia)
• NCERT biology class XI
• Some diabetic patients
• Online library