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ESKTOP

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the area of the screen in Graphical User Interface(GUI) beside which icons and a window
appears and takes up the entire background of the screen.
is the top object of the hierarchy; a number of files and folders stored on the disk, as well as a number
of special folders whose contents are Recycle Bin, Control Panel &
others.

COMPONENTS OF DESKTOP
ICON are pictures / graphic that represent program, files & other resources.
MOUSE POINTER or Mouse Cursor - is a graphical image on the computer monitor or other
display device which signifies your current location on screen. A device
that can move fluidly across a screen select or highlight objects on the
screen.
START BUTTON & Start Menu is user interface elements used in the later versions of the
Microsoft Windows Operating Systems and in some Window
managers. The Start Button provides a central launching point for
application and tasks.
TASKBAR - A bar located at the bottom of the screen that was first introduced with
Microsoft Windows 95 and found in all versions of Windows.
- allows the user to locate and launch programs through the Start button,
see any program that is currently open, display the time or date, items
running in the background through the Systray. (Shell Notification area)
ouse is a pointing device that functions by detecting two-dimensional motion relative to
its supporting surface. Physically, a mouse consists of an object held under one of the

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user's hands, with one or more buttons. The mouse's motion typically translates into the
motion of a pointer on a display, which allows for fine control of a graphical user
interface.

MOUSE OPERATION
1. POINT - signifies the current location on the screen.
2. CLICK - quickly press and release the left mouse button to select/highlight a file, folder or
icon.
3. DOUBLE CLICK - by pressing the left mouse button twice in rapid succession to open the
file or folder.
4. RIGHT CLICK - display the shortcut menu with commands that related to the item.
5. DRAG - hold the left mouse button then move and release the mouse button to move a
file or folder into a new location.

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Windows Server 2019 is the ninth (and the latest) version of the Windows Server
Operating System by Microsoft, as part of the Windows NT family of operating systems,
developed concurrently with Windows 10 version 1809. It succeeded Windows Server 2016,
announced on March 20, 2018 and being officially released to the public on October 2, 2018.

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 START MENU is a User Interface element used in Microsoft Windows since Windows 95, all
versions of Windows and in some other Operating Systems. It provides a central launching point for
computer programs and performing other tasks. It has different names in different Operating Systems
and Window Managers, and Start Screen.
Customizable nested list of programs for the user to launch, as well as a list of most recently
opened documents, a way to find files and get help, and access to the system settings.

START MENU FEATURES:

 Launching Applications: primary function is to present a list of shortcuts for installed
software, allowing users to launch them.
 Invoking Special Folders: mean of appealing special folders such as Computer, Network,
Control Panel, etc. In Windows 10 and Windows Server 2012, the only special folder that can
be invoked from the Start screen is the desktop.
 Searching: Starting with Windows, searching for installed software, files and folders became a
function of the Start menu. Windows 10 ended this tradition by moving the search into taskbar.
Task View - A new iteration of the Start Menu is used on the Windows 10 Desktop, with a list of
places and other options on the left side, and tiles representing applications on
the right A menu can be resized, and expanded into a full-screen display.
WINDOWS STORE Apps, which previously could be used only in full screen mode, can now
be used in self-contained windows similarly to other programs. Program windows can now be
snapped to quadrants of the screen by dragging them to the corner. When a window is snapped to
one side of the screen, Task View appears and the user is prompted to choose a second window to
fill the unused side of the screen (called "Snap Assist"). Window system icons were also changed.
WINDOWS SHELL is the Graphical User Interface for
the Microsoft Windows Operating System. Its readily recognizable
elements consist of the Desktop, the Taskbar, the Start Menu, the Task
Switcher and AutoPlay Feature. The Windows shell also implements a
shell namespace that enables computer programs running on Windows to
access the computer's resources via the hierarchy of shell objects.
Windows 10 added a bar containing a set of five shortcuts known as
the "CHARMS", invoked by moving the mouse cursor into the top or
bottom right-hand corners of the screen, or by swiping from the right edge
of a compatible touchpad or touch screen.
CHARMS have been removed; their functionality in Windows Store
apps is accessed from an App commands menu on their Title Bar. In its
place is Action Center, which displays notifications and settings toggles. It
is accessed by clicking an icon in the notification area, or dragging from the
right of the screen.

PARTS OF THE CONTROL PANEL WINDOW

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1. Title Bar shows the name of the program that appears in the currently
open window with utility buttons.
2. Control Menu Box & Utility Buttons - contains alternative commands to manipulate
the window
a. Minimize - makes the window shrink down to size and appears at the taskbar.
b. Maximize- enlarge the window; to make window occupy the whole screen.
c. Restore - available only when after a window has been maximized.
d. Close - the easiest way to exit a window
3. Address Bar - title of the selected program
4. Icon - graphic or pictures represent a program
5. Work Area - space used for special function or purpose.

Control Panel is a component of Microsoft Windows that provides the ability to view and
change system settings. It consists of a set of applets that include adding or removing

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 hardware and software controlling user accounts, changing accessibility options and
networking settings.

Is full of specialized tools that are used to change the way Windows looks and behaves. Some
of these tools help you adjust settings that make your computer more fun to use.
Control Panel home screen was changed to present a categorized navigation structure
reminiscent of navigating Web Page. Users can switch between this Category View and the grid-
based Classic View through an option that appears on either the left side or top of the window.

CATEGORY VIEW

The Control Panel and the Help and Support Center display. It displays nine or more
categories of computer settings, such as Appearance and Themes, Network and Internet connections
and so on. Each category includes a list of common and complex tasks.

LARGE Icon & SMALL Icon VIEW

The Large Icon View consists of shortcuts to the various control panel applets, usually without
any description (other than the name). The categories are seen if the user uses "Details" view. A list
of files and folders to open for your task and provide a quicker way to accomplish a task

LIST OF CONTROL PANEL APPLETS

USER ACCOUNTS This allows the user to configure their account and other accounts used in the
system, should they have sufficient privileges. You can change username,

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 password and picture. If the current user has an administrator’s account they
can also add, delete and modify other user accounts as well as make
changes to core system settings
Also specifies whether the guest account should be active and whether to use
the Welcome screen while Windows loads.

 User account is identified to the system by a UserName include LoginName, or ScreenName

 A password is a word or string of characters used for user authentication to prove identity or access
approval to gain access, which is to be kept secret from those not allowed access.

DISPLAY Use to change the display characteristics of the computer

 to change the desktop background (wallpaper) to a picture of their choice and
specifies how it should be shown.
 to change or disable the screensaver, and specify how long it takes to activate
and whether to ask for a password on resume
 to specify the color styles of all elements within the system, primarily whether to
use the Windows, also to change the MYComputer and Recycle Bin Icons.
 to change the screen resolution and color quality, and provides trouble shooting
advice for displays.

DATE & TIME To change the date and time stored in the machines BIOS, change the time zone
and specify whether to synchronize the date and time with an Internet
TimeServer.

A Time Zone is a region of the globe that observes a uniform standard

time for legal, commercial, and social purposes. Time zones tend to follow the
boundaries of countries and their subdivisions because it is convenient for areas
in close commercial or other communication to keep the same time.

KEYBOARDS Lets the user change and test keyboard settings, including cursor blink rate and
key repeat rate. The behavior of the keyboard can be modified, this is aimed at
people who have difficulty pressing key-combinations, or pressing a key just
once

MOUSE allows the configuration of pointer options, such as the double click and scroll speed,
and includes visibility options such as whether to use pointer trails and the pointer
should disappear when typing. This also allows the user to specify the pointer
appearance for each task, such as resize and busy.

CHANGING DISPLAY ON THE DESKTOP

By using Control Pane
1. Click Start Button

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 2. In Cortana or Search Engine, type Control Panel.
By using shortcut menu
1. Right click anywhere in the Desktop area.
2. Select Personalize. The Display dialog Box appears

Changes the Personalization of your Desktop such as:

 Background – displays on a computer screen comprising background and icons representing
program and other elements to help you personalize your pc.
 Colours - contains options for changing the desktop color scheme.
 Lock Screen or Screen Saver - is a type of computer program initially designed to prevent
screen burn-in on plasma computer monitors by blanking the screen or filling it with
moving images or patterns when the computer is not in used.
 Themes - a background plus a set of sounds, icons, and other elements to help you
personalized your personal computer
 Start – customizing the apps in your Start menu button..
 Taskbar - customizing the apps in your Taskbar area located at the bottom of the desktop.

CHANGING DATE & TIME (BIOS/CMOS) AM/PM/GMT

Use to set or change Systems Date & Time, Additional Clocks, or Internet Time

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 A Time Zone is a region on Earth that has a uniform standard time for legal, commercial, and
social purposes. Different places on the Earth need to have different clock times because day and
night comes at different times around the world. We now use time zones so that people over a wide
area can keep to the same time, for simplicity and ease of communication
By using Control Panel
1. Click Start Button
2. In Cortana or Search Engine, type Control Panel.
3. Double click the Date/Time icon.
4. Select the item you want to change whether Date & Time, Additional Clocks, or Internet
Time in Dialog Box Tabs.
5. Click Apply and then Ok.
By using Task Bar
1. Double click the clock in the right side of the Taskbar. or
2. Right click the clock, the shortcut menu appears.
3. Select Date/Time.
4. Select the item you want to change whether Date and Time
5. Click Apply and then Ok.

Get Additional Clocks in Taskbar

By default the Taskbar shows the current time of the country have set as your location. We
can see additional clock of two more countries in the taskbar by simple twist given below:
1. Click on Date And Time Settings
2. Scroll to Add clocks for different Time Zones. Click on it.
3. Tick on Show this Clock.
4. Configure the Clocks as per your needs.
CHANGING KEYBOARD SETTINGS (Repeat Delay, Repeat Rate & Blinking Rate)

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 You can customize how long you must press a key before the keyboard character starts
repeating, the speed at which keyboard characters repeat, and the rate at which the cursor
blinks.
Specifies the type of keyboard attached to the computer. Display the U.S. standard
keyboard (101/105 keys).
By Using Control Panel
1. Click Start Button
2. In Cortana or Search Engine, type Control Panel.
3. Double click the Keyboard icon.
4. Keyboard Properties Dialog Box appears

On Speed Tab/ Character Repeat & Cursor Blink Rate make changes as follows:
To change the Repeat Delay
Under Character repeat, move the Repeat delay slider to the left to increase the amount of
time you must hold down a key before the keyboard character repeats. Move the slider to the right to
decrease the amount of time before characters repeat. (Long – Short Slider area)
To change the Repeat Rate
Under Character repeat, move the Repeat Rate Slider to the left to make keyboard characters
repeat more slowly, or to the right to make them repeat faster. (Slow – Fast Slider area)
To change the Cursor Blink Rate
Move the Cursor blink rate slider to the right to increase the cursor blink speed. If you move
the slider all the way to the left, the cursor will stop blinking. (None – Fast Slider Area)
 Click Apply and then Ok.

CHANGING THE USE OF MOUSE

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 Changes to its functionality; the look and behavior of your mouse pointer; switch the role of the
buttons, or adjust the speed of double-clicking; can change its appearance, improve its visibility, or
set it to be hidden when you are typing.
By Using Control Panel
1. Click Start Button
2. In Cortana or Search Engine, type Control Panel.
3. Double click the Mouse icon.
4. Mouse Properties Dialog Box appears

On Buttons Tab, under Button Configuration,

select the Switch Primary and Secondary buttons
check box to make the right button the primary mouse
button. Clear the check box if you want the left button to
be the primary mouse button.

Notes:
Mouse has a Primary and Secondary button:
1. Primary Button use most often for clicking and
double clicking and normally the left button on the
mouse.
2. Secondary Button is called right-clicking and uses
to display a menu of tasks or options that change
depending on where you click. This menu is useful
for completing tasks quickly.

To Adjust the Double-Click Speed

On Buttons Tab, under Double-click Speed, drag the Slider.

 To test the speed, double-click the image in the Test Area.

To Click Lock

On the Buttons Tab, under Click Lock Check Box

1. Click Lock - you can drag object, select a block of text

2. At Check Box, click again to release Click Lock.
3. To adjust the amount of time you need to hold down a mouse button before it locks, Click
Settings.
4. Click Apply, and then Ok
Notes:
Enables you to select or drag without holding down the mouse button. To set, briefly press the mouse
button. To release click the mouse button again.

To Change the Appearance of your Mouse Pointer

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 1. On the Pointers Tab, do one or both of the following:
 To change all of your Pointers at one time, select a new scheme under Scheme.
 To change one pointer, select it in the Customize list. Click Browse, and then double-click
the name of the new pointer you want to use for that task.
Note:
A pointer scheme is any combination of Pointers used on your desktop. You can change any number of
Pointers and then save them as a new scheme by clicking Save As under Scheme. The new scheme will
appear in the list under Scheme.
Enable Pointer Shadow Check Box
Specifies whether pointer shadows are activated. It provide a three dimensional effect on
√ your pointer.

To Adjust the Speed of Mouse Pointer

On the Pointer Options Tab, under Motion, drag the slider.

Notes:
 Adjusting the speed of your mouse pointer causes the pointer to respond more quickly or slowly to the
movements of the mouse itself.
 Select the Enhance pointer precision check box to provide finer control of your pointer at short
distances without losing the ability to move the pointer quickly across the screen. Clear the check box
to turn off this feature.
 You can have the mouse snap to default buttons (such as OK or Apply) in dialog boxes by selecting
automatically move pointer to the default button in a dialog box under Snap To.

To Improve the Visibility of the Mouse Pointer

On the Pointer Options Tab, under Visibility, you can set the following options:
 Select the Display Pointer Trails check box to turn on Pointer Trails. Trails make the
pointer easier to see when you are moving it.
 Select the Show location of pointer when you press the CTRL key check box to find the
pointer more easily when it is not in motion.
Notes:
 If you select the Show Pointer trails check box, you can adjust the length of the pointer trail by
moving the slider below the check box.
 The visibility options are especially useful if you are using a Liquid Crystal Display (LCD)
screen.
 To make the pointer invisible while typing, select the Hide Pointer while typing check box. The
pointer disappears when you are typing and reappears when you move the mouse.

To Change the Number of Lines to Scroll

1. On the Wheel Tab, under Vertical & Horizontal Scrolling, click Scroll, and then select the
number of lines to scroll with each notch on the wheel. -or-
2. Click Scroll one "Screen" at a time.
3. Click Apply, and then OK.

FILE EXPLORER

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 Previously known as Window Explorer is a File Manager application that is included with releases
of the Microsoft Windows Operating System from Windows 95 onwards. It provides a Graphical User
Interface for accessing the File Systems.
It is the main tool for Browsing, Copying, Creating, Renaming, Opening and Deleting files
or folders, Formatting Drive, and performing other File Management tasks on your hard drive. It
serves as a File Manager for managing your files.

PARTS OF FILE EXPLORER WINDOW

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TO OPEN FILE EXPLORER WINDOW

By Using Start Button

 Click CHARMS / Select File Explorer

PARTS OF THE FILE EXPLORER WINDOW

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 1. Title Bar - It displays the name of the icon, (Control Menu box, Title of the program and Utility
buttons are located

Control Menu Box and Utility Buttons - contain menus to manipulate the window

a. Minimize - the window will go to the taskbar

b. Maximize/Restore - expand the size of a window to full screen
c. Close - to exit the program.

2. QUICK ACCESS TOOLBAR – customizable toolbar allows you to add/remove buttons, you
access to File Exploler window
3. RIBBONS - contains Tabs & Groups of commands that allow you to perform many tasks.
GROUP NAME - a small arrow in bottom right corner for more options

4. Scroll Bars - contains a scroll box and button where it moves

a. Scroll Boxes - drag and drop to move to a specified location
b. Scroll Buttons - click to move the workspace in small increment

5. Left Pane - hierarchical list of Drive (names), Folders & other Resources

6. Right Pane - Files in the current directory is displayed

7. Icon - Graphic images represent of a file or folder & other resources

8. Address Bar - Title of the chosen program

9. Status Bar - displays information of the folder or drive selected

10. Work Area - space used for special function or purpose.

OTHERS VARIOUS PARTS OF FILE EXPLORER WINDOW ARE:

Local Disk - It is the head of all folders in your hard disk. It can be renamed, but it cannot be copied
or moved into a file or sub-folder or a sub sub-folder, etc.
Folders - are containers that may have many files or sub-folders under them. Folders form the first
level of contents in Local Disk Folders can never be copied or moved into a file.
Sub-Folder - All the folders just below main folders of the Local Disk. These can be renamed, copied
or moved into another sub-folder or sub-sub-folder.
Sub-Sub-Folder - All the folders existing inside any sub-folder. These can be renamed, copied or
moved to a sub-folder or a sub-sub- sub-sub folder.

SELECTING FILES OR FOLDER

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 Select File Using Multiple Adjacent Set of File
By Using Mouse
1. Select first the File you want to include in the selection.
2. Hold Shift key; click the last file you want to select.
3. Release the Shift key.

By Using Keyboard
1. Use the TAB key to move to the Right Pane use arrow keys to select the first file you want to
include in the selection.
2. Hold the Shift key while pressing the arrow keys.

 Select File Using Multiple Non-Adjacent Set of File

By Using Mouse
1. Select the first File you want to include in the selection.
2. Hold the CTRL key; click each one of the files you want to select.

By Using Keyboard
1. Use the TAB key to move to the Right Pane, use arrow key to select the first file you want to
include in the selection.
2. Hold the CTRL key, while pressing the Arrow key.
3. To select the File, press the Spacebar key.

CREATING a MASTER FOLDER or SUB FOLDER

By Using Ribbon Tab

1. At the Left Pane Area, where you want to create a New Folder
2. Click the Home Tab/New/Folder, New Folder box appears as temporary Folder’s name
3. Type your Folder’s name then click outside the Folder box.

By Using Quick Access Toolbar

1. At the Left Pane Area, where you want to create a New Folder
2. Click the New Folder button, New Folder box appears as temporary Folder’s name
3. Type your Folder’s name then click outside the Folder box.

By Using Shortcut
1. Right click in the work area of the Right Pane, the pulled down menu appears.
2. Choose New, select Folder. New Folder box appears as temporary Folder’s name
3. Type your Folder’s name then click outside the Folder box.
(Right Pane & Left Pane Area)

 COMMANDLINE INTERFACE (CLI)- Press Ctrl+ Shift +N

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RENAMING A FOLDER

By Using Home Tab

1. Click the Folder you want to Rename
2. Click the Home Tab and then select Rename
3. Type your Folder’s name then click outside the folder box.

By Using Quick Access Toolbar

1. Click the Folder you want to Rename
2. Click the Rename button
3. Type your Folder’s name then click outside the Folder box.

By Using Shortcut Menu

1. Select the Folder you want to Rename
2. Right click, pulled down menu appears, select Rename
3. Type your Folder’s name then click outside the Folder box.

By Using Function Key

1. Press F2 to Rename your Folder
2. Type your Folder’s name then press Enter.
COPYING AND PASTING A FILES

By Using Home Tab

1. Select the Files you want to copy
2. Click Home Tab then click Copy command
3. Click the target Drive or open the target Folder
4. Click the Home menu, and then click Paste command.

By Using Shortcut Menu

1. Select the Files you want to copy
2. Right click, pull down menu appears, select Copy command
3. Click the target Drive or open the target Folder
4. Right click, pop up menu appears, select Paste command.

By Dragging (Drag and Drop Method)

1. Select the Files you want to copy

2. Press CTRL key (hold it) + drag it (hold the left mouse button).

By Using Keyboard (CLI)

1. Select the Files you want to copy

2. Press CTRL + C
3. Select the target Drive or open the target Folder.
4. Press CTRL + V
CUTTING AND PASTING A FILES

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By Using Home Tab
1. Click the Files you want to cut.
2. Click Home Tab, select Cut command.
3. Click the target Drive or Folder.
4. Click the Home , select Paste command.

By Using Shortcut Menu

1. Select the Files you want to cut
2. Right click, pull down menu appears, select Cut command.
3. Select the target Drive or open Folder.
4. Right click again at the work area, and then pull down menu appears.
5. Select Paste command.

By Drag and Drop Method

1. Select the Files you want to cut.
2. Click and hold the selection.
3. Drag the Mouse (hold the left mouse button) where you want to drop it in a new location

By Using Keyboard
1. Select the Files you want to cut
2. Press CTRL + X
3. Select the target Drive or Folder.
4. Press CTRL + V

DELETING A FILE OR FOLDER

By Using Home Tab

1. Select a File or Folder.
2. Click Home Tab, select Delete command.

By Using Quick Access Toolbar

1. Select a File or Folder.
2. Click the Delete button.

By Using Shortcut Menu

1. Select the Files or Folder.
2. Right click select Delete command from the pull down menu.

By Using Keyboard
Select a File or Folder.
1. Press the Delete key and Enter
2. Press CTRL +D

RECYCLE BIN

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 Holding area for files and folders that are held before final deletion from a storage device.
 It provides safety net when deleting files or folders. Items remain there until you decide to
permanently delete them.

To permanently remove or restore a file or folder

1. Select a file or folder at the Right Pane.

2. Drag and drop it to Recycle Bin at the Left Pane/ Undo Delete.
3. At the Recycle Bin (Right Pane), right click then select Restore/Delete command.
RECYCLE Bin only stores files deleted from hard drives, not from removable media, such as
memory cards, thumb drives, or floppy disks, nor does it store files deleted from network drives.
The Recycle Bin has a setting to configure the amount of deleted files it can store. Free disk
space allocated for this is not actually used until files are deleted from folders and stored in the
Recycle Bin.. If the Recycle Bin fills up to maximum capacity, the oldest files will be deleted in order
to accommodate the newly deleted files. If a file is too large for the Recycle Bin, the user will be
prompted to immediately and permanently delete the file instead.

IMPORTANT TERMS:
An Operating System (OS) is system software that
manages computer hardware and software resources and
provides common services for computer programs.
For hardware functions such as input and
output and memory allocation, the operating system acts as
an intermediary between programs and the computer
hardware, although the application code is usually executed
directly by the hardware and frequently makes system calls to
an OS function or is interrupted by it.
Operating systems are found on many devices that
contain a computer – from cellular phones and video game
consoles to web servers and supercomputers.
Graphical User Interface (GUI) is a type of user
interface that allows users to interact with electronic
devices through graphical icons and visual indicators, instead
of text-based user interfaces, typed command labels or text
navigation.
Graphical User Interface elements are those
elements used by graphical user interfaces (GUIs) to offer a
consistent visual language to represent information stored in
computers. These make it easier for people with few computer
skills to work with and use computer software.

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 Command Line Interface or Command Language Interpreter (CLI),
The CLI was the primary means of interaction with most computer systems on computer
terminals in the mid-1960s, and continued to be used throughout the 1970s and 1980s
on OpenVMS, Unix systems and personal computer systems including MS-DOS, CP/M and Apple
DOS. The interface is usually implemented with a command line shell, which is a program that
accepts commands as text input and converts commands into appropriate operating system
functions.

REFERENCES:

*https://youtu.be/8d9FY3LpR4E
Windows 10 (Beginners Guide)

*https://youtu.be/HDmwiJxzIrw
Windows 10 - File Explorer & Management –
How to Organize Computer Files and Folders System

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