ETHICS

 Enculturation- The process by which and  Obedience and Punishment- The stage of
individual learns the traditional content of a moral development that determines a sense of
culture and assimilates its practices and values. right and wrong by what is punished and what
is not being punished.
 Morality- This is a set of beliefs that determines
what is right and wrong.  Heinz was told to steal because he will be
much happier if he saves his wife- In the moral
 Diffusion- It is borrowing of traits between development stage of “Naively Egotistical
cultures.
 Ethical egoism- The baseball coach who hired
 Moral relativism- People in a certain players beyond the age limit to ensure in
community agree in burning all kinds of winning the contest is a paragon of
garbage in the vacant space of their homes is an
example of  Ethics- Which Philosophy that studies morality?

 Norm of morality- The standard of right and  Law and Social Order- Which stage of moral
wrong in human acts means development states that a duty doer should
respect authority and obey them without
 Individuals think that it is important to obey questions?
the law and conventions of society- The
Legalistic Social Contract stage of moral  Socrates- Who is the famous Philosopher
development emphasizes that known as the father of Western Philosophy?

 Individuals focused on the direct  Heinz was told not to steal because he will be
consequences that their actions will have for in prison- In the moral development stage of
themselves- In the moral development stage of “Obedience and Punishment,”
“Obedience and Punishment,”
 Acculturation- This is the exchange of cultural
 Good boy Good girl Orientation- It is on this features that results from long-term exposure
moral development stage that someone finds between cultures.
peer approval very important.
 Ignorance- One becomes wiser by using reason
 Subculture- It is the different traditions to discover, and overcome, one’s own.
practiced by groups set within a larger culture.
 Naively egotistical- Which of these stages point
 Heinz was told to steal the medicine because out, that children account for individual points
his wife expects it- In the moral development of view and judge actions based on how they
stage of “Good boy-Good girl orientation served individual needs

 One judges the morality of actions by  Law and Social Order- A duty doer on this of
evaluating the consequences of these actions moral development stage believes in rigid rules
for a person’s relationship- In the moral and cannot be changed.
development stage of “Good boy-Good girl
orientation  Naively egotistical- On this moral development
stage, an individual believed that the end
 Naively egotistical- It is on this stage of moral justifies the means.
development that individuals expect to be
rewarded for every non-selfish act he/she  Saving human life is more basic than
performed respecting the property of another person-
The Universal Ethical Principles stage of moral
 Legalistic Social Contract- Think and specify the development says that,
stage of moral development that one respects  Heinz should not steal the medicine because
the right of the minority especially the rights of the law prohibits stealing- The Law and Social
the individual. Order stage of moral development states that,
  Moral act- This refers to any action that results  Metaethics is the study of the origin and
from a deliberate choice between good and evil meaning of ethical principles and ethical
or between different degrees of goodness. concepts.
 Normative ethics takes on a practical task,
 Ethnocentrism- People who apply their own which is to arrive at a moral standard that
values in judging the behavior and beliefs of would regulated right and wrong conduct.
other people raised in other cultures commits  Applied Ethics involves itself into the
investigation of specific social issues.
 Universal Ethical Principle- At this stage, people  Metaethics build the foundation
follow these internalized principles of justice,  Normative ethics creates guidelines
even if they conflict with laws and rules.  Applied ethics provides a lens for analysis

 Laws- It is defined as crystalized ethics.  Descriptive Definition of Morality

Morality refers to certain codes of conduct put
 Obedience and Punishment- The stage of moral forward by a society or a group, or accepted by
development emphasizing that, an individual is an individual for her own behaviour
responsive to rules that will affect his/her  Normative Definition of Morality
physical well-being Morality refers to code of conduct that, given
specific conditions, would be put forward by all
 Right behavior is defined by what is in one’s rational people
own best interest- In the moral development  Right usually denotes to us an idea of being
stage of “Naively Egotistical, correct.
 Rights are entitlements (not) to perform certain
 Good boy Good girl Orientation- Which of actions, or (not) to be in certain states; or
these moral development stages stress that an entitlements that others (not) perform certain
individual begins to put oneself in another actions or (not) be in certain states
shoes and think in another perspective?  The Good usually is a synonym of the words
right, and morality.
 Universal Ethical Principle- What stage of moral  Legal simply highlights the aspect of morality in
development that one is willing to accept the the realm of social and systematic dynamics.
consequences for disobedience of social rule Legal mean one follows rule and regulation
he/she has rejected?  A moral agent is a person who has the ability to
discern and differentiate right from wrong,
What is philosophy? moral, and immoral and to be held accountable
 Etymological Definition for his or her own actions.
- Philo + Sophia = loves wisdom  Moral Dilemmas are situations in which the
lover of wisdom moral agent must consider two or more moral
 Aristotelic Definition values or duties but can only decide and choose
- Philosophy is a science which inquires into the one of them; so, the individual will violate at
ultimate causes, principles, and reason of all least one important moral concern, needless of
thing in the light of human reason alone. the decision they have decided to choose.
 Jaspers’ Definition Types of Moral Dilemmas
- Philosophy is a discipline in which question  A real dilemma are situations in which the
are more important than answers, and in tension is between two moral values or duties
which answers are bound to generate further that are equally on the same footing.
questions.  A false dilemma are situations in which the
moral agent has a moral duty to act in one way
 Ethics is a branch of philosophy that studies the but is tempted or pressured to act in another
dynamics and concepts of right and wrong. way
 Ethics is systematizing, defending, and
recommending concepts of right and wrong.
 Branches of Ethics
1. Metaethics
2. Normative Ethics
3. Applied Ethics
Debates in Meta-Ethics
 Metaphysical Issue covers issues on can
morality exists outside human thought.
Psychological Issue covers the underlying mental basis
of our moral judgement and conduct

Debate: Objectivism and Relativism

 Objectivism believes that there are objective
truths in the world.
 Relativism believes meaning change dependent
on the circumstance and people that values it
Psychological Issues
 Egoism and Altruism
Egoism believes that we do thing out of our
selfish desires.
Altruism believes that we human are capable of
benevolence.
 Emotion and Reason
A morality base on the emotion, heart and
feeling. I sympathize and I feel you.
A morality base on the reason, mind, and
thinking. I analyse and assess
 Male and Female Morality
Male morality is grounded on rule, regulation,
policies and guidelines.
Female morality is grounded on sympathy and
care.