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INITAO COLLEGE Course Code: M17-TLE 2

Jampason, Initao, Misamis Oriental Course Title: Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan with
2nd Semester, S.Y. 2023 - 2024 Entrepreneurship
Unit: 3 (Lecture)

SPECIFIC INSTRUCTION FOR SUBMISSIONS

For Category B. (Partial Online)
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For Category C.
 Use separate 1 whole sheet of paper for the answer/s.
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 Deadline will be announced in Facebook Private Group
MODULE 7
Topic: Desired Learning Outcomes:

 Fisheries and Aquaculture: Practices and systems of  Identify culture systems and practices
culture and Freshwater aquaculture  Appreciate the impact of every aquaculture system in their
community
Duration: 3 hrs.
INTRODUCTION

Aquaculture in the Philippines is predominantly based on brackishwater pond culture of milkfish. Other economically important farming
systems include freshwater milkfish pen culture, freshwater tilapia cage culture, and the brackishwater pond culture of shrimp. Very recently, pen and
cage culture of milkfish and tilapia in brackish and marine waters has been successfully initiated in several municipalities around the country. With
the majority of the mangrove areas and inland waters suitable for aquaculture already in use, the development of pen and cage culture in protected
coastal areas is seen as the next frontier for expanding finfish aquaculture production. Details of important management and production aspects of
milkfish, tilapia, and shrimp culture relevant to feeding and fertilization strategies are summarized in the following section.
DISCUSSION

CULTURE SYSTEMS AND PRACTICES

Culture Systems

Pond culture

Most of the country’s brackishwater ponds are used for extensive milkfish culture. These ponds are shallow, ranging from 30-50 cm, in
order to maximize light penetration for benthic natural food production. Pond compartments are also large, usually between 5-10 ha in size with
single gates. Productivity of extensive ponds relies on the supply of natural food which is enhanced through fertilization, control of competitors’
snails and fish (e.g. O. mossambicus), and the use of a modular pond system where stocks are moved to a newly prepared pond everytime natural
food becomes limiting (for milkfish). Extensive milkfish ponds typically produce a gross yield of 500-750 kg/ha/crop although in certain
provinces in the country, such as Iloilo and Capiz, gross yields approaching 1,000 kg/ha/crop are common.

Black tiger shrimp are also an important cultured species within brackishwater fishponds, but since the outbreak of diseases in the early
1990s, there has been a declining interest in their farming. Emerging brackishwater pond operations are semi-intensive and intensive culture of
milkfish and to a lesser extent tilapia (usually O. Niloticus × O. mossambicus hybrid). In semi-intensive culture, yield increases of up to 200-
400% are attained over that of extensive culture with supplemental feeding, deeper water, and more frequent water change. Pumps are used for
maintaining a minimum pond depth and the desired water quality. In intensive culture, small ponds with at least 1 m water depth, supported by
pumping and aeration facilities, allow yields in excess of ten fold that of extensive culture. Semi-intensive milkfish farms are mostly upgraded
extensive ponds while intensive farms are evolving largely as an alternative for shrimp culture. Investing otherwise for the necessary pond
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structures and facilities for intensification is not economically attractive.

Pen and cage culture

Milkfish pen culture has been practised for over two decades in Laguna Lake. Fish are fed almost exclusively on the plankton-rich water
of the lake, with stocking density ranging between 10,000-20,000/ha. Pen culture of milkfish in brackish or marine waters is a very recent
development. Commercial operations are being pioneered in Alaminos in Pangasinan, some parts of Manila Bay, Bantayan Island (Cebu), and
Davao del Norte using stocking densities of 50,000-80,000 pieces/ha. Unlike Laguna Lake, milkfish are fed in these pen culture environments
due to the limited supply of natural food.

Freshwater cage culture is popular in several small lakes around the country with Nile tilapia being the primary species farmed. Typically
the stocking density is 20 pieces/m3. In Pansipit River which drains Taal Lake, tilapia cage culture in running water is practised at densities of
150-300 pieces/m3. Brackishwater or marine cage culture of milkfish and tilapia is starting to find commercial success in areas such as Bohol,
Batan Bay in Aklan, and Davao Oriental. The archipelago’s extensive coastal areas and tributaries provide a vast resource for pen and cage
culture in the years to come.

Fertilization Practices

Natural food types

There are three important natural foods raised in ponds with fertilization , namely: “lab-lab,” “lumut” (filamentous algae), and plankton
(Table 72). Lab-lab grows as a mat on the pond bottom and is the most desired natural food for milkfish. It consists of a benthic community of
cyanobacteria, diatoms, and associated invertebrates. It is the presence of associated organisms which gives lab-lab its high food value.

Lumut consist mostly of Chaetomorpha spp., with Cladophora and Enteromorpha as associated species. It is grown mainly as a food for
milkfish especially during the rainy months and under low salinity conditions when growing lab-lab is difficult. Plankton on the other hand
includes numerous species of microscopic diatoms, algae, and zooplankton. Plankton is the preferred natural food for tilapia in fresh and brackish
water, and is also the natural food that abounds in lakes and dams. In extensive shrimp culture, two species of aquatic macrophytes, Ruppia
maritima and Najas graminea, are specifically propagated as a source of natural food; shrimp feed on the small copepods and insects that find
food and shelter on these plants.

Fertilizer application

Juliano (1985) surveyed the fertilization practices employed by 44 brackishwater milkfish farms in the provinces of Bataan, Pangasinan,
Aklan, Capiz and Iloilo, and reported that 91.7% used inorganic fertilizers, 60% used organic fertilizers, and 50% used both inorganic and
organic fertilizers. The average inorganic fertilizer used was 94.3 kg/ha/crop (1.9 bags) at a nitrogen-phosphorus ratio of 2-4:1, derived from urea
and ammonium phosphate (16-20-0 or 18-46-0). Organic fertilizer, largely in the form of chicken manure was applied at a rate of 461.3
kg/ha/crop. In all the farms surveyed, the dominant natural food cultured was lab-lab.

Progressive milkfish farmers usually apply chicken manure on the pond bottom at a rate of 1 t/ha/crop, while inorganic fertilizers are
applied at a rate of 150-200 kg/ha/crop (basal and side dressing) with urea and 16-20-0 combined at a ratio of 1-2:1. Organic fertilizer is first
applied on the moist pond bottom prior to flooding, and inorganic fertilizers are then broadcasted a few days later when the natural food starts to
grow. To sustain the bloom, a maintenance dose is normally continued every spring tide. During pond preparation, the pond is dried, limed, and
tilled at least once a year to allow mineralization and release of nutrients from the soil. The practice also reduces the build-up of any harmful
organic waste.

Plankton is the natural food propagated in brackishwater and freshwater tilapia culture where the ponds are relatively deep. Inorganic
fertilizer (urea, 16-20-0, and/or 14-14-14) is generally applied using the tray method at 50 kg/ha every two weeks. However the daily or weekly
application of manure during the growout period is not popularly practised in milkfish culture (see Section 6.3.1).

Feeding Practices

Milkfish and tilapia

When the natural food in extensive milkfish ponds is depleted and the fish have not yet attained the desired harvest size, single ingredient
feeds (such as rice bran, bakery waste, and snackfood rejects) or commercial pelleted feeds may be used during the last few weeks of culture.
This practice is sometimes referred to as modified-extensive culture. Feeding is decided when most of the natural food appears to be already
consumed (estimated visually), when growth rate tapers, or when the fish starts to lose the fullness of its body. The amount of feed given in many
cases is only estimated.

The majority of the commercial pelleted feeds are utilized in semi-intensive and intensive culture. Feed manufacturers and suppliers
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recommend a feeding programme for farmers through their technical representatives. Feeding milkfish and tilapia have commonly been carried
out using feed trays located around the periphery of the pond or by hand broadcasting. Feeding is conducted twice or three times a day at around
8 am, 12 noon, and 4 pm. A few intensive pond farmers use feed blowers imported from Taiwan. Feeding by tray is now being discouraged due
to feed losses resulting from nutrient leaching and feed disintegration caused by the low stability of fish feeds (normally under 1 5 minutes).
Hand feeding on the other hand, has been found ideal for cages where the compartments are small, although for ponds, this feeding method is
costly and laborious. Since 1994, a local company (Kinetic Feeding Systems, 158-C Singcang, Bacolod City) has pioneered the design and
manufacture of fish feeding equipment. Demand feeders and automatic feed spreaders are now consequently starting to be used in semi-intensive
and intensive pond culture operations.

Reported feed conversions obtained with commercial pellets in extensive culture are generally below 1, and range from 1.2-1.6 and 1.5-
2.0 within semi-intensive and intensive culture, respectively. Higher FCR’s are generally obtained with smaller stocking sizes, higher stocking
rates, and increasing harvest size.

For many small tilapia cage farmers who are not comfortable in computing feed rations, feeding is based on a pre-computed guide
provided by feed companies based on a projected growth and feeding rate. It is interesting to note that routine sampling of weight gain is not
commonly practised; tilapia cage farmers preferring to monitor and evaluate their use of feeds in terms of bags consumed (rather than
kilogrammes), and the days of culture that have elapsed. This practice has been possible since cage farmers tend to adopt uniform compartment
sizes and stocking densities.

Shrimp

Extensive black tiger shrimp culture commonly uses protein-rich fresh feeds such as trash fish, bivalves, and snails, during the last one or
two months of the growout operation, with feeding employed once or twice per day. In Panay island and in Negros Occidental, a 7-10 mm
bivalve locally known as “agihis” is a much sought-after supplemental feed for shrimp; given whole (the shrimps are able to break open its
shell), the mollusc survives in the pond for a few days. This allows the farmer to feed only once every few days without the threat of polluting
the pond water. However, the supply of this bivalve is now already scarce due to excessive collection.

Shrimp farmers are generally knowledgeable concerning the technical aspects of using commercial shrimp feeds as feed expenses
account for more than half of their production cost. Farmers compute their daily rations and are able to make the necessary adjustments on the
prevailing weather and water quality condition in the pond. Feed trays are popularly used as a key management tool for evaluating feed
consumption during the day’s feeding schedule which is normally five times starting at 7-8 am, and every four hours thereafter. Food conversion
ratios range from 1.2-2.2, depending upon the stocking density and days of culture. For a detailed review of the shrimp feeding management
practices in the Philippines, the reader is referred to Cruz (1991).

ASSESSMENT: (Offline and Online)

Give one (1) Aquaculture System located in Misamis Oriental. Provide 1 picture and indicate its Specific Location, Culture System,
Species, and the Feeding Practices. (20 points)

MODULE 8
Topic: Desired Learning Outcomes:

 Fisheries and Aquaculture: Mariculture and  Identify Mariculture and Management

Management

Duration: 3 hrs

INTRODUCTION
Not known to many individuals are the living sanctuaries of our marine life which are now the focus of fishery research institutions. These
living sanctuaries are the so-called mariculture parks owned and maintained by local fishing communities and local government units. Each
mariculture park is established with a purpose as a breeding facility, tourism destination or research and development area. Because of the advent of
climate change and globalization, most of our fishery scientists and researchers are now also into challenging work on fishery development and
business within mariculture parks. Activities in these parks include integration of research results and business trends for sustainable ventures for
local community development.

Under the fishery sector, the establishment of mariculture parks in selected areas of the country is considered one big leap of development. In
the Philippines, there are more than 50 mariculture parks distributed in fourteen (14) regions from north to south and east to west. Each mariculture
park includes a combination of cage and business models of high value commercial fishes like grouper, milkfish, siganids, seaweeds, and mud crabs
and some cold storage and processing plants.

Through a pioneering initiative, the Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources (BFAR) and local government units (LGUs) linked-up to
address the economic plight of fishing communities, poverty reduction, technology application, production and processing, and resource utilization
and management especially those affected by erratic climatic conditions and environmental degradation caused by harmful terrestrial operations.
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Because of the need to maintain the culture operation and management of fishery areas, several institutions have included appropriate management
strategies to sustain the production and development of living sanctuaries of marine fishes, corals, mollusks, seaweeds, and other marine life. These
are specifically focused on protection, conservation, management and development. It has combined tested indigenous practices by local villagers
with utilized modern science technologies to study and work on issues and concerns affecting people, flora and fauna and marine life iin general.

DISCUSSION

Effective mariculture management sustains ecological protection and conservation for fishery business
Mariculture zones and parks in fishing communities

Technically, mariculture is a specialized branch of aquaculture involving the cultivation in enclosures of marine fishes in open waters for
food and other products. The local practice in the Philippines include the production of finfish and other marine life like milkfish, siganids, groupers,
red snappers, seaweeds, mussels, oysters and even sea ranching of lobsters and seahorses in coral reefs to sustain production of exportable products in
sea cages.

Philippine mariculture zones and parks are owned and managed by fishing communities through a marina-type project in municipal waters
with the active involvement of fisherfolk, communities and their organizations within designated fishery areas. These are chosen for their diverse and
productive environment suitable for commercial mariculture development, access to existing fishery infrastructure support, and access to input supply
and markets for better fishery business opportunities and activities.

The Eastern Visayas Region has the most number of mariculture parks contained in 14 zone areas in the provinces of Samar, Biliran, Leyte
and Eastern Samar. It is followed by Southern Tagalog - Mimaropa with eight (8) mariculture zones and parks, the Bicol region with five (5), and
Zamboanga, Southern Mindanao and CARAGA Regions with four (4) mariculture zones and parks each. Other regions will soon launch new sites in
response to the call for effective and efficient fishery management in coastal and marine waters by the Department of Agriculture (DA) and
Department of Interior and Local Government (DILG) in cooperation with Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) and
Department of Tourism (DOT).

These parks are jointly operated and managed by fishing villagers who established cage and business models for increased production and
income. Examples of these models which are also used for technology demonstration and application are circular fish cages, square fish cages,
frameless fish cages, one-hectare seaweed model, seaweed nursery, mud crab hatchery and fattening, livelihood projects on grouper, bangus and
siganid, bangus-siganid polyculture in cages, and sea cages for sea urchin and abalone. All of these sustain the active involvement of fisherfolk,
fishing communities and local government units.

Operational partnership for business development

Mariculture parks have been operational for more than three decades now. However, it was only a few years back that the Bureau of
Fisheries and Aquatic Resources (BFAR) and the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) noticed their potential as an integrated
coastal management business venture which could be locally based in fishing communities. Not to mention, the growing interest of local government
units that encompass coastal and marine waters that are becoming the subject of research and development interest. Because of these, several
agencies and organizations have created a network of local fishery development that has been sustained since then.

The partnership defined specific roles and responsibilities of the agencies and organizations involved. BFAR provided the technical
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requirements for fishery research and development particularly on breeding and stocking density. DENR provided the management strategies for
efficient ecological balance and resource utilization and management. The local government units provided the enforcement of rules and regulations
for proper coastal marine and terrestrial protection and conservation. Finally, the local fishing communities serve as owners and caretakers of fishing
resources for their own community development. The mariculture parks became a community resource for business development.

Strategic mariculture fishery potential and opportunities

Ever since the partnership started to mold the mariculture park and management involved communities and institutions have been
enthusiastic about R&D activities. Observation shows that with the fishery catch on the decline and demand for aquaculture products increasing,
mariculture development through R&D holds great potential for economical and environmental upliftment. The broad perception by a large majority
of fish consumers that fish is healthy and nutritious is an advantage to mariculture. This is the very reason why local fishery stakeholders have
partnered with government and non-government organizations to address the needs of fisherfolk and provide the required support for increased
production and income eventually leading communities to be self-reliant and empowered in fishery operation and management in open water.

Furthermore, there is a greater opportunity and advantage in mariculture for depleting wild species such as trout, seabass, salmon, and
groupers to be cultured and farmed within a natural setting such as open water sea cage culture farming. This results to a steady supply of quality
produce required by markets. It is foreseen that this will lead to stable economic returns based on stable fish prices in markets eventually making
fishery business a profitable one within the confines of mariculture zones and parks set up for local people and communities.

Although it is seen as an advantage for mariculture zones and parks, there are also its negative effects which affect the environment which
need to be addressed. Mariculture, regardless of physical structure or economic motivation, has a negative effect on biodiversity. If not managed
properly, it can degrade the natural habitat, disrupt trophic system, deplete natural seedstock, transmit diseases and reduce genetic viability. In
general, it affects the entire ecosystem.

These potential negative effects brought all fishery stakeholders to work together for proper research and development activities on
mariculture parks. Sustainable management strategies, especially on the protection, conservation, management and development of fishes and other
marine life have to carefully be given importance to sustain community activities.

Finally, mariculture development must be supported by basic and applied research and development in all the major fields such as nutrition,
breeding and genetics, culture system management, product handling, and socio-economics. In order to sustain operation and management of
mariculture, it should consider a closed system within open waters for the production of commodities in intensive cage farming. This will enable
commercial mariculture to address the needs of communities as well as address the concerns for climate change and globalization.

Also, it is important to consider technologies that are environmentally friendly when compared to inshore cage culture. This will lead
stakeholders to adopt and be part of the mariculture community of practice for sustainable ecological protection, conservation and management.
Issues and concerns on poverty, resource degradation and negative effects are always a threat. With mariculture zones and parks properly managed,
they can be instruments for sustainable fishery development and enhanced business opportunities.

ASSESSMENT: (Offline and Online)

Is there a negative impact of mariculture in our community? Defend your answer in not more than 50 words. (20 points)

REFERENCES:

https://bar.gov.ph/index.php/digest-home/digest-archives/127-2009-3rd-quarter/1394-julsep09-mariculture-management-7
http://www.fao.org/3/W6928E/w6928e07.htm#TopOfPage
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