© 2023 IJRTI | Volume 8, Issue 6 | ISSN: 2456-3315
Microelectronic Pill
Varun Singh1, Vipin Sanwariya2, Priyanshu Shukla3, Shiv Kumar Prajapati4, Atul Kulshrestha5
1,2,3,4
Student, 5Assistant Professor
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
ARYA INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, JAIPUR, INDIA
ABSTRACT: We are all familiar with a variety of sensors in the electronics sector. They're also used in a wide range of tests
and research endeavors. A multichannel sensor is a multichannel microelectronic pill with several channels. As the name
implies, this sensor is a pill. Its goal is to learn more about the inner workings of the human body.
In the 1950s, shortly after the transistor was invented, radiometry capsules were first employed. These capsules used simple
circuits to explore the gastrointestinal tract. They couldn't be used because of their size and the fact that they could only
communicate through a single channel. They were unreliable and inefficient. The lifespan of the sensors was also
considerably too short. This paved the way for the creation of single-channel telemetry capsules, which were finally
developed to overcome the limitations of laboratory-type sensors' enormous size.
Micro Electronic pill
CONTENT: -
1. Introduction
2. Parts
3. Range & accuracy
4. Advantages & Limitation
5. Conclusion
6. Reference
INTRODUCTION: -
A "Microelectronic pill" is a multichannel sensor that uses micro technology to perform remote biological measurements. This has
been developed for the internal study and detection of diseases and abnormalities in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract where restricted
access prevents the use of traditional endoscope.
The measurement parameters for detection include real – time remote recording of temperature, pH, Conductivity and dissolved
oxygen in the GI tract.
The majority of radio telemetry capsules use laboratory sensors as pressure transducers, such as glass pH electrodes, resistance
thermometers, or moving inductive coils. Because of the sensor's relatively large size, the pill's functional complexity is limited for
a specific capsule size. By leveraging current Semiconductor fabrication technology to sensor generation, integrated circuits have
expanded the concept of single-channel radio telemetry to remote distributed sensing from microelectronic pills.
PARTS: -
1. Control Chip
2. Biocompatible Capsule Encasing Microprocessor
3. Radio Transmitter
4. Silver Oxide Cell
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© 2023 IJRTI | Volume 8, Issue 6 | ISSN: 2456-3315
• CONTROL CHIP: -
ASIC (Application-Specific Integrated Circuit) is the control chip that connects together the external components of the
microsystem.
• BIOCOMPATIBE CAPSULE ENCASING MICROPROCESSOR: -
1. SILICON DIODE: -
It is used to determine the body's core temperature.
Temperature-induced signal fluctuations in other sensors are also compensated for.
It also detects changes in the local environment that are linked to tissue inflammation and ulcers.
2. ION-SELECTIVE FIELD EFFECT TRANSISTOR (ISFET): -
The ISFET is a ph. meter. It can identify pathological disorders linked to pH levels that are either high or too low. These anomalies
are included:
. Pancreatic disease
. Hypertension Inflammatory bowel disease
. The activity of Fermenting bacteria
. The level of acid excretion Reflux of esophagus
. Effect of GI specific drugs on target organs.
3. Direct Contact Gold Electrode: -
The direct contact pair the contents of water and salt absorption, bile secretion, and the breakdown of organic components into
charged colloids, among other things, are measured using gold electrodes in the GI tract. Because gold has the highest conductivity
of all the elements, it gives the genuine value of conductivity when tested.
4. Electrode Electrochemical Cell: -
The dissolved oxygen level in solution is measured using a three-electrode electrochemical cell. It is used to determine the oxygen
gradient. from the proximal to the distal GI Tract, it investigates:
Infection growth, either aerobic or bacterial
Formation of radicals causing cellular injury & pathophysiological conditions like inflammation & Gastric ulceration.
• RADIO TRANSMITTER: -
. Before being fitted in the capsule, it's built together using separate surface mount components on a single-sided PCB. The
integrated coil (magnetic) antenna took up 8*5*3mm of the basic transmitter's footprint. It's designed to transmit at 40.01MHz at
20 degrees Celsius, with a signal bandwidth of 10kHz. A second crystal-stabilized transmitter was also employed. The broadcast
frequency of this unit is limited to 20.08MHz at 20 C due to the crystal used, which is the same as the free-running STD transmitter.
The STD transmitter is present in Type 1 pills, whereas Type 2 pills feature a crystal stabilised unit. With a data rate of 1kb/s and a
modulation technique of FSK, the transmission range was measured at 1m (Frequency Shift Keying)
• 2 Silver Oxide Batteries: -
. 2 Ag2O batteries are used.
. Operating Time more than 40 hours.
. Power Consumption approx. 12.1 m W
. Corresponding current consumption = 3.9mA
. Supply Voltage of 3.1 V
Fig; silver oxide batteries
RANGE & ACCYRACY: -
RANGE:
. Temperature from 0 to 70°C
. PH from 1 to 13
. Dissolved Oxygen up to 8.2 mg per liter
. Conductivity above 0.05 mScm-1
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© 2023 IJRTI | Volume 8, Issue 6 | ISSN: 2456-3315
. Full scale dynamic Range analogue signal = 2.8 V
ACCURACY:
. PH channel is around 0.2 unit above the real value.
. Oxygen Sensor is ±0.4 m g L.
ADVANTAGES & LIMITATION: -
ADVANTAGES: -
▪ It is being beneficially used for disease detection & abnormalities in human body.
▪ Adaptable to corrosive and quiet environments
▪ It has applications in sectors such as water quality assessment, pollution detection, fermentation process control, and pipeline
inspection.
▪ It has very small size, hence it is very easy for practical usage
▪ High sensitivity, good reliability & Life times.
▪ Zero noise interference.
LIMITATIONS: -
▪ It cannot perform ultrasound & impedance tomography.
▪ Cannot detect radiation abnormalities
▪ Radiation treatment for cancer and chronic inflammation is not possible.
▪ Still its size is not digestible to small babies
Fig; pill connectivity with external device
Conclusion: -
This microelectronic pill is a multichannel sensor, which is a sensor with several channels. This sensor is shaped like a pill, as the
name suggests. Going inside the body and studying the interior conditions is what it's all about.
REFERENCE: -
1. Merits 2014 Tutorials https://www.mepits.com/tutorial/171/biomedical/electronic-pill/biomedical/electronic-
pill/biomedical/electronic-pill/biomedical/electronic-pill/biomedical/electronic-pill/biomed
2. Suzanne Sinatra was born in the year 2000. What are electronic pills and what are their uses? USA,
https://meeeservices.com/what-are-electronic-pills-and-their-applications/
3. Mary Bellis was ranked third in 2017. Thought, History and Culture of the Smart Pill,
https://www.thoughtco.com/historyofthesmart-pill-1992429
4. "We provide endoscopic operations" 2018. Farzan is a gastroenterologist at The Hills Gastroenterology in Sydney, Australia.
5. "Diagnostic yield of capsule endoscopy in the setting of iron deficiency anemia without evidence of gastrointestinal bleeding,"
Tong J, Sparta S, Our G, Kwok R, Law J, Enns R. "Diagnostic yield of capsule endoscopy in the setting of iron deficiency
anemia without evidence of gastrointestinal bleeding," Tong J, Sparta S, Our G, Kwok R, Law J, Enns R, PMC 3472906. PMID
23061059.
6. Robert Sirocco 2014. Electronic Pills, IEEE Future Directions, December 2014,
http://sites.ieee.org/futuredirections/2014/12/15/electronic-pills/
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