Ingestible
Electronic
Microsystem
Bishnu Boro
202202061019
B.Tech (Instrumentation Engineering)
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Contents:
• Introduction
• Parts of the IEM
• Schematic and Block Diagram
• Sensors and Control Chip
• Battery and Transmitter
• Advantages
• Disadvantages
• Applications
• Conclusion
• References
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Introduction:
• In1972, Professor Johan Cooper and Eric Johnson from Glasgow University,U.K has
led to the development of Ingestible Electronic Microsystem
• This has been developed for the internal study and detection of diseases
and abnormalities in GI tract where restricted access prevents the use of
traditional endoscope
• The measurement parameters for detection include real-time remote
recording of temperature, pH, conductivity & dissolved oxygen in the Gl tract
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Parts of the IEM:
Figure : Parts of the Ingestible Electronic Microsystem
https://circuitdigest.com/article/ingestible-electronic-pills-for-real-time-analysis-of-gastro-intestinal
-tract
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Schematic Diagram: Block Diagram:
Figure 1 : Schematic Diagram of IEM Figure 2 : Block Diagram of IEM
https://share.google/images/DrKXYdgu09EHi7R https://share.google/images/7UlYiwLdvHysfi0ec
m0
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Sensors:
• Silicon Diode:
It measures the body core temperature
It also identifies the local changes associated with Tissue Inflammation & Ulcers
• Ion-Selective Field Effect Transistor(ISFET):
The ISFET measures Ion concentration
It reveal pathological conditions associated with abnormal pH levels and abnormalities are
Hypertention, Level of acid Excretion, Reflux of Oesophagus, Pancreatic disease
• Direct Contact Gold Electrode:
Conductivity measures are done by measuring the contents of water and salt absorption,
breakdown of organic compounds into charged colloids and the bile secretion
• 3 Electrode chemical cell:
It detects the level of dissolved oxygen and Identify the activity of aerobic bacteria in intestines
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Control Chip:
• ASIC - analog signal conditioning, 10bit analog to digital convertor/digital to analog
convertor, OSC and digital signal processing circuit
• Sensors are fabricated on two silicon chips that are located at the front end of the capsule
• Both pH and oxygen sensors are enclosed by two separate 8 nL electrolyte chambers
• The pH ISFET sensor is biased as a simple source at constant current with the source
voltage changing with threshold voltage & pH
• The conductivity circuit operates at D.C. It measures the resistance across the electrode pair
as an inverse function of solution conductivity
• All the data is collected by ASIC and sent to the base
• ASIC & Sensors consume 5.3mw power corresponding to 1.9 mA of current
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Battery: Radio Transmitter:
• Two Ag2O batteries are used • Modulation Scheme = FSK
• Operating Time > 40 hours • Frequency = 40.01 MHz
• Power Consumption = 12.1 mW • It consumes 6.8 mW power at 2.2 mA of
• Corresponding current consumption = 3.9mA current
• Supply Voltage = 3.1 V • Data Transfer Rate = 1 kbps
• Bandwidth of the signal generated 10 KHz
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Advantages:
• It is being beneficially used for disease detection & abnormal in human body
• Adaptable for use in corrosive surrounding of GI tract
• It operates in Programmable Standby Mode, as it consumes very less power
• It is very small in size
• The transmission length is limited to 1 meter, so it has zero noise interference
• High sensitivity, Good reliability & Life times
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Disadvantages:
• The ultrasonic activities & impedance topographies cannot be performed by this IEM
• It is unable to detect radiation abnormalities
• The treatment through IEM is very expensive and is not available in many regions
• The size of IEM is small but it is not as small that can be digested by small babies
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Applications:
• Determine body temperature
• Determine pH value of stomach or intestinal fluids
• Measure dissolved oxygen level
• Detect pancreatic or digestive diseases
• Measure value of acid excretion
• Determine activity of fermenting bacteria
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Conclusion:
Ingestible electronic microsystems are transforming healthcare via providing a real-
time, non-intrusive, also safe method to monitor physiological vital parameters
within the gastrointestinal tract. These tiny devices allow for early detection of the
diseases, help to improve diagnostic accuracy, and can improve patient comfort.
Temperature, pH, and oxygen levels, with conductivity, and bacterial activity all are
factors measured accurately enough by them. They are a major advance in medical
technology of the future since they may treat patients personally and track health
from afar.
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References:
• https://15481a04b2.blogspot.com/2016/02/micro-electronic-pills-k-j-sree
_13.html
• https://circuitdigest.com/article/ingestible-electronic-pills-for-real-time-an
alysis-of-gastro-intestinal-tract
• https://15481a04b2.blogspot.com/2016/02/micro-electronic-pills-k-j-sree
_13.html
• https://www.ijraset.com/fileserve.php?FID=2907
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THANK
YOU
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