Correction (part of tertiary crime prevention)

 It is the pillar of criminal justice that covers the penalization and rehabilitation of offenders
 Response and combat against crime

Component of Criminal Justice system

Law enforcement- Prosecution- Court- Correction- Community

As a Tier of Crime Prevention

Types of Crime Prevention

 Primary prevention- Effecting conditions of the physical and social environment that provide
opportunities for or precipitate criminal acts. Ex paglagay cctv

 Public safety and campaigns (e.g. preventing domestic violence)

 Stop/stopping crime
 Training and employment
 Poverty reduction
 Housing/accommodation
 Access to alcohol and other drugs
 Community development
 Community and SchoolPolicing
 Urban renewal
 Neighborhood design
 Security measures (CCTV, alley gating)

 Secondary prevention- Engages in early identification of potential offenders and seeks to

intervene before the commission of illegal activity. Ex Implementing police officer in certain
place

 Community-based responses
 Justice reinvestment
 Early intervention
 Developmental strategies
 Social development
 Community policing
 Neighborhoods and populations at risk
 Indigenous community justice initiatives

 Tertiary prevention- Dealing with actual offenders and intervention

 Recidivism
 Reunited/Family reunification
 Child welfare
  Reoffend/reoffending
 Diversion/diversionary
 Therapeutic approach
 Therapeutic jurisprudence
 Therapeutic justice
 Rehabilitation
 Pre- and post-release
 Restorative justice
 Family conferencing
 Procedural justice/ fairness

Two types of correction

Institutional correction- Is a community-based corrections are you’re either placed on parole or given
probation

Non-institutional correction- means that the individual is placed in a prison or jail, which means they
are housed in a secure correctional facility.

Agencies of Correction in the Philippines

 Bureau of Jail Management and Penology- under 3 years penalty, city jail/district jail
 Provincial Jails- Under the local government
 Bureau of Corrections- More than 3 years to reclusion perpetua, only one in New Bilibid Prison
 Rehabilitation Centers for drug users
 Parole and Probation Administration
 Bahay Pag-Asa and Youth Center- Mga bata
 Local Social Welfare Office and Barangay (Community Service)

Inmates

Generic term used to describe a person deprived of liberty, either as detainee or prisoners

Detainee and Prisoners

Detainees- inmates that are awaiting trial/judgement or under investigation. (under BJMP)

3 Classes of Detainees

 Undergoing investigation;
 Awaiting or undergoing trial; and
 Awaiting final judgment

Prisoners- Inmates that are serving sentence in a jail or penitentiary (PDL)

Classifications of Prisoners

A. Insular Prisoner - one who is sentenced to a prison term of three (3) years and one (1) day to
reclusion Perpetua or life imprisonment;

B. Provincial Prisoner - one who is sentenced to a prison term of six (6) months and one (1) day to three
(3) years;

C. City Prisoner - one who is sentenced to a prison term of one (1) day to three (3) years; and

D. Municipal Prisoner - one who is sentenced to a prison term of 1 day to 6 months

Inmates Security Classification

(BJMP Manual)

 High Profile Inmate- Those who require increased security based on intense media coverage
or public concern as a result of their offense such as but not limited to those who have
been involved in a highly controversial or sensationalized crime or those who became
prominent for being a politician, government official, multi-million entrepreneur, religious
or cause-oriented group leader and movie or television personality

 High Risk Inmate- Those who are considered highly dangerous and who require a greater
degree of security, control and supervision because of their deemed capability of escape,
of being rescued, and their ability to launch or spearhead acts of violence inside the jail. This
includes those charged with heinous crimes such as murder, kidnapping for ransom, economic
sabotage, syndicated or organized crimes, etc. Also included are inmates with military or
police trainings or those whose life is in danger or under imminent threat

 High Value Targets- a target, either a resource or a person, who may either be an enemy
combatant, high ranking official or a civilian in danger of capture or death, typically in
possession of critical intelligence, data, or authority marked as an objective for a mission and
which a commander requires for the successful completion of the same.

 Security Threat Group- Any formal or informal ongoing inmates’ group, gang, organization
or association consisting of three or more members falling into one of the following basic
categories: street gangs, prison gangs, outlaw gangs, traditional organized crime, aboriginal
gangs, subversive groups and terrorist organizations.

 Subversive Group- A group of persons that adopts or advocates subversive principles or

policies tending to overthrow or undermine an established government.

 Terrorist Group- A group of persons that commits any of the following: piracy and mutiny
in the high seas or in the Philippine waters, rebellion or insurrection, coup d’état,
murder, kidnapping and serious illegal detention, crimes involving destruction, arson,
hijacking, violation of laws on toxic substances and hazardous and nuclear waste control,
 violations of atomic energy regulations, anti-piracy and anti-highway robbery, illegal and
unlawful possession, manufacture, dealing in, acquisition or disposition of firearms,
ammunitions or explosives.

 Violent Extremist Group- A person whose political or religious ideologies are considered far
outside the mainstream attitudes of the society or who violates common moral standards
and who has adopted an increasingly extreme ideals and aspirations resorting to the
employment of violence in the furtherance of his/ her beliefs.

 Medium Risk Inmate- Those who represent a moderate risk to the public and staff. These
inmates still require greater security, control and supervision as they might escape from and
might commit violence inside the jail.

 Minimum Risk Inmates- Those inmates who have lesser tendencies to commit offenses and
generally pose the least risk to public safety. In most cases, they may be first time
offenders and are charged with light offenses.

BuCor Classification

Super- For special group of inmates composed of incorigibles and dangerous inmates who are
difficult to manage for being the source of constant disturbance in the maximum institution

Maximum- For dangerous or high security risks inmates as determine by the Classification board
who require a high degree of control and supervision.

Under this category are:

 Those sentenced to death

 Those whose minimum sentence is twenty (20) years imprisonment;
 Remand inmates or detainees whose sentences are under review by the Supreme Court of the
Court of Appeals
 Those with pending cases
 Recidivist, habitual delinquents and escapes
 Those confined for reception and diagnostic
 Those under disciplinary punishment or safekeeping
 Those who are criminally insane or those with severe personality or emotional disorders that
make them dangerous to fellow inmates or the BuCor personnel

Medium- For inmates who cannot be trusted in less secured areas and those whose conduct for
behavior require minimum supervision.

Under this category are:

 Whose minimum senetence is less 20 years of imprisonment

 Remand inmates or detainees whose sentence are below 20 years
 Those who are 2 or more records of escapes if they have served 8 years since they were
recommitted. Those with 1 record of escape must serve 5 years
 Minimum-For those who can be reasonably trusted to serve their sentence under less restricted
conditions such as:

 With severe physical handicap as certified by the chief of the medical services of the
institution
 Who are sixty-five years of age and above, without pending case and whose convictions are on
appeal
 Who have only 6 months more to serve before the expiration of their maximum sentence

Add Up: Color-Coded Uniform Based on Security Classification

 Tangerine/Orange – maximum Security Inmates

 Blue – Medium Security Inmates
 Brown – Minimum Security Inmates
 Gray – detainees

Profession and Careers in Correction for Criminologists

 Correctional Officers
 Jail Guards
 Parole and Probation Officers

Definition of Punishment

Punishment is a means of social control; a device to cause people to become cohesive and to induce
conformity

Sawing- The victim would be hung upside down and slowly sawn in
half.

Garotte - Device used in strangling condemned persons. In one form

it consists of an iron collar attached to a post.
Guillotine - A guillotine is an apparatus designed for efficiently
carrying out executions by beheading.

Premature burial - Also known as live burial, burial alive, or

vivisepulture, means to be buried while still alive.

Horse drawn quartered - In one the victim was drawn by a

horse to a gallows, hanged, and then cut into four pieces and
scattered

Firing squad - A form of execution usually reserved for

military personnel. The concept is simple: a prisoner either
stands or sits against a brick wall or some other heavy
barrier. Five or more soldiers line up side by side several feet
away, and each one aims their firearm directly at the
prisoner's heart.
Decapitation - The total seperation of the head from the body

Burning at stake - Burning at the stake was a traditional form

of execution for women found guilty of witchcraft.

Stoning- A method of capital punishment where a group

throws stones at a person until the subject dies from
blunt trauma

Hanging- Killing a person by suspending them from the

neck with a noose or ligature.
 Dismemberment - Is the act of cutting, ripping, tearing,
pulling, wrenching or otherwise disconnecting the limbs
from a living or dead being

Crucifixion - Method of capital punishment in which the

victim is tied or nailed to a large wooden cross, beam or
stake and left to hang until eventual death.

Electric chair - Is a specialized device employed for carrying

out capital punishment through the process of
electrocution

Use of gas chamber - The condemned person is

strapped into a chair within an airtight chamber, which
is then sealed. The executioner activates a mechanism
which drops potassium cyanide (or sodium cyanide)
pellets into a bath of sulfuric acid beneath the chair;
the ensuing chemical reaction generates lethal
hydrogen cyanide gas.
Torture

Flogging - Beating administered with a whip or rod, with

blows commonly directed to the person's back.

Brazen bull - The condemned were locked inside the

device, and a fire was set under it, heating the metal until
the person inside was roasted to death.

Use of wheels - Consists of a large wooden wheel with

radial spokes on which the person to be punished is tied.
The wheel is then rotated, causing the person to be
repeatedly struck by the spokes as they spin, leading to
severe injury or death.
Public Humiliation

Pillory - Wooden framework used to imprison someone

and expose them to public ridicule

Docking stool - Were chairs formerly used for

punishment of disorderly women, scolds, and dishonest
tradesmen in medieval Europe and elsewhere at later
times.

Use of stocks - Consists of placing boards around

the ankles and wrists, whereas with the pillory,
the boards are fixed to a pole and placed around
the arms and neck, forcing the punished to stand.
Victims may be insulted, kicked, tickled, spat on,
or subjected to other inhumane acts.

Shavings - Shaving a woman's head was a sign of

sin and shame, and stripped them of their
femininity and identity.
 Transportation of prisoners - The relocation of
convicted criminals, or other persons regarded as
undesirable, to a distant place, often a colony, for a
specified term.

Banishment - Type of punishment that is given as a result

of being convicted of a crime.

Contemporary Punishments

 Imprisonment
 Fines
 Parole
 Conditional pardon
 Probation
 Death penalty
 Corporal punishment
 Banishment
 Community service

Justification of Punishment

 Retribution
 Expiation/atonement
 Deterrence/exemplarity
 Protection/social defense
 Reformation
Constitutional Provision for the Imposition of Punishment

Phil. Constitution Art IlI Section 1 Bill of Rights

"No person shall be deprived of life, liberty, or property without due process of law nor shall be
deprived of equal protection of the laws”

Judicial Conditions of Penalty

 Must be productive of suffering

 Must be commensurate to the offense
 Must be personal
 Must be legal
 Must be certain
 Equal to all
 Must be correctional

Exemptions from Punishment

 Minor as provided by RA 9344 as Amended

 People in whose circumstances is provided in Article 12 of the Revised
 Penal Code as Amended

Pre Classical School

 Secular Theory of Punishment

 Judean-Christian theory
 Rise of Canonical School
 Individualization of Punishment
 Abuse of Judicial Individualization

Classical School

 The criminal is viewed as acting as a result of freewill and as being motivated by hedonism.
 Advocated by Cesare Beccaria and Jeremy Bentham
 Beccaria's On Crimes and Punishment has influenced jurisprudence of Europian and Anglo
American

Principles proposed by Beccaria

 Laws should be used to maintain social contract.

 Only legislators should create laws.
 Judges should impose punishment only in accordance with the law
 Judges should not interpret laws.
 Punishment should be based on the pleasure and pain principle.
 Punishment should be based on the act, not on the actor.
 The punishment should be determined by the crime
 Punishment should be prompt and effective
 All people should be treated equally
 Capital punishment should be abolished.
 The use of torture to gain confession should be abolished
 It is better to prevent crimes than to punish criminals