Structure of car computer

Type of signals
Shape of the signals
Analog to Digital converter A/D
Digital to Analog converter
Decimal to binary convert
Binary to decimal
8 bit
Inter facer
Data bus line
Clock speed
CPU
Memory
Random Access Memory (RAM)
–
It is also called as read write memory or the main memory or the primary memory.
The programs and data that the CPU requires during execution of a program are
stored in this memory.
It is a volatile memory as the data loses when the power is turned off.
RAM is further classified into two types- SRAM (Static Random Access Memory)
and DRAM (Dynamic Random Access Memory).
Read Only Memory (ROM) –
Stores crucial information essential to operate the system, like the program
essential to boot the computer.
It is not volatile. Always retains its data.
Used in embedded systems or where the programming needs no change.
Used in calculators and peripheral devices.
ROM is further classified into 4 types- ROM, PROM, EPROM, and EEPROM.
Types of Read Only Memory
(ROM)
PROM (Programmable read-only memory) – It can be programmed by user.
Once programmed, the data and instructions in it cannot be changed.
ROM
EPROM (Erasable Programmable read only memory) – It can be
reprogrammed. To erase data from it, expose it to ultra violet light. To reprogram
it, erase all the previous data.

EEPROM (Electrically erasable programmable read only memory) – The data

can be erased by applying electric field, no need of ultra violet light. We can erase
only portions of the chip.
ROM
RAM
Memory and ECM operation
ECM Flash
 ECM ECU PCM TCM FLASH – ENGINE COMPUTER
VIN PROGRAMMING FLASH & REFLASH
 “Flashing” refers to reprogramming automotive engine
control modules (ECMs). Almost all new vehicles
today are now flash programmable. Flash
reprogramming is an important part of repairs and
tune-ups on most 1996 and newer cars. Many times,
reprogramming is the only way to repair a vehicle and
eliminate false “Check Engine Soon” lights or MIL
indicators, and will often fix engine and transmission
problems that are not caused by mechanical issues.
Flash tools
 BOSCH Automotive Tools MTECH2 Mastertech II
J2534 VCI with Wired/Wireless Capability for OEM
Reprogramming and Diagnostics on GM, Ford,
FCA, Nissan/Infiniti, Honda/Acura, and
Toyota/Lexus Vehicles
Emission control
Automobile pollutions :
 The total numbers of the vehicles Engines are
responsible for too much atmospheric pollution and
harmful to human health & environment
 exhaust emission
 sound pollution
 wear and tear items
 heat pollution.
Basics of emission control
Meaning of the emission control is reduce the
harm full gases after the combustions process and
in driving conditions without affecting to the
power produce by the engine and increase fuel
efficiency.
Air pollution control
 The vehicles air pollution is a one of major and
important thing to control. The vehicle has three type
of fuel emission such as
 Exhaust emission 60%
 Evaporative emission 30%
 Refilling emission 10%
Exhaust control
 Before combustion control
 After combustion control
What Has Been Done to Control
Automobile Emissions?

 The Clean Air Act of 1970 gave EPA broad (United

States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) was
established in July 1970 ) authority to regulate
motor vehicle pollution, and the Agency’s emission
control policies have become progressively more
efficiently since the early 1970’s.
STOICHIOMETRIC AIR-FUEL RATIO
 The ideal mixture or ratio at which all of the fuel
combines with all of the oxygen in the air and burns
completely is called the stoichiometric ratio, a
chemically perfect combination. In theory, this ratio
for gasoline is an air-fuel mixture of 14.7 to 1In reality,
the exact ratio at which perfect mixture and
combustion occurs depends on the molecular
structure of gasoline, which can vary. The
stoichiometric ratio is a compromise between
maximum power and maximum economy.
What is Lambda
 Lambda is scale that relates the air to fuel ratio of any
fuel. 1.0 is stoichiometric for every fuel. (the
chemically perfect ratio of air to fuel for a complete
burn).
 However, Stoichiometry is different for every fuel.
Some fuels may need 14.7 lbs of air some may need 6
lbs of air for a complete burn. Lambda 1.0 is always the
perfect ratio for the fuel in use.
Lambda is

 Lambda 1 for gaoling is 14.7 / 14.7 = 1

 Rich 12.0 / 14.7 = 0 .8
 Lean 16.0 / 14.7 = 1.08
 The mixture-formation system controls the supply of fuel
to the engine in accordance with the signal from the
Lambda sensor .
 so that a stoichiometric A/F ratio" Lamda" = 1 is
maintained. Lambda is the dimension used to define the
mixture's A/F ratio.
Feedback control
 Open loop control

Closed loop control

The graph of emission wit A/F ratio
Narrow Band O2 Sensors
 an oxygen sensor that is only calibrated to know three
things. Rich, stoic, and lean. that it only has a narrow
window that it see’s the air fuel mixture through.
 The sensor can tell the computer when it’s stoic. If it’s
not stoic, it can tell the ECU that it’s either Rich, or
Lean, but that’s it. It doesn’t really output any particular
value other than that. How rich the exhaust or lean is
the sensor has NO IDEA about the ratio
Narrow Band Sensors operation

Zirconium Dioxide (ZrO2)

O2 operation
wideband O2 sensor (planner)
 WO2 - AF is much more sophisticated than a
narrowband sensor, and this be used as a tuning
tool.
 Wideband sensors can tell you the exact A/F ratio
that the Engine is currently running it will read a
voltage that correlates to A/F an actual value, like
2.2V, 2.3V,3.1V,3.4V such as.
 Wideband sensors give the ECU the ability
to tune exact A/F value’s to a instead of just
richening and leaning the mixture till a stoic value
is seen.
Operation
Diesel emission control
 Briefly explain the main identification of electronic
and MAP control ignition system and
 Advantages of the MAP ignition system
Diesel emissions
 According to the vehicle emission standards
developments in regulations to limit diesel on EPA
considers
 Carbon monoxide (CO)
 Nitrogen oxides (NOx)
 Nitrogen dioxide (NO2)
 Particulate matter (PM),
 Sulphur dioxide (SO2)
as the pollutants of primary concern, called the Criteria
Pollutants from the diesel engines
 More recently there has been a growing list of
regulations that require reduced emissions from diesel
engines.
 In addition, regulations for cleaner diesel fuel have
been adopted to both reduce emissions and to enable
technologies that, while reducing emissions, require
cleaner fuels to function properly.
 The first federal emissions requirements for diesel-
powered vehicles were in 1971 (1969 in the case of
California regulations).
Basic diesel emission control
Diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC)
 A diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC) is an after treatment
component that is designed to convert carbon monoxide
(CO) and hydrocarbons into carbon dioxide (CO2) and
water. ... It breaks down pollutants in the exhaust stream
from a diesel engine, helping to reduce particulate matter
(PM) purification rate in the condition of continuous high
temperature, it should keep the temperature range of 400
to 500°C for normal condition.
 The principal element of converter consists of the materials
like Alumina oxidized (AL2O3) in order to apply to
Ceramic Monolith. Washer coat operates first, and catalytic
metal elements (Pt, Pd, Rh) operates to washer coat next.
SOF - Some examples of aromatic
hydrocarbons are Methylbenzene,
Naphthalene, Phenanthrene,
Trinitrotoluene, and o-dihydroxybenzene.
Diesel Particulate Filter DPF
 The DPF is part of a diesel engine's exhaust system,
and it is used to collect soot and other particles that
are generated when the diesel fuel is burned
inefficiently by the engine. These inefficiencies can
happen because a diesel car is old or in need of a
service, although diesel cars that do lots of short low-
speed journeys where the engine doesn't warm up
enough can also be less efficient and generate more of
these particulate emissions as a result.
DPF
Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR)
 Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR de NOx) is a
technology applied on diesel engines to reduce the
NOx emissions, by injecting a urea-water solution
(AdBlue) into the exhaust gas upstream of the SCR
catalyst, generating ammonia (NH3). This is absorbed
onto the catalyst, converting NOx in to nitrogen (N2)
and water (H2O).
NITROGEN OXIDES (NOx)
 Under the high pressure and temperature conditions
in an engine, nitrogen and oxygen atoms in the air
react to form various nitrogen oxides, collectively
known as NOx. Nitrogen oxides, like hydrocarbons,
are precursors to the formation of ozone. They also
contribute to the formation of acid rain
Construction of SCR
Modern diesel emission control
system
Hybrid and Electric vehicle
 The development of automobiles with heat
engines is one of the greatest achievements of
modern technology. However, the highly
developed automotive industry and the large
number of automobiles in use around the world
have caused and are still causing serious
problems for society and human life.
Deterioration in air quality, global warming, and a
decrease in petroleum resources are becoming
the major threats to human beings.
Hybrid is
Global warming
 Global warming is a result of the “greenhouse effect”
induced by the presence of carbon dioxide (CO2) and
other gases, such as methane, in the atmosphere.
These gases trap the Sun’s infrared radiation reflected
by the ground, thus retaining the energy in the
atmosphere and increasing the temperature.
 An increased Earth temperature results in major
ecological damages to its ecosystems and in many
natural disasters that affect human populations.
What is a Hybrid Vehicle?
 Why are hybrid vehicles necessary now?
 Global warming caused by CO2
(ppmv)

600

500

CO2 Concentration
CO2 400

300

260
1200 1400 1600 1800 2000

79
Concept of hybrid
 The concept of hybrid is reduce the engine lord while
driving ,acceleration ,and use of minimal fuel
 Therefore hybrid vehicle include
 Downsizing engine
 Light weight body designing
 Regenerative power
 Idle stop
 Assist to the engine
 EV drive
Type of hybrid system
 According to the futures
 Micro
 Mild
 full
 According to the power flow
 Series
 Parallel
 Series Parallel
 Single motor dwell clutch
Main parts
 Engine
 High performance light Weight Atkinson cycle
 Motor
 Three phase permanent magnet motor
 PCM
 Light weight high performance electronically control
inverter converter, variable voltage deriver, DC –DC
converters
 HV battery
 Nickel Metal hydright ,lithium Iron
Engine
Atkinson
Lean burn
Motor Generator
Sartor motor
Traction motor
Generator

3phase permanent magnet

brushless motor
Power control module PCM
DCv to DCv boost and de-boost
DC to AC 3p inverting
AC 3p to DC converting
DC Hv to DC Lv converting
HV Battery pack
Nickel metal hydride (Ni-MH) battery 1.2V cells
Lithium-ion (Li-ion) battery 3.6v -4.2v cells

28 modules
 Vanadium hydride (VH2)
 Zirconium Hydride (ZrH2)
 Titanium hydride (TiH2)

 Potassium hydroxide (KOH)

 Nickel hydroxide Ni(OH)2.

 Polypropylene (PP), also known as polypropene, is a

thermoplastic it is slightly harder and more heat resistant.
Electrical safety
 HYBRID VOLTAGE
Anyone know what will be danger voltages to
some thing happen to some one ?
 HYBRID VOLTAGE

60 Volts can kill you! With over

30mA

20 Volts can be deadly if your

skin is wet or your standing
in water!
Why Electric Vehicles
Environment
• Climate change
• Reduction of global CO2 emissions
• Reduction of noise emissions
• Awareness of consumption of raw materials

NO tail pipe
High Voltage Precautions
DANGER:
 Since hybrid vehicles and electric vehicles contain a
high voltage battery, there is the risk of electric shock,
electric leakage, or similar accidents if the high voltage
component and vehicle are handled incorrectly.
 Be sure to follow the correct work procedures when
performing inspection and Maintenance
Basic Electric car
110 kW (150 PS)
40 kWh
320 Nm
Motor control
 Superior Battery Technology

Compact Double The Power

Safe Double The Energy

Reliable Long Life

BATTERY PACK MODULE LAMINATED

• Unique laminated cell structure
X48 CELL
• Provides flexibility for other X4
platforms SD SW

Junction Box
 System configuration of vehicle

Normal charge Li-ion BAT

Normal
CHG port
CHG DC/DC 14V output

Quick charge
Quick A/C
CHG port

PTC

Gear D/S
Inverter
Driver VCM

Vehicle Motor Power

controller controller module Motor

Current
Resolver

Revolution speed
Toyota FCV
Toyota FCV

STEP 1. Air (oxygen) taken in

STEP 2. Oxygen and hydrogen supplied to fuel cell stack
STEP 3. Electricity and water generated through chemical reaction
STEP 4. Electricity supplied to motor
STEP 5. Motor is activated and vehicle moves
STEP 6. Water emitted outside vehicle
A. Motor
B. Fuel cell stack
C. Battery
D. High-pressure hydrogen tank
FC Stack
 The fuel cell (FC) stack is a power generating device
that produces electricity by using a chemical reaction
between hydrogen and oxygen in the air. Hydrogen is
supplied to a negative electrode (anode) and air
(oxygen) is supplied to positive electrode (cathode),
generating electric power in an opposite reaction of
electrolysis.

 The voltage of a single cell is less than 1 V, and
consequently, the voltage is increased by stacking
hundreds of cells in series. The cells are stacked in this
manner to create a single FC stack, also known as a fuel
cell stack (a “fuel cell” generally refers to an FC stack or
fuel cell stack).
Fuel Stack Maximum output 114 kW (155PS)
Volume power density 3.1 kW/L (global top level)
Number of cells in one stack 370 cells (single-line stacking)
 Converting electricity and supplying it from the
FC stack and battery to the motor.
 Motors cannot be operated by connecting them
directly to the battery. The inverter converts DC
supplied from the battery to AC to turn the electric
motors. Conversely, it converts AC generated by the
electric motors during deceleration into DC to
recharge the battery. Dual side cooling, which directly
cools power elements, improves cooling efficiency and
enables inverter downsizing and weight reduction.
Drive Motor