Transportation

Transportation
In biology, transport refers to the act or the means by which a molecule or ion is moved across the cell
membrane or via the bloodstream. There are two types of transport in this regard: (1) passive transport
and (2) active transport
Transportation in Plants
Transportation in Plants
Transportation in Animals (Blood)
TYPES OF WBC
Circulation
 What is the heart?
The heart is a fist-sized organ that pumps blood throughout your body. It's the primary organ of your
circulatory system.
The heart contains four main sections (chambers) made of muscle and powered by electrical impulses. Your
brain and nervous system direct your heart’s function.

What is the heart’s function?

heart’s main function is to move blood throughout your body. Heart also:
● Controls the rhythm and speed of your heart rate.
● Maintains your blood pressure.

Normal heart rates at rest:

● Children (ages 6 - 15) 70 – 100 beats per minute
● Adults (age 18 and over) 60 – 100 beats per minute
Where is your heart located?
Our heart is located in the front of your chest. It sits slightly behind
and to the left of your sternum (breastbone). Our ribcage protects
our heart.
What side is your heart on?
Our heart is slightly on the left side of your body. It sits between our
right and left lungs. The left lung is slightly smaller to make room
for the heart in your left chest.
How much does your heart weigh?
Our heart may weigh a little more or a little less, depending on your
body size and sex.the mean weight of the heart is 280-340 g in males
and 230-280 g in females.
 Heart walls
The parts of our heart are Our heart walls are the muscles that contract
like the parts of a house. (squeeze) and relax to send blood throughout
your body. A layer of muscular tissue called the
our heart has: septum divides your heart walls into the left and
right sides.
● Walls.
Your heart walls have three layers:
● Chambers (rooms).
● Valves (doors). ● Endocardium: Inner layer.
● Myocardium: Muscular middle layer.
● Blood vessels ● Epicardium: Protective outer layer.
(plumbing). The epicardium is one layer of your pericardium.
● Electrical conduction The pericardium is a protective sac that covers
your entire heart. It produces fluid to lubricate
system (electricity). your heart and keep it from rubbing against
other organs.
Heart chambers
Our heart is divided into four chambers. Our have two chambers on the top (atrium, plural
atria) and two on the bottom (ventricles), one on each side of the heart.
● Right atrium: Two large veins deliver oxygen-poor blood to your right atrium. The
superior vena cava carries blood from your upper body. The inferior vena cava brings
blood from the lower body. Then the right atrium pumps the blood to your right
ventricle.
● Right ventricle: The lower right chamber pumps the oxygen-poor blood to your lungs
through the pulmonary artery. The lungs reload blood with oxygen.
● Left atrium: After the lungs fill the blood with oxygen, the pulmonary veins carry the
blood to the left atrium. This upper chamber pumps the blood to your left ventricle.
● Left ventricle: The left ventricle is slightly larger than the right. It pumps oxygen-rich
blood to the rest of your body.
Heart valves
Our heart valves are like doors between our heart chambers. They open and close
to allow blood to flow through.
The atrioventricular (AV) valves open between our upper and lower heart
chambers. They include:
● Tricuspid valve: Door between your right atrium and right ventricle.
● Mitral valve: Door between your left atrium and left ventricle.
Semilunar (SL) valves open when blood flows out of your ventricles. They include:
● Aortic valve: Opens when blood flows out of your left ventricle to our aorta
(artery that carries oxygen-rich blood to our body).
● Pulmonary valve: Opens when blood flows from our right ventricle to our
pulmonary arteries (the only arteries that carry oxygen-poor blood to our
lungs).
Blood vessels
Our heart pumps blood through three types of blood vessels:
● Arteries carry oxygen-rich blood from our heart to our body’s
tissues. The exception is our pulmonary arteries, which go to
our lungs.
● Veins carry oxygen-poor blood back to our heart.
● Capillaries are small blood vessels where our body exchanges
oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor blood.
Our heart receives nutrients through a network of coronary arteries.
These arteries run along our heart’s surface. They serve the heart
itself.
Circulation Flow chart
Double circulation
The heart powers both types of circulation, this process is called double
circulation The two types of circulation are:
1. Pulmonary Circulation: moves blood between the heart and the lungs. It
transports deoxygenated blood to the lungs to absorb oxygen and release
carbon dioxide. The oxygenated blood then flows back to the heart.
2. Systemic Circulation: moves blood between the heart and the rest of the
body. It sends oxygenated blood out to cells and returns deoxygenated blood
to the heart.
Note

The pulmonary circuit provides blood flow

between the heart and lungs.
The systemic circuit allows blood to flow to and
from the rest of the body.
The coronary circuit strictly provides blood to
the heart
Lymph
In animals and human beings, the extracellular fluid that is present within the tissue cells comprises of all
the body fluids. This extracellular fluid is divided into interstitial fluid and plasma.

Interstitial fluid may be defined as a solution, which surrounds the tissue and cells in the body. It consists
of small water-soluble substances, which flows in between the tissue cells. Both plasma and interstitial
fluid are similar due to the continuous exchange of small solutes, water and ions across the capillary walls
of the tissues.

The functions of interstitial fluid are as follows:

It is used in transporting nutrients to the cells.
It is used to provide intercellular communication between the cells.
It is used in removing the metabolic wastes from the cells.
The required amount of interstitial fluid is collected by the lymphatic system and the rest is drained out.
The drained fluid moves back into the major vein and the remaining fluid which is collected through the
lymph capillaries is called lymph. Lymph can be defined as a clear and colorless fluid, which circulates all
the way through the lymphatic system and then enters into the lymph nodes through the lymph vessels.
Composition of the Lymph
The functions of the lymph are as
● Proteins – Albumin, globulin, and follows:
fibrinogen. It is used to supply nutrients to the body.
● Non-protein nitrogenous It is used to remove the metabolic wastes
substance. from the tissue cells.
● Carbohydrates. It is used in maintaining the composition
● Lymphocytes. of tissue fluid.
● Water – 94%. It helps in invading the entry of
● Very low amount of fat. pathogenic infections caused by
● Creatinine. microorganisms.
● Urea. It is used in absorbing the fats from the
● Chlorides.
small intestine through lymphatic vessels.
● Enzymes.
● Functions of the Lymph
Blood pressure is a measurement of the pressure/force inside your arteries with each
heartbeat. Each time your heart beats, blood is pumped out of the heart into arteries that carry the
blood throughout your body.

How is blood pressure measured?

A special cuff is used to measure your blood pressure. The cuff inflates and deflates, and during
the process, your pressures are measured. Many times, a stethoscope is also used.

Blood pressure readings

Blood pressure is recorded as two measurements: systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Systolic
blood pressure is the top/first number, and diastolic blood pressure is the bottom/second number.
The numbers are expressed as millimeter of mercury (mmHg)

Systolic blood pressure

The pressure in the arteries when the heart is beating and the arteries are filled with blood

Diastolic blood pressure

The pressure in the arteries when the heart is resting between beats
Answer the question on page number 110