7.

Solid Waste Management

Master Plan
The Study on Solid Waste Management Plan for Ulaanbaatar City in Mongolia JICA
7.1 Goal KOKUSAI KOGYO CO., LTD.

7 Solid Waste Management Master Plan

7.1 Goal
The fundamental goal of the M/P for SWM in MUB is:

“To establish an environmentally sound SWM system in

MUB by the target year 2020”.
The establishment of such a system will:
x Maintain the urban environment and public health of MUB, which is the center of
economic and industrial activities in Mongolia and has 40% of the national
population, and to contribute to the sound development of urban life.
x Motivate foreign investment and tourism whereby the economic development of
Mongolia will be promoted.
In the environmentally sound SWM system, the 3Rs (Reduce, Reuse and Recycle) of waste
are promoted and the following situation should be established.
x Waste reduction is encouraged at the generation source such as households and
business enterprises.
x Waste generated after the attempt of waste reduction is reused or recycled as much
as possible.
x Waste is properly collected only after the efforts of waste reduction, reuse or
recycling at the generation source, and recycled/treated, then finally disposed of in a
proper manner without negative environmental impacts.
x Such a SWM system will be established by requiring the governmental sector,
private sector and general public to bear adequate responsibilities under a
transparent and fair rule is achieved.

7.2 Quantitative Targets

The aforementioned goal will be achieved progressively and the Master Plan is divided into
the three stages listed below for the goal to be realized.
x Phase 1 Short Term Improvement㧦 from 2006 to 2010㧔F/S target year㧕
x Phase 2 Medium term Improvement㧦 from 2011 to 2015
x Phase 3 Long Term Improvement㧦 from 2016 to 2020
The targets for the components of the main technical system are proposed below in order to
attain the M/P fundamental goal.

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7.3 Strategy KOKUSAI KOGYO CO., LTD.

Table 7-1: M/P Quantitative Targets for Ulaanbaatar SWM

Present First Phase Second Phase Third Phase
Items
(2006) (2010) (2015) (2020)
Waste Collection Rate (%)
Apartment Area 100 100 100 100
Ger Area 42*1 100 100 100
Percentage of self-disposal and improper
disposal in generation amount (%)
x Winter 54.2 1.2 1.0 0.7
x Summer 20.2 2.6 1.9 1.2
Separate collection in apartment area
x Separate collection rate (%) 0 15 40 70
x Covered population (person) 0 83,587 289,809 634,432
Percentage of separate collection in generation
amount (%)*2
x Winter 0 4.9 17.7 40.4
x Summer 0 8.5 25.4 48.9
Percentage of intermediate treatment in
generation amount (%)*3
Winter 0 2.2 8.0 18.5
Summer 0 3.6 11.1 21.8
Percentage of recycling in generation amount
(%)*4
Winter 3.0 4.8 (1.0) 9.3 (3.8) 16.9 (8.9)
Summer 6.6 8.4 (1.7) 13.6 (5.3) 20.5 (10.5)
Final Disposal Method
NEDS Open Dumping Sanitary Landfill Level 4
Other 3 disposal sites Open Dumping Sanitary Landfill Level 2
(Note): *1: Service fee collection rate identified by the Questionnaire survey to the Khoroo governors in ger area in August 2006
*2: This rate includes recyclable and non-recyclable wastes separated.
*3: This rate means it of recyclable waste which will be processed at the sorting yard and RDF facility.
*4: Figures in 䋨 䋩are rate of RDF production.

7.3 Strategy
In order to achieve the Master Plan goal, there are strategies for each of the three stages of the
plan as shown as follows.

Table 7-2: Strategy for Implementing SWM M/P

Item Activity
First Phase (2006-2010)
Technical Eliminate Improper Disposal:
Perspective x Improper disposal at source, for example illegal dumping and improper self-disposal, will be
eliminated by 2010 through an intensive citizen education campaign and enforcement of regulations
(sufficient provision of the collection service is a prerequisite).
Improve Collection System:
x Necessary funds will be secured including overseas support, existing outdated collection vehicles
will be gradually renewed and new vehicles will be purchased which is essential for providing the
collection service to all residents.
x The use of dust chutes will be prohibited, waste discharge rules demonstrated in this study’s Pilot
Project (P/P) will be spread to all residents in the Apartment Area, waste scattering will be
prevented in the town area and the collection rate will be substantially improved.
x Waste discharge rules will be established in the Ger Area and the waste collection service will be
provided to all residents in that area.
x Separate discharge of recyclable and non-recyclable waste will begin in 2007 in accordance with
the results of the P/P. Separated collection will be carried out in 2010 15% of residents in the
Apartment Area.
x Necessary funds will be secured, a central workshop will be established and a maintenance system
will be put in place.
x The current public area cleaning system is conducted focused on manual labor and this will be
maintained. The resident education campaign and regulations will be strongly promoted so that
waste is not scattered within the city.
Recycling and Intermediate Treatment:
x A public sector participated 3Rs system will be commenced by starting source separation in order to
re-use and recycle municipal waste and recover resources, while promoting waste reduction at
generation sources.
x A system will be established to develop and maintain private sector recycling activities. One of the
policies for this will be to construct a recycling complex (NERC) adjacent to the Narangiin Enger
disposal site (NEDS) and attract private enterprises investment for recycling.
x A detailed design (the F/S project of this study) will be carried out for the sorting yard and the RDF
production facility. The necessary funds will be secured and the sorting yard (4,620ton/year) and the
RDF production facility (3,920ton/year) will be constructed in the NERC. The plant will operate from
January 2010. The recycled percentage of the generated waste amount will rise from 3.3% (winter)
and 7.4% (summer) in 2006 to 4.8% in winter (RDF shares 1.0%) and 8.4% in summer (RDF shares
1.7%) in 2010.

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Item Activity
Final Disposal:
x The P/P that is being carried out at the current Ulaanbaatar disposal city (UCDS) will be continued,
sanitary landfill will be carried out and organization of waste pickers will be promoted. UCDS will be
used until operation commences at NEDS.
x Necessary funds will be secured and a detailed design (F/S project of this study) will be conducted
for the new Narangiin Enger disposal site (NEDS). NEDS will be constructed and heavy machinery,
vehicles and equipment will be purchased. The final disposal site is scheduled to commence
operation from the first quarter of 2009.
x An improvement plan will be formulated for the other disposal sites and an EIA will be received in
2007. In 2008, the improvement plan will be executed, essential heavy machinery, vehicles and
equipment will be secured and semi-sanitary landfill will be implemented.
Medical Waste and Hazardous Industrial Waste Management:
x Source separation, source treatment and separated discharge/collection will be ensured for medical
waste (infectious/hazardous waste). Medical waste management will be strictly carried out at the
disposal site and improper disposal will be eliminated by 2008. General waste
(non-infectious/hazardous waste) from medical institutions is continued to be disposed of at
municipal landfills.
x Through international cooperation, classifications and management criteria will be legally defined for
Hazardous industrial waste. In addition, waste generation, treatment and disposal will be studied to
grasp the current situation in order to formulate a suitable treatment and disposal plan. Furthermore,
in conjunction with medical waste a suitable treatment and disposal plan will be formulated. The
possibility of using an existing cement factory as a treatment facility for some of the hazardous
industrial waste will be examined.
x Necessary funds will be secured and construction of a hazardous industrial and medical waste
treatment and disposal facility will be promoted. Source treatment and source storage will be fully
introduced until the construction of the treatment and disposal facility has been completed.
Institutional x The roles, jurisdiction and responsibilities of Municipality of Ulaanbaatar (MUB), districts and
Perspective Khoroos will be revised in accordance with the proposed technical system, namely the provision of
the collection service to all residents, thorough discharge rules, separate collection, public sector
participated 3Rs system, and sanitary landfill, and the current waste administration system will be
improved.
x The current organization of the city and districts responsible for SWM will be strengthened both
quantitatively and qualitatively in order to properly operate and manage the proposed technical
system, namely the provision of the collection service to all residents, thorough discharge rules,
separate collection, sorting yard/RDF production plant.
x The introduction of private companies will be promoted not only for the future cleaning service but
also for the proposed new technical system with careful regard to the capability of those private
companies. A suitable contracting method will be created with the aim of introducing private
companies through international cooperation, etc.
x Systematic monitoring and an information management system for SWM will be established for both
the city and districts. Firstly, the operating costs will be identified in order to assess the
cost/benefits, cost/efficiency and cost/effectiveness. In parallel with this, a database will be
constructed for all activities relating to SWM and it will be possible to continuously check the quality
and costs of both public and private cleaning services.
x A personnel capacity development program will be developed to train specialists for SWM. The
program will include support activities from specialists to laborers, aimed at involving all affiliated
persons from management to operations.
x The current laws, regulations and ordinances will be revised and strengthened as necessary in
order to properly operate the proposed new technical system.
x A waste service fund will be established for the city and districts and a system will be constructed to
appropriately collect and manage the waste fee. The waste service fund will act as a cross-subsidy
to provide the service to the Ger Area. A database will be constructed with the city and districts to
clearly and fairly manage the waste service fund.
x Practical regulations (Code of Practice) will be formulated for proper medical waste management.
x The current SWM structure will be strengthened to establish a suitable regulation/enforcement
system for medical waste and hazardous industrial waste.
Second Phase (2011-2015)
Technical x The separate collection system will be extended to cover 40% of the Apartment area by 2015. The
Perspective classification of separately discharged waste will be revised taking into account demands from the
operation of the sorting site/RDF production facility.
x Labor costs will rise and if road conditions are improved then the rate of mechanical road cleaning
will increase. If employment and road conditions allow it, then the main road cleaning system will be
replaced by a mechanical system.
x Waste reduction at generation will be further promoted, and a public sector participated 3Rs system
will be strengthened to increase the rate of source separation for re-use, recycling and recovery of
valuables.
x The necessary funds will be secured and the capacity of the sorting yard and the RDF production
facility will be build up to 18,890 ton/year and 16,060 ton/year respectively. The recycling rate will
rise to 9.3% in winter (RDF shares 3.8%) and 13.6% in summer (RDF shares 5.3%) in 2015.
x Inappropriate treatment and disposal of hazardous industrial waste and medical waste will be
regulated. Treatment and disposal of hazardous industrial waste and medical waste will be carried
out at the constructed hazardous industrial waste and medical waste treatment facility and disposal
site.

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7.4 Future Waste Flow KOKUSAI KOGYO CO., LTD.

Item Activity
Institutional x The SWM administration system including the roles of the city, districts and Khoroos will be
Perspective reviewed and improved to respond to changes in demand arising from an increase in the Not in My
Back Yard Syndrome (NIMBY).
x The administrative and management capacities for municipal waste, as well as hazardous and
industrial waste, of the organizations responsible for SWM will be strengthened.
x The participation of private companies will be further promoted and more efficient and lower cost
SWM will be realized. The government will promote private participation even for the construction of
SWM treatment facilities such as the sorting yard/RDF production facility.
x The database for SWM will be maintained and managed. The cost comparison data obtained from
the database and other evaluation data will be used to assess the efficiency of the service,
appropriate management and decision-making.
x All staff related to SWM, including employees from private companies, will undertake training and
the specialist training program. Occupational qualifications will be created as a means to assess the
capabilities of the people responsible for operations of SWM equipment and facilities.
x A thorough public education and campaign will be carried out to boost public cooperation in order to
extend separate collection, recovery of valuables and recycling.
Third Phase (2016-2020)
Technical x The separate collection system will be expanded and in 2020 it will cover 70% of the Apartment
Perspective Area population. The separate discharge and collection system will be improved to correspond to
changes in social and economic conditions in order to achieve the goal of the Master Plan.
x Employment and road conditions will be carefully examined for adopting the most appropriate rate
of mechanic and manual road cleaning work.
x The public sector participated 3Rs system will be fully established and the M/P goal will be realized.
x The necessary funds will be secured and the capacity of the sorting yard and the RDF production
facility will be build up to 49,400 ton/year and 41,990 ton/year respectively. The recycling rate will
rise to 16.9% in winter (RDF shares 8.9%) and 20.5% in summer (RDF shares 10.5%) in 2020.
x It will be possible to use NEDS until 2020. Site selection for the next disposal site after the closure
of NEDS, preliminary design, F/S study and EIA will be carried out. Furthermore, necessary funds
will be secured and a detailed design will be carried out for the next disposal site. The next disposal
site will be constructed and heavy machinery, vehicles and equipment will be purchased.
x Inappropriate treatment and disposal of Hazardous industrial waste and medical waste will be
regulated. Treatment and disposal will be carried out at the constructed hazardous industrial waste
and medical waste treatment and disposal site.
Institutional x The administration and organization of the recycling oriented society for SWM will be completely
Perspective established.
x Private companies will fully participate in the operation of the cleaning service as well as
construction of facilities such as the sorting yard/RDF production facility, and hazardous waste and
medical waste treatment/disposal facility. The administration will appropriately control and monitor
the activities of the private companies.
x The database for SWM will be fully functioning and it will be possible to instantly elicit data essential
for operation, policy decisions, control/monitoring, residential policies and financial management.
x Continuous public education and campaign will be carried out and resident cooperation will be
promoted to realize the recycling oriented society.
x By 2020 the waste fund will cover 100% of the SWM costs.

7.4 Future Waste Flow

The waste flows for winter and summer in Ulaanbaatar City in 2010, 2015 and 2020 are
shown in the following figure.

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2010 Construction Waste

All Study Area 75.0 ton/day (12.3%)

Winter Season Non-HIW

84.0 ton/day (13.8%)

Self Disposal
7.1 ton/day GWMI
(1.2%) 17.3 ton/day (2.8%)

Household Waste
(Apartment Area )
181.9 ton/day
(29.8%)

Household Waste
(Ger area) Incoming
Discharge Final Disposal
366.4 ton/day Mixed amount
569.8 ton/day 751.0 ton/day
(60.0%) Collection 746.1 ton/day
Generation (93.1%) (122.9%)
553.3 ton/day (122.0%)
610.7 ton/day
(100.0%) (90.4%)
Waste from
Business activities Non-Recyclable
51.0 ton/day Waste
Residue
(8.4%) 16.5 ton/day
4.9 ton/day
Separated (2.7%)
(0.9%)
Collection
Public area 29.7 ton/day
Cleaning Waste (4.9%) Recyclable
Sorting Yard RDF Facility RDF
11.4 ton/day Waste 13.2 ton/day 11.2 ton/day 6.3 ton/day
(1.8%) 13.2 ton/day (2.2%)
(2.2%) (1.9%) (1.0%)

Recycling
2.0 ton/day
(0.3%)

Recycling Recycling
Activity 22.6 ton/day
20.6 ton/day
(3.5%) (3.8%)

Figure 7-1: Waste Flow in Winter Season in 2010

2010 Construction Waste

All Study Area 152.2 ton/day (45.3%)

Summer Season Non-HIW

84.0 ton/day (25.0%)

Self Disposal
8.8 ton/day GWMI
(2.6%) 17.3 ton/day (5.1%)

Household Waste
(Apartment Area )
161.7 ton/day
(48.1%)

Household Waste
(Ger area) Mixed Incoming
Discharge Final Disposal
87.8 ton/day Collection amount
294.0 ton/day 552.0 ton/day
(26.1%) 277.5 ton/day 547.5 ton/day
Generation (87.6%) (164.4%)
(82.7%) (163.0%)
336.0 ton/day
(100.0%)
Waste from
Business activities Non-Recyclable
67.1 ton/day Waste
Residue
(20.0%) 16.5 ton/day
4.5 ton/day
Separated (4.9%)
(1.4%)
Collection
Public area 28.6 ton/day
Cleaning Waste (8.5%) Recyclable
Sorting Yard RDF Facility RDF
19.4 ton/day Waste 12.1 ton/day 10.3 ton/day 5.8 ton/day
(5.8%) 12.1 ton/day (3.6%)
(3.6%) (3.1%) (1.7%)

Recycling
1.8 ton/day
(0.5%)

Recycling Recycling
Activity 22.9 ton/day
21.1 ton/day
(6.2%) (6.7%)

Figure 7-2: Waste Flow in Summer Season in 2010

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2015 Construction Waste

All Study Area 98.0 ton/day (14.5%)

Winter Season Non-HIW

109.7 ton/day (16.2%)

Self Disposal
6.8 ton/day GWMI
(1.0%) 19.3 ton/day (2.9%)

Household Waste
(Apartment Area )
273.9 ton/day
(40.6%)

Household Waste
(Ger area) Mixed Incoming
Discharge Final Disposal
311.5 ton/day Collection amount
586.0 ton/day 832.9 ton/day
(46.1%) 502.2 ton/day 813.0 ton/day
Generation (86.7%) (123.3%)
(77.0%) (120.3%)
675.4 ton/day
(100.0%)
Waste from
Business activities Non-Recyclable
77.2 ton/day Waste
(11.4%) 65.8 ton/day Residue
19.9 ton/day
Separated (9.7%) (3.0%)
Collection
Public area 119.4 ton/day
Cleaning Waste (17.7%) Recyclable
Sorting Yard RDF Facility RDF
12.8 ton/day Waste 53.6 ton/day 45.6 ton/day 25.7 ton/day
(1.9%) 53.6 ton/day (8.0%) (6.8%)
(8.0%) (3.8%)

Recycling
8.0 ton/day
(1.2%)

Recycling Recycling
Activity 37.0 ton/day
29.0 ton/day
(4.3%) (5.5%)

Figure 7-3: Waste Flow in Winter Season in 2015

2015 Construction Waste

All Study Area 198.9 ton/day (44.1%)

Summer Season Non-HIW

109.7 ton/day (24.3%)

Self Disposal
GWMI
8.4 ton/day
19.3 ton/day (4.3%)
(1.9%)

Household Waste
(Apartment Area )
243.6 ton/day
(54.1%)

Household Waste
(Ger area) Mixed Incoming
Discharge Final Disposal
83.9 ton/day Collection amount
362.9 ton/day 709.2 ton/day
(18.6%) 298.4 ton/day 690.8 ton/day
Generation (80.4%) (157.2%)
(66.1%) (153.1%)
450.6 ton/day
(100.0%)
Waste from
Business activities Non-Recyclable
101.4 ton/day Waste
(22.5%) 64.5 ton/day Residue
18.4 ton/day
Separated (14.3%) (4.1%)
Collection
Public area 114.4 ton/day
Cleaning Waste (25.4%) Recyclable
Sorting Yard RDF Facility RDF
21.7 ton/day Waste 49.9 ton/day 42.4 ton/day 24.0 ton/day
(4.8%) 49.9 ton/day (11.1%)
(11.1%) (9.4%) (5.3%)

Recycling
7.5 ton/day
(1.7%)

Recycling Recycling
Activity 36.9 ton/day
29.4 ton/day
(6.6%) (8.3%)

Figure 7-4: Waste Flow in Summer Season in 2015

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2020 Construction Waste

All Study Area 128.0 ton/day (16.9%)

Winter Season Non-HIW

143.4 ton/day (19.0%)

Self Disposal
GWMI
5.5 ton/day
21.2 ton/day (2.8%)
(0.7%)

Household Waste
(Apartment Area )
397.4 ton/day
(52.6%)

Household Waste
(Ger area) Mixed Incoming
Discharge Final Disposal
227.6 ton/day Collection amount
570.7 ton/day 915.1 ton/day
(30.1%) 405.5 ton/day 863.3 ton/day
Generation (75.6%) (121.1%)
(53.7%) (114.3%)
755.6 ton/day
(100.0%)
Waste from
Business activities Non-Recyclable
116.6 ton/day Waste
(15.4%) 165.2 ton/day Residue
51.8 ton/day
Separated (21.9%) (6.8%)
Collection
Public area 305.2 ton/day
Cleaning Waste (40.4%) Recyclable
Sorting Yard RDF Facility RDF
14.0 ton/day Waste 140.0 ton/day 119.0 ton/day 67.2 ton/day
(1.9%) 140.0 ton/day (18.5%)
(18.5%) (15.7%) (8.9%)

Recycling
21.0 ton/day
(2.8%)

Recycling Recycling
Activity 60.4 ton/day
39.4 ton/day
(5.2%) (8.0%)

Figure 7-5: Waste Flow in Winter Season in 2020

Figure 7-6: Waste Flow in Summer Season in 2020

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7.5 SWM Master Plan for UBC

Table 7-3: SWM Master Plan for UBC

Phase Present Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase 3
Components (2006) (2010) (2015) (2020)
winter summer winter summer winter summer winter summer
1. Generation of MSW
Population (7 District) Apart Area: 481,037 Apart Area: 612,362 Apart Area: 796,180 Apart Area: 995,970
Ger Area: 409,772 Ger Area: 375,318 Ger Area: 309,625 Ger Area: 218,628
Total: 890,809 Total: 987,680 Total: 1,105,805 Total: 1,214,598
Generation of MSW
(ton/day) 565.8 263.9 610.7 336.0 675.4 450.6 755.6 598.4
Total: 174.0 178.7 244.3 248.2 363.9 366.7 528.0 529.8
x Apart Area: 391.8 85.2 366.4 87.8 311.5 83.9 227.6 68.6
x Ger Area:
Waste Composition of Apart
Area: (%)
x Recyclable 43.9 42.7 44.2 42.6 45.1 43.6 45.8 44.6
x Non-Recyclable 56.1 57.3 55.8 57.4 54.9 56.4 54.2 55.4
Waste Composition of Ger
Area: (%)
x Recyclable 6.6 42.8 7.0 43.4 8.2 44.2 9.5 45.2
x Non-Recyclable 93.4 57.2 93.0 56.6 91.8 45.8 90.5 54.8
2. Collection and Transportation
Collection Cover Rate in
Population (%)
x Apart Area: 100 100 100 100
x Ger Area: 42 100 100 100
Improper Disposal Rate in
Generation Amount (%)
x Apart Area: 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
x Ger Area: 27.0 6.5 0 0 0 0 0 0
Separate Collection Rate in
Generation Amount (%)
x Apart Area: 0 0 15 15 40 40 70 70
x Ger Area: 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Amount of Separated Waste
(ton/day)
x Apart Area: 0 0 29.7 28.6 119.4 114.4 305.2 293.1
x Ger Area:: 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Collection Frequency
x Apart Area: * Range from everyday * Twice a week for * Twice a week for * Twice a week for
to once a month non-recyclable once a non-recyclable once a non-recyclable once a
week for recyclable week for recyclable week for recyclable
x Ger Area: * Once a month in * Twice a month *Twice a month *Twice a month
average
Collection System Apart Area Apart Area Apart Area Apart Area
Point collection Point (Entrance) Coll. Point (Entrance) Coll. Point (Entrance) Coll.
Bell collection Curb side collection Curb side collection Curb side collection
Dust chute collection Ger Area Ger Area Ger Area
Public container coll. Door to door Door to door Door to door
Curb side collection
Ger Area
Door to door coll.
Collection Vehicle (Unit)
CT: Compactor truck CT : 38 CT (15m3): 23 CT (15m3): 31 CT (15m3): 45
DT: Dump truck DT: 98 CT (8m3): 7 CT (8m3): 10 CT (8m3): 12
SL: Skip loader truck SL: 12 DT (6ton): 113 DT (6ton): 108 DT (6ton): 98
Nos of Collection Worker 444 429 447 465
Transportation System Direct haulage Direct haulage Direct haulage Direct haulage
Executing Body x 7 TUK x MUB/CMPUA x MUB/CMPUA x MUB/CMPUA
x Khoroo (very few) x 7 TUK x 7 TUK x 7 TUK
Unit Cost (MNT/ton) 13,514 in 2004 15,376 14,192 13,321

3䋮Public Area Cleaning

Method Mainly manual labor and Mainly manual labor and Mainly manual labor and Machinery and manual
machinery machinery machinery labor
2
Service Area㧔m 㧕 3,430,451 3,801,370 4,254,938 4,674,808
Executing Body Budget of district Budget of district Budget of district Budget of district
Service done by TUK Service done by private Service done by private Service done by private
contractor contractor contractor
Nos of Cleaning Worker 382 424 474 520

Unit Cost (MNT/m2) 18 50 50 50

4䋮Recycling and Intermediate Treatment

Sorting Yard
Location None NERC NERC NERC
Incoming Amount (ton/year) 0 4,620 18,890 49,400
Recover Amount (ton/year) 0 700 2,830 7,410
Unit Cost (MNT/ton) None 13,645 7,527 5,756
RDF Production Facility
Location None NERC NERC NERC
Incoming Amount (ton/year) 0 3,920 16,060 41,990
RDF Amount (ton/year) 0 2,210 9,070 23,710
Unit Cost (MNT/ton) None 57,914 31,827 24,353

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Phase Present Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase 3

Components (2006) (2010) (2015) (2020)
winter summer winter summer winter summer winter summer
Recycling Amount at
Generation (ton/day) 16.5 17.3 22.6 22.9 37.0 36.9 60.4 59.4
Recycling Rate in Total
3.0% 6.6% 4.8% 8.4% 9.3% 13.6% 16.9% 20.5%
Recycling System No government initiated Government initiated Government initiated Government initiated
recycling but mainly recycling system be recycling system be recycling system be
done by private sector established. expanded. expanded.
5䋮Final Disposal
Operation Method Open dumping NEDS: Sanitary Landfill NEDS: Sanitary Landfill NEDS: Sanitary Landfill
(SLF) Level 4 (SLF) Level 4 (SLF) Level 4
Others: SLF Level 2 Others: SLF Level 2 Others: SLF Level 2
Location UCDS NEDS NEDS NEDS
MDDS MDDS MDDS MDDS
NDS NDS NDS NDS
KH21DS KH21DS KH21DS KH21DS
Distance from City Center UCDS: 13 NEDS: 14 NEDS: 14 NEDS: 14
(km) MDDS: 23 MDDS: 23 MDDS: 23 MDDS: 23
NDS: 38 NDS: 38 NDS: 38 NDS: 38
KH21DS: 60 KH21DS: 60 KH21DS: 60 KH21DS: 60
Executing Body UCDS: Nuuts NEDS: CMPUA NEDS: CMPUA NEDS: CMPUA
MDDS: Nuuts MDDS: CMPUA MDDS: CMPUA MDDS: CMPUA
NDS: NaD NDS: NaD NDS: NaD NDS: NaD
KH21DS: Khoroo 21 KH21DS: Khoroo 21 KH21DS: Khoroo 21 KH21DS: Khoroo 21
Disposal Amount (ton/day) UCDS: 340 (485) NEDS: 683 (502) NEDS: 755 (643) NEDS: 825 (806)
*1 MDDS: 19 (26) MDDS: 38 (28) MDDS: 43 (37) MDDS: 50 (49)
NDS: 11 (16) NDS: 23 (17) NDS: 26 (22) NDS: 30 (29)
KH21DS: 4 (6) KH21DS: 8 (6) KH21DS: 9 (7) KH21DS: 10 (10)
Nos of Worker UCDS: 9 NEDS: 22 NEDS: 23 NEDS: 23
MDDS: 1 MDDS: 3 MDDS: 3 MDDS: 3
NDS: None NDS: 1 NDS: 1 NDS: 1
KH21DS: None KH21DS: 1 KH21DS: 1 KH21DS: 1
Unit Cost (MNT/ton) UCDS: 703 in 2004 NEDS: 2,231 NEDS: 1,685 NEDS: 1,436
MDDS: NA MDDS: 970*2 MDDS: 970*2 MDDS: 970*2
NDS: NA NDS: 970*2 NDS: 970*2 NDS: 970*2
KH21DS: NA KH21DS: 970*2 KH21DS: 970*2 KH21DS: 970*2
Tipping Fee (MNT/ton) UCDS: 100MNT/m3 NEDS:    2080 NEDS:    2080 NEDS:    2080
MDDS: 100MNT/m3 MDDS: 970*2 MDDS: 970*2 MDDS: 970*2
NDS: - NDS: 970*2 NDS: 970*2 NDS: 970*2
KH21DS: - KH21DS: 970*2 KH21DS: 970*2 KH21DS: 970*2
Main Landfill Equipment UCDS: Bulldozer 2, NEDS: Bulldozer 3, NEDS: Bulldozer 4, NEDS: Bulldozer 4,
Water tank truck 1, Excavator 1, Water Excavator 1, Water Excavator 1, Water
Dump truck 2 tank truck 1, Dump tank truck 1, Dump tank truck 1, Dump
MDDS: None truck 2 truck 2 truck 2
NDS: None One Wheel Shovel with One Wheel Shovel with One Wheel Shovel with
KH21DS: None Excavator for MDDS, Excavator for MDDS, Excavator for MDDS,
NDS and KH21DS NDS and KH21DS NDS and KH21DS
6䋮Maintenance for Equipment
Preventive Maintenance and By driver of TUK By Central Workshop of By Central Workshop of By Central Workshop of
Small-scale Repair CMPUA CMPUA CMPUA
Large-scale Repair By driver of TUK By private workshop By private workshop By private workshop

Executing Body TUK CMPUA CMPUA CMPUA

Staff of Central Workshop A few staff in each TUK Manager: 1 Manager: 1 Manager: 1
Technician: 1 Technician: 1 Technician: 1
Mechanic, etc.: 6 Mechanic, etc.: 6 Mechanic, etc.: 6
Store keeper, etc.: 2 Store keeper, etc.: 2 Store keeper, etc.: 2
Office clerk, etc.: 2 Office clerk, etc.: 2 Office clerk, etc.: 2
7䋮Financial Matters on SWM excluding Public Area Cleaning (The figure of the present is it in 2004.)
Unit Cost (MNT/ton) except it
for Public Area Cleaning 13,384 19,908 20,703 20,298
Revenue Source (million * Collection service fee: * Collection service fee: * Collection service fee: * Collection service fee:
MNT) 1,506 4,005 5,541 6,221
* District budget: 0 * District budget: 0 * District budget: 0 * District budget: 0

* MUB budget: 28 * MUB budget: 225 * MUB budget: 156 * MUB budget: 10
* Tipping fee: 18 * Tipping fee: 153*3 * Tipping fee: 153*3 * Tipping fee: 153*3
* RDF: 22 * RDF: 91 * RDF: 237
Total Revenue (million MNT) 1,553 4,405 5,941 6,621
*4
Fee Collection Rate
x Household (Apart): 86 % 90% 97 % 97 %
x Household (Ger): 17 % 33.1 % 53.2% 53.2 %
x Business: NA 100 % 100 % 100%
Percentage of Fee Collected
in Total Revenue for SWM 97.0 % 94.1% 95.7% 96.1 %
Percentage of Intermediate
Treatment Cost to Total 0% 4.5 % 3.7 % 3.3 %
Revenue for SWM
Percentage of Final Disposal
Cost to Total Revenue for 3.0 % 11.8 % 8.0 % 7.2 %
SWM
Total Revenue per Capita
(MNT/year) 1,743 4,278 5,237 5,328
Budget of MUB (million
MNT) *5 13,100 17,555 22,405 28,596

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7.6 Implementation Plan of the M/P KOKUSAI KOGYO CO., LTD.

Phase Present Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase 3

Components (2006) (2010) (2015) (2020)
winter summer winter summer winter summer winter summer
Percentage of SWM Budget 0.21 % *6 ?? % ?? % ?? %
in MUB Budget
8䋮Medical Waste Management
Generation Amount (ton/day) General Waste: 15.2 General Waste: 16.9 General Waste: 18.9 General Waste: 20.8
Medical Waste: 1.6 Medical Waste: 1.8 Medical Waste: 2.0 Medical Waste: 2.2
Treatment at generation General Waste: General Waste: General Waste: General Waste:
Collection by TUK Collection by private Collection by private Collection by private
Medical Waste: Partly company company company
incinerated at Medical Waste:  Treat Medical Waste: Treat Medical Waste:  Treat
generation sources at generation or entrust at generation or entrust at generation or entrust
to treatment outside to treatment outside to treatment outside
Final Disposal General Waste: General Waste: General Waste: General Waste:
Open dumping Sanitary landfill Sanitary landfill Sanitary landfill
Medical Waste: Medical Waste: Medical Waste: Medical Waste:
Untreated waste at Untreated waste is Untreated waste is Untreated waste is
generation is burnt at prohibited to enter prohibited to enter prohibited to enter
disposal site disposal site disposal site disposal site
Executing Body of Final Nuuts CMPUA CMPUA CMPUA
Disposal Site

9䋮Industrial Waste
Generation Amount Non-HIW: 67.8 Non-HIW: 83.9 Non-HIW: 109.6 Non-HIW: 143.4
(ton/day) HIW: 0.1 *7 HIW:: 0.1 *7 HIW: 0.1 *7 HIW: 0.1 *7
Treatment and Final Non-HIW: Non-HIW: Non-HIW: Non-HIW:
Disposal Final disposal at Final disposal at Final disposal at municipal Final disposal at
municipal landfills municipal landfills landfills municipal landfills
HIW: HIW: HIW: HIW:
Unknown Storage at generation Treated and disposed Treated and disposed
until HW treatment at the HW treatment at the HW treatment
and disposal facility and disposal facility and disposal facility
open.
Executing Body Non-HIW: Non-HIW: Non-HIW: Non-HIW:
Nuuts CMPUA CMPUA CMPUA
HIW: HIW: HIW: HIW:
Unknown Discharger until HW Operator of HW Operator of HW
treatment and treatment and disposal treatment and
disposal facility open. facility (probably private disposal facility
company) (probably private
company)
10䋮Construction Waste
Generation Amount (ton/day) 60.6 123.0 75.0 152.2 98.0 198.9 128.0 260.0
Final Disposal Most of the waste (80% Control of the waste will Strengthening Strengthening
by the Team estimate) be established by enforcement of illegal enforcement of illegal
was not disposed of at regulating submission dumping. dumping.
municipal landfills, i.e. of waste management
illegally dumped. plan when a
construction work
applies for permission,
and checking incoming
waste amount at
municipal landfills
comparing the waste
amount informed in the
plan..
(Note) *1:  The figure outside ( ) is for winter and it inside ( ) is summer.
*2: The unit cost of UCDS in 2006 is applied.
*3: The figure is calculated assuming that current disposal amount by private enterprises will not change
3
and tipping fee will change from 100MNT/m to 2,080MNT/ton.
*4: Since present (2004) budget from a District includes not only for public area cleaning but also for
sludge collection, city decoration, etc., it is difficult to identify the budget for public area cleaning.
Therefore the budget from the District is not counted.
*5: The figures of year 2010, 2015 and 2020 are calculated supposing the budget will increase in
accordance with GDP increase (5.5%).
*6: In 2006 the MUB budget for the disposal site was increased more than 5 times from 28 million to 150
million MNT.
*7: This figure should be re-examined by future study.
*8: Unit cost in this table does not include depreciation cost of facility and equipment.

7.6 Implementation Plan of the M/P

Schedule for implementation of M/P is shown as follows.

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Table 7-4: Implementation Plan of M/P

2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
Design
Construction of
NEDS facility
Procurement
of Equipment
Operation
Design
Collection Procurement
Service of Equipment
Operation
Design
Sorting Yard
NERC
RDF Facility
Sorting
RDF Separate
Collection
RDF
production

7.7 Financial Analysis of M/P

7.7.1 Project Cost

Based on the above implementation schedule, Project costs for the M/P since 2008 to 2020
are presented at following table.

Table 7-5: Project Cost for the M/P

Unit: 1,000,000MNT
㩷 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
Collect. Invest. 13 4,123 0 342 210 228 0 534 342 3,658 228 673 534
Collection
Truck O&M 0 0 3,775 3,807 3,915 4,044 4,086 4,258 4,411 4,533 4,517 4,609 4,683
Intermediate Sorting, Invest. 0 588 0 0 0 0 3,245 0 0 76 0 1,580 0
Treatment RDF O&M 0 0 191 191 191 191 196 431 431 431 431 441 862
Equip.䋧
Final Invest. 209 4,936 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 289 0 0 0
Facility
Disposal
Landfill O&M 0 0 501 517 530 463 589 463 469 565 463 610 463
Invest. 222 9,647 0 342 210 228 3,245 534 342 4,023 228 2,253 534
Total O&M 0 0 4,467 4,515 4,636 4,698 4,871 5,152 5,311 5,529 5,411 5,660 6,008
Total 222 9,647 4,467 4,857 4,846 4,926 8,116 5,686 5,653 9,552 5,639 7,913 6,542

Following financial analysis was done based on the condition that initial investment in year
2008 and 2009 is covered under grant aid and no investment is required.

7.7.2 Cost for SWM

Cost of each component for SWM excluding depreciation in each stage of the M/P is
presented as follows.

Table 7-6: Cost for SWM in the M/P

Component Current 2010 2015 2020
Collection 13,514MNT/ ton *1 15,376MNT/ton 14,192 MNT/ ton 13,321 MNT/ ton
Cleansing 18 MNT/m2*2 50 MNT/m2*3 50 MNT/m2 50 MNT/m2
Sorting 㧙 13,645MNT/ ton 7,527 MNT/ ton 5,756 MNT/ ton
RDF plant 㧙 57,914MNT/ ton 31,827 MNT/ ton 24,353 MNT/ ton
Final Disposal 100MNT/m3 2,231MNT/ ton 1,685 MNT/ ton 1,436 MNT/ ton
(Note) *1: collection cost in 2004
*2: contract rate between TUK and Duureg in 2004
*3: contract rate set on Sep 2006

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7.7.3 Revenue

The following revenues for SWM are considered:

x Waste collection fee
x Revenue from MUB and/or Duureg government
x Tipping fee at a disposal site
x Sales income of RDF and Valuables from sorting yard

7.7.4 Waste Collection Fee

Waste collection fee and its fee collection rate are presented as follows.

Table 7-7: Waste Collection Fee and Fee Collection Rate

Current 2010 2015 2020
Area Collection Collection Collection Collection
Fee Fee Fee Fee
rate rate rate rate
Apartment 200 86% 1,200㨪 90㧑 1,200㨪 97㧑 1,200㨪 97㧑
Area MNT/ 2,000*2 2,000 2,000
person/ MNT/ MNT/ MNT/
month household/ household/ household/
Month month month
Ger Area 1,000㨪 12㧑*1 2,000㨪 30%*3 2,000㨪 53㧑*4 2,000㨪 53㧑
1500 2,500*2 2,500 2,500
MNT/ MNT/ MNT/ MNT/
household/ household/ household/ household/
month Month month month
Business 4,750 NA 8 750*2 100㧑 8 750 100㧑 8 750 100㧑
MNT/t MNT/ton MNT/ton MNT/ton
(Note)
*1㧦 This figure was obtained by the JICA ST in 2004 by the interview survey to each TUK. It was 41.6% in 2006
when JICA ST interviewed to each Khoroo Government.
*2㧦 Waste fee which was revised in Sep 2006
*3㧦 Effective Collection Rate in 2010㧔percentage of the people who can afford to pay㧕was set to 45㧑. The rate of
the household who will be able to pay for the fee is 67 % according to the Statistical Handbook
“Ulaanbaatar-XX Century”.
*4㧦 Effective Collection Rate in 2015 was set to 80㧑

7.7.5 Revenue from MUB and Duureg Governments’ Budget for SWM

Revenue from MUB and Duureg Government relating to SWM is presented as follows.

Table 7-8: Revenue from MUB and Duureg Government

Unit: 1,000MNT
City or District Current 2010ᐕ 2015ᐕ 2020ᐕ
MUB 150,000*1 375,000 306,000 160,000
Duureg 870,766*2 㧙 㧙 㧙
(Note)
*1: Budget of Nuuts Co. for operating disposal site in 2006. There are a few budget allocated CMPUD but it is
very small. So that it is not included in the Revenue.
*2: District budget for cleansing in 2004: Cleansing of road, park, extraction of sludge, renovation works were
covered under this budget. Assume that expense and income were balanced, and these amount were
excluded in this financial analysis.

7.7.6 Final Disposal Fee

Final disposal fee at each stage of the M/P is presented below.

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Table 7-9: Disposal Fee at each stage of M/P

Unit:1,000 MNT
Present 2010 2015 2020
Disposal Fee 100MNT/m3 2,080 MNT/ton*1 2,080 MNT/ton 2,080 MNT/ton
Expected Income 50,484*2 153,088*3 153,088*3 153,088*3
(Note)
*1㧦 Revised fee in Sep 2006.
*2㧦 Budget for landfill operation of Nuuts Co. in 2004, 55% of this amount is from MUB.
*3㧦 Disposal fee times disposal amount at NEDS and MDDS. The disposal amount is assumed the same as it of
the private enterprises who paid tipping fee at UCDS and MDDS.

7.7.7 Income from Valuables at Sorting Yard and Sales of RDF

Income from sales of valuables at sorting yard and RDF production facility is presented
below.

Table 7-10: Income from Sales of Valuables at Sorting Yard and RDF at RDF Production
Unit : 1,000 MNT
Item Present 2010 2015 2020
Valuables - 57,720 248,960 708,448
RDF - 22,090 90,700 237,070

Since incomes of the sales of valuables will be used for the salary of workers (waste pickers),
the incomes and costs will be balanced out in financial analysis. The current coal price is
12,000MNT/ton and transportation cost is assumed 2,000MNT/ton. Consequently the sales
price of RDF is set 10,000MNT/ton in financial analysis.

7.7.8 FIRR and Cash Flow

FIRR is calculated as 1.4 % based on the above conditions.

There will be a continuous deficit from 2010 till 2011 but there will be annual profit from
2012 onward.
Big investment in 2014 for NERC development and in 2017 for replacement of collection
trucks will be necessary and appropriate financial arrangement such as overseas soft loan will
be required.

Table 7-11: Cash Flow of the M/P

Unit : 1,000,000MNT
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
Investment 0 342 210 228 3,245 534 342 4,023 228 673 534
O&M 4,467 4,515 4,636 4,698 4,871 5,152 5,311 5,529 5,411 5,660 6,008
Revenue 4,405 4,649 4,897 5,149 5,406 5,941 6,078 6,233 6,381 6,545 6,621
Profit & Loss -62 -208 51 223 -2,710 255 425 -3,319 742 212 79

7.7.9 Conclusion

The Master Plan for SWM in Ulaanbaatar City targeted for year 2020 is feasible financially
based on the conditions set above.

7.8 Institutional Development Plan

Institutional development plan such as improvement of collection fee system, strengthening
the CMPUD as an executing agency and development of the legal system and standards for

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establishing an appropriate SWM are indispensable to smoothly implement a master plan for
SWM in the municipality of Ulaanbaatar.

7.8.1 Legal System

a. Development of Detailed Solid Waste Classification

The Law on Household and Industrial Waste classifies solid waste (SW) into non-hazardous
waste (non-HW) and hazardous waste (HW) and the classification is reasonable. However,
more detailed classification is necessary for proper SWM. The Study team has proposed a
detailed classification of SW for the study as shown in the table below in order to establish a
proper SWM system. Because proper management for each waste differs each other, i.e.
collection, treatment, disposal, management fee, responsible body, etc. The Team
recommends responsible officers of the MOE to refer the table for the establishment of detail
classification.

Table 7-12: Solid Waste Classification

Category in Waste Category Detailed Waste Category or
Sub-Waste Category
the Law by Source Description
Non Hazardous Municipal Waste Domestic Waste 1. Household waste
Waste 2. Institutional (school, government
(Non-HW)) office, etc.) waste
3. Public area (road, drain, etc.)
cleaning waste
Commercial Waste 4. Commercial (shop, office,
restaurant, hotel, etc.) waste
5. Market waste
General Waste General Medical Waste 6. Non-infectious and non-hazardous
from Medical medical waste
Institution
Industrial (Factory) Non-hazardous 7. Non-HIW from non-production
Waste Industrial Waste sources
(Non-HIW) 8. Non-HIW from production process
Construction waste 9. Construction waste
Hazardous Municipal Waste*1 Hazardous Municipal 10. Domestic HW
Waste (HW) Waste 11. Commercial HW
Industrial (Factory) Hazardous Industrial 12. Hazardous factory waste
Waste Waste (HIW)
Medical Waste Medical Waste 13. Infectious waste
14. Hazardous medical waste
Construction
*1
Hazardous Construction 15. Hazardous construction waste
Waste Waste
(Note) *1: This study does not cover these wastes. The amount of these wastes is very limited.

b. Guidelines for SWM

MOE is establishing several guidelines for proper SWM, the following guidelines need to be
gradually prepared in collaboration with relevant organizations:
x Technical guidelines for landfill design and operation
x Technical guidelines for treatment and disposal of hazardous waste
x Detailed regulations and guidelines for the collection and treatment of medical waste
x Detailed regulations and guidelines for the management of hazardous waste other
than medical waste
x Guidelines for environmental impact analyses and public hearings
The Team recommends MOE and other responsible organizations to ask for foreign technical
cooperation for the preparation of the above guidelines.

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7.8.2 SWM of Municipality of Ulaanbaatar

In order to smoothly implement the M/P Municipality of Ulaanbaatar (MUB) needs to

execute the following institutional development:
x Strengthening responsible organization for SWM in MUB;
x Improvement of financial system for SWM
a. Strengthening Responsible Organization
In order to strengthen the current organization for SWM in Ulaanbaatar, the mayor of the city
issued the Capital City Mayor Order No. 445 which instructed to establish a new
organization, CMPUA (City Maintenance and Public Utility Agency) from September 15,
2006.
In response to the Order, CMPUA commenced to build up a new organization structure for it
according to the figure below. The CMPUA plans to employ the following staffs.

Staffs to be Employed Staffs to be Employed and Paid by

Schedule Total
and Paid by MUB CMPUA
By the end of 2006 30 To be advised by the JICA B/D Study Team NA
By the end of 2008 45 To be advised by the JICA B/D Study Team NA

b. Improvement of Financial System for SWM

b.1 Waste Management Service Fee
Based on the financial analysis made by the study, the waste management service fee was
revised and enacted from September 1, 2006. The table below presents previous and revised
fee tariff.

Table 7-13: Waste Management Service Fee

Service Items Previous Tariff New Tariff
Collection of Business Waste 19,000 MNT per a truck or 4ton 35,000 MNT per a truck or 4ton
Collection of Household Waste 200 MNT/person/month 1,200 -2,000
in Apartment Area (equivalent to 600 -1,000 MNT/household/month
MNT/household/month) (depending on the District)
Collection of Household Waste 1,000 -1,500 1,500 -2,500
in Ger Area MNT/household/month MNT/household/month
(depending on the District) (depending on the District)
Collection of Household Waste 2,000 MNT/household/month 2,500 MNT/household/month
in Summer House Area
Public Area Cleaning 18 MNT/1m2 50 MNT/1m2
Final Disposal 100 MNT/1m3 2,080 MNT/ton

b.2 Waste Service Fund

With reference to the Article 28.1 and 28.3 of the “Law on Administration, Territorial
Division, and its Management”, and the Article 21.1 of the “Law on Household and Industrial
Waste”, and the Decree 248 of the “Approval of the Waste Service Fund Regulation” issued
by the Presidium of the Capital Citizen’s Representatives, on 30th November 2006 the Mayor
of the Ulaanbaatar ordered to establish the Waste Service Fund as follows:
x Establish the city waste service fund at the Mayor’s Office of MUB, and districts’
waste service fund at District’s Governments.
x Oblige the Ulaanbaatar City General Manager and District Governors to prepare
necessary measurers for the organization of the Waste Service Fund according to the

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approved Regulation, and to start the operation of the Fund from 1 January 2007,
and to ensure the monitoring.
Based on the Waste Service Fund the MUB/CMPUA plans to improve the current financial
system for SWM as shown in the following Figures. The following issues are main
differences between old and new system.
x The Waste Service Fund is established in the City and Districts named as City Waste
Service Fund (CWSF) and District Waste Service Fund (DWSF).
x Instead of TUKs staff of the DWSF will collect waste collection fee from Business
establishment.
x Instead of TUKs officers of Khoroo or Kheseg will collect waste collection fee from
household in the Ger Area.
x Waste Collection Section or Unit of CMPUA will be able to provide waste
collection service according to the order of District and be paid for the service by
DWSF.
x Instead of Nuuts Co., Disposal Site Operation and Management Section of CMPUA
will conduct operation of the disposal sites.

Director of
CMPUA (1)

Note:
Deputy Number in parentheses is Nos. of staff (to be paid
Director (1) by municipal budget) by the end of 2006 and it is
30 in total.
Chief It will be 45 in total in 2008.
Engineer (1)

Waste Waste
Administration City Maintenance
Management Service
Division (11) Division (6)
Division (6) Fund (4)

Vehicle &
Garage
Management
City Waste Waste Disposal Site
City Greening
Maintenance Collection Management Operation &
Section
Section Service Section Planning Section Management Section

Central Duureg
Workshop Road Maintenance
& Cleaning
Contract
Public Relation NEDS
Management Khoroo
Drain Maintenance
& Cleaning
Heseg
Clean-up Waste Collection Planning MDDS & Others
Operation for
Special Occasion
OSNAAG
Clean-up of
Supervision & Disinfestations of
Natural Disaster Illegally Dumped
Monitoring Ownerless Dogs
Waste
TUK

Figure 7-7: Organization Chart of CMPUA

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Figure 7-8: Current Financial System for SWM

Figure 7-9: Future Financial System for SWM

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7.8.3 Contract Management for Private Companies

Duureg Governments need to entrust waste service to private companies. Therefore, it is very
important for them to conduct proper contract management for private companies. The
following issues are important issues for the management.
a. Proposed Contract System
There are three common contract systems for the waste collection and transportation work.

Table 7-14: Advantages and Disadvantages of Contract Systems

Type of contract Description Advantages and Disadvantages for Client
Lump sum The total contract price is determined Advantages:
contract based on the waste collection amount for Monitoring and supervision work is easy.
a certain area for a certain period which Disadvantages:
is forecast based on the trend. This
system is, therefore, applicable for the The client has to estimate the entire cost
waste which can be forecast, for example for the collection and transportation to fix
the residential waste which can be the contract price. The cost estimation is
forecast based on the population and the a little difficult.
waste discharge rate.
Weight-distance The payment is determined based on the Advantages:
base contract weight and the transportation distance of The concept of this contract system is
waste. Because taking the transportation very fair for both parties.
distance into account precisely is too This contract system can be applicable
difficult, the price for a certain area is for the various waste types of which
often determined. The payment is generation amount vary.
calculated by the total waste amount
collected which is measured by a Disadvantages:
weighbridge and the contract price. Contractors often cheat the waste
amount because there can be many
ways to cheat. The payment, therefore,
often increases.
It is quite difficult to understand from
which area the truck collected this waste.
The monitoring work is quite difficult.
Trip base The payment is determined by the Advantages:
contract number of trips, specified waste amount The concept of this contract system is fair
carried by a truck per trip and the for both parties.
transportation distance. Because taking This contract system can be applicable
the transportation distance into account for the waste of which generation amount
precisely is too difficult, the price for a vary.
certain area is often determined. The
payment is calculated by the total number Disadvantages:
of trips. It is quite difficult to understand from
which area the truck collected this waste.
The monitoring work is quite difficult.

The best contract system, which depends on the management capabilities of MUB and the
type of waste, is proposed in the following tables.

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 Table 7-15: Proposed Contract System for Planned Area
Responsible Executing
Type of waste Financial source body body Payment method Remarks
Residential waste Waste Fund Duureg TUK Lump Sum payment The waste generation amount in the every khoroo can
be estimated by the population and the waste discharge
rate. The transport distance from the every khoroo to the
disposal site can be determined. Then the collection cost
can be calculated. The data, fuel price, population, the
discharge rate, should be updated every year.
Park, Road cleaning Present source Duureg TUK Lump Sum payment Same as present.
Business waste No governmental Duureg TUK Duureg collects the Duureg collects the waste fee for business waste
(Non-movable budget waste fee from CMPUA is in charge of designing the proper waste
dischargers) establishments. collection fee tariff of business waste for each Duureg
Ex. Hotel, restaurant, considering the difference of travel distance and waste
office, shops, factory amount.
Business waste (Movable Directly collect from Duureg TUK Per volume Refer to the other page.
dischargers) dischargers
Ex. Construction waste (construction company
or client)
Temporary public waste Duureg TUK Proper payment The budget should be estimated for the each case and
Ex. Nadam waste, event method should be Duureg employ TUK.

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waste selected depend on
the condition.
z Per trip
z Per weight and
distance or
z Lump sum
Temporary private waste No governmental Duureg TUK Duureg directly This is dealt with as the same as business waste.
Ex. Balky waste, large budget collect the waste
amount waste fee from
dischargers.
 Table 7-16: Proposed Contract System for Unplanned Area
Responsible Executing
Type of waste Financial source body body Payment method Remarks
Residential waste Waste Fund Duureg TUK or Per trip or Lump Sum Per trip contract has the following advantages in this
other payment case.
private z It is suitable to employ small companies and even a
company private person who has a truck.
z Therefore, the collection truck can be arranged by
even khoroo.
z Per trip contract is fair for the ger area because the
seasonal difference of the waste discharge amount
is large.
When the small company is employed, the manifest
system to check their proper waste disposal has to be
strictly done.
Park, Road cleaning Present source Duureg TUK Lump Sum payment Same as present.
Business waste No governmental Duureg TUK Duureg collects the waste Duureg collects the waste fee for business waste.
(Non-movable dischargers) budget fee from establishments. CMPUA is in charge of designing the proper waste
Ex. Hotel, restaurant, office, collection fee tariff of business waste for each Duureg
shops, factory considering the difference of travel distance and waste
amount.

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Business waste (Movable Directly collect from Duureg TUK Per volume Refer to the other page.
dischargers) dischargers
Ex. Construction waste (construction
company or client)
Temporary public waste Duureg TUK Proper payment method The budget should be estimated for the each case and
Ex. Nadam waste, event should be selected depend Duureg employ TUK.
waste on the condition.
z Per trip
z Per weight and distance
or
z Lump sum
Temporary private waste No governmental Duureg TUK Duureg directly collect the This is dealt with as the same as business waste.
Ex. Balky waste, large budget waste fee from dischargers.
amount waste
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b. Prevention System of illegal dumping of Construction waste

Two measures should be taken at the same time.
a) Measure to control the public space where construction waste is often dumped.
b) Measure to control the construction waste generation site.
b.1 Establishment of the Control System of the Pubic Space
a) The Duureg should be responsible for maintaining the public space clean.
b) The private person has to get the approval from Duureg for using the public space
for their private purpose and always display the permission to public at the site.
Duureg should collects the certain amount of deposit money and lease fee of the
public space from applicants.
b.2 Establishment of the Control System of the renovation work of apartment
a) The client of renovation work of the apartment has to submit the application of the
renovation to Duureg office with the certain amount of deposit money which is
enough to cover the disposal of construction waste. The client has to display the
permission in from of the door. If no permission is found, Duureg punishes the
owner. Duureg should get the cooperation of housing associations to monitor the
renovation work permission.
b) The deposit money is kept in the construction waste fund operated by Duureg.
c) The client has to submit the evidence showing their construction waste properly
disposed to the Duureg after the construction work completed. If the contractor
employs TUK for the waste disposal, the receipt can be used for this purpose. If the
contractor carries waste to the disposal site for disposal, the receipt of Nuuts can be
used for this purpose.
d) If the evidence is submitted to Duureg, Duureg return the money deposited in the
construction waste fund to the client.
e) If the owner did not submit the evidence to the Duureg, the deposit money is
remained in the construction waste fund and Duureg can use this fund for clearing
the illegally dumped waste.
f) The reason why the client of the work is responsible for the construction waste in
stead of the contractor, it is too difficult to identify the contractor because they are
too small and movable.
c. Involvement of Private sector
The objective of solid waste management is to obtain sanitation and environmental protection
in the cheapest cost. The private sector’s objective is the maximization of the profit. It is,
therefore, very hard for the client to achieve SWM’s objective by using private companies.
We recommend that TUK should be Duureg’s department or the company owned by Duureg
or MUB and that the private sector should be involved under the TUK.

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Apartment Area Ger Area

Duureg

TUK Khoroo 1 Khoroo 2 Khoroo 3

office office office

Waste collection service Waste Waste Waste

collection collection collection
service by service by service by
TUK or other TUK or other TUK or other
private private private

d. Requirements for the Contract

The contract price will be decided upon between the interested parties, as the result of public
bidding or negotiations. The following are the proposed basic contract prices, taking into
account the cost items needed for the stable provision of high quality service, including
reasonable profits for the service providers.
e. Contract Management System
e.1 Bidding
The bids can be open or specified competitive. In the case of the open bid, MUB, by means
of public call, invites bidders, while in the case of the specified competitive bid MUB invites
companies that are generally inscribed in the contractor registrations of the Municipality.
Bidding Process
In most cases, the contracts for collection and transport service are the result of a bidding
process. Administrative and technical conditions are fixed through the bidding process. The
following table shows the most outstanding aspects to consider in a bidding process. The
whole bidding process should be monitored by the Juridical Consultancy in order to verify
the legal validity of the process.

Table 7-17: Bidding Process for Collection and Transport Services

Activities Specifications
Diagnostic Before making the bid document for the collection service, it is necessary to evaluate the
current situation of the service, as for: coverage of service / serviced population,
collection frequency, characteristic of the vehicles and equipments, quantities and
volumes of waste collected and transported, characteristic of this waste, etc.
Decision Making With the evaluation of the current situation, the decision on service conditions should be
made, and at the same time service quality should be established. In the evaluation it
should be considered the analysis of whether it is necessary to pass the activity over to
the private sector.
Estimate the Service The costs of the service to bid will be considered with the purpose of evaluating the
Costs proposals. It should be also considered whether MUB could afford the costs of the
service. If not, the conditions and quality of the service should be modified to reach a
value that is adjusted to the budget of MUB that assures the sustainability of the service.

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Activities Specifications
Elaboration of the Once the decision of the characteristics of the service is made, the administrative and
administrative and technical documents for bidding should be elaborated. The elaboration of strict and
technical documents adjusted administrative document will allow MUB to have a mechanism that assures the
recruiting of a solid company. In this sense, the administrative document should define
the juridical, economic and technical conditions of the companies. On the other hand, it
defines the legal framework and the applicable jurisprudence, the duration of the
contracts, the evaluation mechanisms of the proposals, the tickets, the guarantees,
procedures of recruiting etc.
With regards to the technical document, it should be elaborated requesting to specify
details of the types, models and technical data of the vehicles and equipments, details of
the operation plan, organization chart of the company, administrative structures,
maintenance programs and prevention of risks, budget and communication plan with
the community, etc.
Establishment of the According to the characteristics of the service subject to bidding, the inspection program
Inspection System of the contract should be designed, for both the technical and administrative aspects.
Bidding of the Service Once the bases are made, the bidding process begins and includes the following
activities: invitation to companies or competition call, sale of bases, reception and
opening of offers, evaluation of the offers, award, contracts signing, setting and
implementation of the services.

e.2 Bidding Documents

The following are minimum required documents for the bidding.

Administrative Document
General Aspects
- Objectives of the bid,
- Description of the applicable juridical normative
- Acceptance of preconditions
- Knowledge of the land or project
- Acquisition of bid document and consultations (for open bid)
- Duration of the contract
- Budget
- Description of the questions and answers process to the bidding document
- Jurisdiction and Domicile
Form of Proposal
-Requirements that the bidder should complete to participate in the process
-Documents that demonstrate the experience, capital and financial state of the
bidder
- Bid bond
- Duration of the proposal
- Truthfulness and sufficiency of the offer
- Way of presenting the proposal
Award Process
- Process of opening of the proposal
- Analysis and evaluation procedures of proposal
- Award procedures
- Contract signing
- Contract guarantees
- Surrender, Transfer, Association and Sub-contracting
Execution of the Contract
- Documents that regulate the contract
- Initiation and execution of the works
- Increases or decreases of the works

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- Sanction and penalty

- Claim procedure in front of sanctions and penalty
- Technical and administrative responsibility
- Insurance, indemnity
- Service payment, readjustments, contract increase
- Taxes, rates and contributions
Ending of the Contract
- Extinction, suspension and handover of the contract
Technical Bases
General Aspects
- Description of the services
- Definitions of terms used in the bases
- Description of the waste that is subject of the contract
- Minimum quantity of waste to collect monthly.
Technical Aspects
-Area and sectors of service:
x boundaries of total area and sectors covered by the service
x Inventory of waste dischargers such as population, households,
organizations, etc.
x waste composition
x estimation of trips and tons collected monthly
x destination of the waste
x property of the waste collected
- Modality of the service
- Frequency, schedules and days of attention
- Daily work programs
- Explanation of how should be organized and develop the works that are part of
the service
- Minimum requirements of the operations plan that the bidder should present in
its proposal
- Equipments, definition, requirements, quantity of plant and reserves, useful life,
etc.
- Description of the facilities (workshops, offices, etc.)
- Personnel assignment
x number of drivers and collectors per truck,
x reserve personnel
x salaries,
x training plans,
x labor security,
x inspection system of the service, etc.
- Procedure for implementation and starting up of the service
- Registration system and reports
Documents of the Technical Proposal
- Detailed description of technical proposal
Annexes
- Plans and any other outstanding information for the elaboration of the proposal
should be submitted.

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Once awarded the contract, the bidding document (administrative and technical), the
questions and answers and the awarded bidder’s offers become part of the contract.
e.3 Contract Auditing
Once the contract is signed, Duureg should pursue the execution of the contract. The
Operations and Inspection Unit will be in charge of monitoring and evaluating the execution
of the service, establishing evidences of infractions for non fulfillment of the contract, and
elaborating the monthly report in relation to the service so that Duureg proceeds with the
payment and apply penalties if they exist.
f. Unified Contract
In the implementation organization plan proposed by MUB, Duureg is responsible for
budgeting to all works required for waste management and only TUK is responsible for the
execution in the Planned area and TUK or other private companies are responsible for
the .execution in Un-planned area. If both parties of the contract is the same, the contracts can
be unified. Table 7-18 shows the proposed wastes covered by the unified contract for the
waste collection and transportation work.

Table 7-18: Proposed Wastes Covered by Unified Contract

Applicability to Unified
Type of waste Description Contract
Residential waste The variation of estimated waste Unified contract
quantity for a year is quite small.
Park, Road cleaning The variation of estimated waste Unified contract
quantity for a year is quite small.
Business waste (Non-movable The variation of estimated waste It can be included in the
dischargers) quantity for a year can be large. unified contract, but the
Ex. Hotel, restaurant, office, inventory of dischargers
shops, factory should be monitored and
updated seasonally.
Business waste (Movable Very difficult to estimate the waste Separate contract
dischargers) amount.
Ex. Construction waste
Temporary public waste It may be difficult to estimate the Separate contract
Ex. Nadam waste, event waste waste amount.
Temporary private waste Very difficult to estimate the waste Separate contract
Ex. Balky waste, large amount amount.
waste

According to this proposal, the unified contract has to include the following information to
determine the scope of work.
a) Boundary
b) Population and the number of households to be covered.
c) Inventory list of business organizations to be covered.
d) Inventory list of parks and green area to be covered.
e) Inventory list of roads to be covered.
Business waste (Movable dischargers) such as construction waste, the temporary public waste
such as Nadam waste and event waste, and the temporary private waste such as furniture
waste should be made contract separately and occasionally between Duureg and TUK.

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7.8.4 Capacity Building

Capabilities of officers responsible for SWM in UBC have been developed significantly
through the study. However, it is still not enough for the establishment of environmentally
sound SWM in UBC, especially the following issues:
x Prepare, conduct and disseminate waste discharge rules
x Plan, prepare, conduct and disseminate separate collection
x Plan, prepare, operate a sorting yard and PDF production facility
x Plan, prepare, operate a sanitary landfill
x Plan, prepare, operate a hazardous waste treatment and disposal facility
The Study Team recommends MUB in cooperation with other organizations to ask for
foreign technical cooperation for the Capacity Development of the above issues.

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8.1 Approach for Capacity Development KOKUSAI KOGYO CO., LTD.

8 Capacity Development

8.1 Approach for Capacity Development

In order to pursue the objective of the study “To enhance the institutional, organizational,
and human capacity related to solid waste management in Ulaanbaatar City”, in the
discussion of the Inception Report the C/P and the study team set up the structure of
the study as described in the Section 1.3.2.
In order to develop the capacities of stakeholders in UBC, the study team proposes a
framework for capacity development as shown in the figure below.
a. Weekly Meetings with Technical Working Group
The St/C assigned 21 personnel as the members of the technical working group (TWG). 62
weekly meetings in total were held from the beginning of the study in December 2004 to the
end of December 2006. Participants of the meeting normally consisted of permanent
members of the TWG. Depending of the topics of each meeting, non-permanent members
were invited for discussions. The meeting aimed at developing SWM plan by applying PLA
(Participatory Learning and Action). Each meeting spent two to three hours and main agenda
discussed were as follow;
x Progress of the study and problems during works, and countermeasures to overcome
them;
x Schedule for the following week and its contents,
x Specific topics for certain SWM planning process, such as selection of candidate
sites, methodology of finding Waste Flow from WACS results, Alternatives of M/P,
etc.
The TWG meetings contributed not only to smooth conduct of the study but also for the core
members to understand how to make SWM M/P, and to enhance individual capacity
development on SWM. All the topics of the TWG meeting are available in the Data Book.

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٨ Attendance
‫ڏ‬ Steering Committee
ٌ Weekly Meeting
P/R Public Relations
P/P Pilot Projects
T/F Task Force for P/P
Note The vertical axis represents time but not in
proportion to the length

Figure 8-1: Frameworks of Capacity development in the Study

b. Steering Committee (St/C) Meetings

Many organizations are involved in SWM in Ulaanbaatar. There are certain conflicts among
them and these need to be solved in order to reach certain consensus. The St/C meeting aimed
at bringing decision of a policy for solutions.
For this purpose, St/C meetings were held five times as follows:
x Discussion and confirmation of the Inception Report;

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x Presentation of six candidates for a future disposal site for the central six Districts
and confirmation of implementation of the Pilot Project on “Urgent Improvement of
the Ulaan Chuluut Disposal Site” which was scheduled to close by the order of the
Minister of Environment in January 2005;
x Decision on the selection of Narangiin Enger site as the future disposal site for the
central six Districts;
x Discussion of the Interim Report and policy of the M/P, and decision on the priority
projects for the Feasibility Study and pilot projects; and
x Decision of the conduct of the Phase 3 study.
c. Pilot Projects Task Forces
As presented in the next Chapter, many pilot projects (P/Ps) were conducted in this study.
The C/P took the initiative in conducting the P/Ps.
Task forces, which consist of the C/P, TWG, NGOs, residents around the project areas, and
so on, are formed for Pilot Projects of Urgent Improvement of UCDS and Raising Public
Consciousness on Waste issues. The detailed schedule, role of stakeholders, monitoring
methods, assessment of the projects, and know how of the projects were discussed.
Task forces will be formed for each Pilot Project. The detailed schedule, role of stakeholders,
monitoring methods, assessment of the projects, and know how of the projects will be
discussed. At least one C/P will be a member of the Task Forces and manage them. Expected
participants are the C/P, TWG, NGOs, residents around the project areas, and so on.
d. Workshop
The purpose of the workshops is to achieve consensus among the officers in charge of SWM
in relevant organizations, and the stakeholders who have an interest in the plan. The
following four workshops were held. TWG members, NGOs, and residents and businessman
around priority projects and pilot projects areas were participated.
Explanation of the topics and the Question & Answer session were conducted mainly by the
C/P while the coordination and facilitation of the workshops was conducted mainly by the
Study team. Active participation of the C/P to the Weekly Meetings contributed their
successful presentation in the workshops.

Table 8-1: Outline of Workshops

Workshop Date Objectives Nos. of Attendants
First Dec 9 & x To share experience and problems; 50 persons
10, 2004 x To increase awareness of and links to problems elsewhere in
the sector; and
x To begin to build consensus through co-operation in
improving Solid Waste Management in Ulaanbaatar.
Second April 11, x To understand the needs of siting future disposal sites for the 45 persons
2005 formulation of the SWM Master Plan (M/P);
x To examine and discuss the advantages and disadvantages
of the SWM technical system alternatives for six candidates
for future final disposal site(s); and
x To make recommendations regarding future final disposal
site(s) for SWM in Ulaanbaatar City.
Third Oct 18, x To evaluate the progress of two pilot projects in Khoroo 4 of Part 1 for Local Residents
2005 Songinokhairkhan District, Urgent Improvement of the UCDS x Residents 56
and Raising Public Consciousness on Waste Issues, by local x NGOs 10
residents and waste pickers Part 1 for Waste Pickers
x 80 persons

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Fourth May 17, x To mainly investigate degree of negative impacts that may About 100 persons
2006 be caused by mixed combustion of RDF with coal at the
existing heating plant;
x To demonstrate citizens in UB city both negative and positive
impacts of the mixed combustion of RDF with coal at the
existing heating plant in order to obtain the consensus to
implement proposed M/P regarding thermal recycle “RDF”;
and
x To examine economic viability of the use of RDF at the
existing heating and/or power generation plant.

e. Seminar
The purpose of the seminars is to explain the selected plan to the public and try to achieve
consensus among the stakeholders in the study area. Three seminars were held with the
objectives as shown in the Table below. St/C members, TWG members, NGOs, residents
around the project areas, the general public and mass media have participated.
The coordination and facilitation of the seminars were conducted by the C/P and Study team
but explanation of the topics and the Question & Answer session were conducted by the C/P.
The Weekly Meetings contributed their successful presentation in the seminars.

Table 8-2: Outline of Seminars

Workshop Date Objectives Nos. of Attendants
First April 26, x To present decision on futures final disposal site(s) in order to 61 persons
2005 achieve consensus among the stakeholders.
Second July 6, x To present the proposed M/P and priority projects in order to achieve 75 persons
2005 consensus among the stakeholders; and
x To explain the pilot projects to ask active cooperation from relevant
stakeholders.
Third January x To present the results of the Study to stakeholders; 123 persons
5, 2007 x To share the important experiences of the Study in order to
implement the proposed M/P; and
x To exchange opinions among stakeholders in order to smoothly
implement the M/P.

f. Selection of the Future Final Disposal Site

The selection work of the future final disposal site for the central six Districts were conducted
mainly by the Mongolian side except for the examination works of environmental and
economic comparison for the six candidate sites.
g. Execution of EIA Study for the Priority Projects and Public Hearing
Meetings
A disposal site and recycling facilities of solid wastes could have a lot of impacts on the
surrounding areas. In order to identify the impacts, to find out mitigation measures of them
and to get consensus on the development of the new Narangiin Enger Disposal Site (NEDS)
and recycling complex (NERC), the MUB conducted the EIA survey according to the laws
and regulations in Mongolia. Since local residents and local authorities are concerned about
the consequences of the construction of the proposed disposal site and recycling facilities,
due to the results of the UCDS, the MUB, the project owner held the three public hearing
meetings as shown in the Table below, inviting all the stakeholders such as local residents,
local authorities and NGOs.
Explanation of the topics and the QA session were conducted by the C/P and the consultant
employed by the MUB while the Study team gave necessary advices to the C/P. Active
participation of the C/P to the Weekly Meetings contributed their successful presentation in
the meetings. The C/P training in Japan also supported the C/P to explain and reply the
questions come from the participants on the development of the recycling complex,
especially on impacts by RDF combustion.

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8.2 Contents of Support and Monitoring Items for Capacity Development KOKUSAI KOGYO CO., LTD.

Table 8-3: Outline of Public Hearing Meetings

Workshop Date Objectives Nos. of Attendants
First April 26, x To reflect opinion of stakeholders in both the EIA survey plan and the 111 persons
2005 proposed NEDS and recycling complex development project.
Second Oct. 18, x To show the results of the EIA survey on the development plan 88 persons
2005 including mitigation measures; and
x To discuss about the result with stakeholders such as local residents
and NGOs.
Third May 10, x To explain development projects of the new NEDS and recycling 129 persons
2006 complex and mitigation measures for the impacts by the projects; and
x To achieve consensus on the projects among the stakeholders.

h. Public Relations (P/R) Activities

Public relations activities are important for both the C/P and the citizens of UBC in terms of
sharing common and accurate information. In the study the study team in collaboration with
the C/P elaborated eight newsletters, home pages, and press tours to achieve optimum effect.

8.2 Contents of Support and Monitoring Items for Capacity

Development

8.2.1 Contents of Capacity Development

In order to monitor and assess the degree of capacity development the following factors were
considered.
a. Acquisition, Evaluation and Management of Basic Data on SWM
Due to insufficient basic data on the SWM such as generation, collection, recycling and final
disposal amount, the current SWM is not fully grasped. Methodologies of basic field survey,
evaluation of obtained data and its meanings had to be learned through the study.
It is also very important to evaluate the data obtained and manage it for the improvement of
actual SWM.
b. Planning of Technically Appropriate SWM Components
Basic planning methods of SWM system in collection and haulage, intermediate treatment,
and final disposal, need to be understood. Planning and modification process had to be
experienced by observing the improvement of solid waste management through pilot projects
of improvement of existing disposal site and improvement of collection system.
c. Participatory Approach in Planning
The current SWM system does not sufficiently reflect public opinions to the policy. To
encourage effective coordination efforts among government, citizens, and business
establishments, and participatory approach in planning had to be promoted. The activities
include; receiving public opinions toward the government PR activities through the study,
and execution of various activities related to the pilot project for improvement of current
SWM system.
d. Encourage their own Initiatives and Ensure Accountability
Operational institutions have a responsibility to explain about their present status and future
vision to the citizens since the collection fees are collected for SWM. To establish
accountability, the institutions in charge must develop their initiatives. By expanding P/R

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8.3 Evaluation of Capacity Development KOKUSAI KOGYO CO., LTD.

activities, or through workshops/seminars, the institutions are expected to gain presentation

skills, to improve the effectiveness of their plans.
e. Strengthening of Partnership among the Organizations
SWM is undertaken by several different institutions in Mongolia, which makes difficult in
coordination among the institutions. Participating meetings such as St/C or being involved
with the P/Ps can give an opportunity to build partnership among the organizations by sharing
roles.

8.2.2 Contents of Support and Monitoring Items for Capacity Development

Following table shows the contents of supports and monitoring items for capacity
development.

Table 8-4: Supports and Monitoring Goals in Capacity Development

Capacity Component Contents of Support Monitoring Items
to be Developed
1. Acquisition, x Planning, implementation and evaluation x To understand how to acquire basic data
Evaluation and of the field investigation on SWM and to evaluate the current
Management of x Planning, implementation and evaluation SWM by using the data, and to be able to
Basic Data on of pilot projects (P/Ps) make presentations on it.
SWM x To be able to calculate the basic data,
such as waste amount, operational
performances, etc.
2. Planning of x Establishment of M/P alternatives x To be able to make presentations about
Technically x Formulation of M/P outline of plans knowing the process of
Appropriate SWM planning
Components x Planning, implementation and evaluation
of P/Ps, and modification of M/P based x To be active in evaluating P/P, and
on the results of P/Ps feed-back to M/P
x Implementation of F/S
3. Participatory x P/R activities x To respect the public opinions, and
Approach in x Planning, implementation, and evaluation correspond appropriately
Planning of P/Ps x To reflect the public opinions into the
P/Ps through entire operations
4. Initiatives and x P/R activities x To create contents of newsletters and
Accountability x Planning, operation, and presentation of web site for P/R voluntarily
seminars and workshops x To establish agenda for meetings, and
writing minutes voluntarily
x To make presentations of study progress
and discussed items
5. Strengthening of x Participation of seminars and workshops x To build consensus on role sharing
Partnerships x P/R activities through meetings
among the x To be aware of importance of fulfilling
Organizations x Planning, implementation, and evaluation
of P/P roles dispatched to each organization,
through P/Ps operations

8.3 Evaluation of Capacity Development

8.3.1 Evaluation of Capacity Development on Individual Level

Based on the above table, the important issues for the capacity development of the “direct
target” are sorted out and monitoring items are set as described in the main report. Then, the
Study Team asked the C/P in the mid-February 2006 to evaluate the degree of their capacity
development and the results of the evaluation are presented in the following table and figure.
There are 32 items for detailed evaluation and two evaluation methods, i.e. A and B. Method
A is for knowledge and capacity of the individual and has scores of Excellent: 4, Good: 3,
Fair: 2 and Poor: 1. Method B is the capability to conduct specific works by employing
experts and has scores of Without any assistant: 4, With some assistant from the experts: 3,
With the instruction by the experts: 2 and Impossible: 1.

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8.3 Evaluation of Capacity Development KOKUSAI KOGYO CO., LTD.

Table 8-5: Evaluation of Capacity Development by C/P

Capacity Component to be Developed Evaluation by C/P
At Beginning of the Mid-February
Items Detailed Evaluation Items
Study, Dec 2004 2006
1. Acquisition, Evaluation Method A:
Evaluation and x Knowledge on: 1. Basic data on SWM, 2. Field investigations to
Management of acquire the basic data on SWM, 3. Evaluation of the current
Basic Data on SWM by using the basic data
SWM
x Capacity: 1. To make presentations on the field investigation, 2.
To make presentations on evaluation of the current SWM by
1.88 3.06
using the basic data
Evaluation Method B:
x Implementation capacity on: 1. Field investigations to acquire
the basic data on SWM, 2. Evaluation of the current SWM by
using the basic data, 3. Presentations on evaluation of the
current SWM by using the basic data
2. Planning of Evaluation Method A:
Technically x Knowledge on: 1. Method and procedure of selection of future
Appropriate final disposal site(s), 2. Formulation of master plan (M/P), 3.
SWM Planning implementation and evaluation of pilot projects (P/Ps),
Components 4. Modification of M/P based on the results of P/Ps, 5.
Implementation of Feasibility (F/S) for priority projects
x Capacity: 1. To make presentations on planning method and 1.45 3.70
plan formulated by the Study
Evaluation Method B:
x Implementation capacity on: 1. Selection of a future final
disposal site and/or site for a SWM facility, 2. Modification of
M/P, 3. Implementation of F/S for a priority project, 4.
Presentations on the above-mentioned planning
3. Participatory Evaluation Method A:
Approach in x Knowledge on: 1. Public Relation (PR) activities for the
Planning establishment of proper SWM such as Newsletters, web-site,
public hearing, workshops, seminar, etc., 2. How to make PR
activities, 3. How to respect the public opinions, and 2.20 3.60
correspond appropriately, 4. How to reflect the public opinions
into the SWM planning
x Capacity: 1. To make presentations on how to make PR
activities for the establishment of a proper SWM
4. Initiatives and Evaluation Method A:
Accountability x Capacity: 1. To establish agenda for meetings, and writing
minutes, workshops, seminar, etc., 2. To make presentations of
study progress and discussed items
x Implementation capacity on: 1. Planning of PR activities such
as workshop, seminar, newsletter, contents of homepage, etc., 2.38 3.63
2. Conduct of PR activities, 3. Explanation of current SWM,
issues on it, improvement plan, cooperation requirement for the
improvement, etc. when necessary, 4. Strengthening capacity
of organization, which you belongs to, for the establishment of
a proper SWM
5. Strengthening of Evaluation Method A:
Partnerships x Understanding on: 1. Coordination and partnerships among the
among the organizations concerned
Organizations 2.58 3.25
x Capacity: 1. To build consensus on role sharing through
meetings with various organizations concerned, 2. To fulfill
roles dispatched to each organization
Average 2.10 3.45

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8.3 Evaluation of Capacity Development KOKUSAI KOGYO CO., LTD.

㪘㪺㫈㫌㫀㫊㫀㫋㫀㫆㫅㪃㩷㪜㫍㪸㫃㫌㪸㫋㫀㫆㫅㩷㪸㫅㪻
㪈 㪤㪸㫅㪸㪾㪼㫄㪼㫅㫋㩷㫆㪽㩷㪙㪸㫊㫀㪺㩷㪛㪸㫋㪸㩷㫆㫅㩷㪪㪮㪤
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㪠㫅㫀㫋㫀㪸㫋㫀㫍㪼㫊㩷㪸㫅㪻 㪋 㪊 㪧㪸㫉㫋㫀㪺㫀㫇㪸㫋㫆㫉㫐㩷㪘㫇㫇㫉㫆㪸㪺㪿
㪘㪺㪺㫆㫌㫅㫋㪸㪹㫀㫃㫀㫋㫐 㫀㫅㩷㪧㫃㪸㫅㫅㫀㫅㪾

Figure 8-2: Evaluation of Capacity Development by C/P

According to the evaluation by the C/P, it brings the following findings:

x According to their evaluation the capacity of C/P has been developed significantly,
i.e. their average score after the study is 3.45 (between Good and Excellent or
between With some assistant from the experts and Without any assistant) while
before the study is only 2.10 (Fair or With the instruction by the experts).
x Regarding evaluation items 4. Initiatives and Accountability and 5. Strengthening of
Partnerships among the Organizations, the C/P had high level of capacity even
before the study.
x On the other hand, evaluation items 1. Acquisition, Evaluation and Management of
Basic Data on SWM and 2. Planning of Technically Appropriate SWM Components,
the C/P had few knowledge and capability on them before the study.
x The most improved capacity through the study is item 2. Planning of Technically
Appropriate SWM Components and followed by item 1. Acquisition, Evaluation and
Management of Basic Data on SWM.
x On the contrary, least improvement item is 5. Strengthening of Partnerships among
the Organizations. This fact proves that the most difficult issues is to coordinate and
make consensus among different parties. It also indicates difficult coordination
between MUB and MOE on the selection of future disposal site.

8.3.2 Evaluation of Organization, Institution and Social Level Capacity Development

Through the study capacity development for organization, institution and social level is
summarized in the Table below.

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8.3 Evaluation of Capacity Development KOKUSAI KOGYO CO., LTD.

Table 8-6: Evaluation of Organization, Institution and Social Level Capacity Development
Level Organization Contents of Capacity Development
Organization MUB/CDPPD x SWM plan is established in the City Development M/P and in mid-July 2005
the mayor of the MUB ordered the Narangiin Enger candidate site as the
future disposal site for the 6 central Duuregs to secure the site as landfill.
MUB/CMPUD x
CMPUA From Sep.
2006
MUB/CSIA x A monitoring committee for USDS was established. CSIA will able to
conduct periodical monitoring of the disposal site, and evaluate and
publicize the results of the monitoring according to the need.
Nuuts Co., x The budget of Nuuts in 2006 was raised five times more than it in 2005 to
Operator of the operate disposal sites properly.
UCDS and MDDS
Ministry of Health x Based on the recommendation of the study, the MUB established City
(MOH) Maintenance and Public Utility Agency (CMPUA) in September 2006 of
which core personnel (5 persons) came from the City Maintenance and
Public Utility Division (CMPUD) and takes responsibility on SWM in UBC.
CMPUA employed 25 staffs paid by MUB by the end of 2006 and has a
plan to employ 15 staffs more to be paid by the municipality. CMPUA is
autonomous body which has its own budget and employs its own staffs.
x With the approval of the mayor and Citizen’s Representatives Khural,
CMPUD succeeded to increase the budget for SWM, especially to acquire
large amount of budget for the Pilot Project (P/P): Urgent Improvement of
UCDS. Actually CMPUD received 67,000US$ for the P/P of UCDS and
raised budget of Nuuts Co. in 2006 five times than it in 2005.
x A future disposal site of the proposed Narangiin Enger disposal site (NEDS)
for the 6 central Duuregs was selected by the collaboration and consensus
of various organizations concerned. The EIA of the development of NEDS
has been approved by MOE.
x CUPUD conducted three public hearing for the development of NEDS and
Narangiin Enger Recycling Complex (NERC).
Ministry of x A survey on construction waste was conducted in the study and generation
Construction and amount of it and issues of its management were identified.
Urban
Development
(MOCUD)
Institution x In November 2005 the Citizen’s Representatives Khural regulated the
and Society current UCDS and MDDS and future NEDS and their surrounding areas as
especially reserved areas to prevent the sites from the expansion of Ger
area.
x Based on the financial analysis of the study the waste management fee was
revised and enacted from September 1, 2006.
x In response to the recommendation made by the study, City Waste Service
Fund (CWSF) for MUB and District Waste Service Fund (DWSF) for each
District were established and commenced operation from January 1, 2007.
The WSF improves current waste collection service fee system and enable
a cross-subsidy which is the precondition for the expansion of waste
collection service to Ger area.
x The establishment of the WSF significantly improves the current financial
system for SWM as shown in the Figure 3.12 of the Section 3.3.8.
x CMPUD/Nuuts Co. issued ID cards to the 300 waste pickers working in
UCDS, the biggest disposal site in UBC. It gives a certain guarantee to the
weak of the society. Furthermore, CMPUD/Nuuts Co. organized waste
picker and established a Waste Picker Fund which enables them to help
each other.

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9. Pilot Projects
The Study on Solid Waste Management Plan for Ulaanbaatar City in Mongolia JICA
9.1 Selection of Pilot Projects KOKUSAI KOGYO CO., LTD.

9 Pilot Projects

9.1 Selection of Pilot Projects

9.1.1 Objectives of Pilot Projects

The M/P projects may encounter many difficulties when they are implemented. To determine
the problems that may arise and to find a way to overcome these difficulties, pilot projects
were conducted during the course of this study in cooperation with the counterparts and many
concerned parties. The objectives of the pilot projects are summarised below.
x To support construction of organizations to resolve SWM issues in the UBC
through the planning, preparation, execution and evaluation of the pilot projects;
x To assess the feasibility of the technical system proposed in the M/P (i.e.,
establishment of discharge rules, verification of separate collection, etc.).
x To acquire base data so that the design outline of the F/S can be devised (i.e., design
of a sanitary landfill reflecting conditions of the study area, examination of mixed
combustion method of RDF with coal, etc.).
x Raise public awareness and increase public participation in SWM.
x Demonstrate improvement measures to residents and authorities concerned with
SWM.

9.1.2 Selection of Pilot Projects

After the discussion with C/P the following pilot projects were selected and approved by the
St/C. The pilot projects were conducted in Phase 2 and Phase 3 study stages as follows:
Phase 2 Study Stage:
P/P 1 Urgent Improvement of the Ulaan Chuluut Disposal Site
P/P 2 Thermal Recycling “RDF”
P/P 3 Recycling Pilot Project: Movable Recyclable Collection System “Chirigami
Kokan”
P/P 4 Examination of the Loading Device for Heavy Waste
P/P 5 Raising Public Consciousness on Waste Issues
Phase 3 Study Stage:
P/P 1 Continuation of Urgent Improvement of the Ulaan Chuluut Disposal Site
P/P 2 Continuation of Thermal Recycling “RDF”
P/P 6 Collection System Improvement (Establishment of Waste Discharge Rules
and Introduction of Separate Collection)
P/P 7 Organization of Waste Pickers

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9.2 P/P 1: Urgent Improvement of the Ulaan Chuluut Disposal Site KOKUSAI KOGYO CO., LTD.

9.2 P/P 1: Urgent Improvement of the Ulaan Chuluut Disposal Site

9.2.1 Project Outline

a. Justification
There are four official final disposal sites in the study area. All of the sites are operated in
so-called open dumping, posing serious negative impacts on the surrounding environments.
Air pollution by smoke caused by fire and scattering wastes by wind especially in spring
season is particularly serious not only for the surrounding area but also a wide area in the
city.
Among the four, Ulaan Chuluut disposal site (UCDS), where wastes are dumped at
everywhere without control, is the biggest one receiving more than 90 % of the wastes
generated in the study area. The adverse impacts, therefore, very serious and sometimes the
fire occurred in the site spread to neighboring houses by strong wind. MOE cautioned MUB
to close it unless MUB improves it. The improvement of the site is therefore an urgent matter.
One of the most important targets of the M/P is to conduct a safe disposal of wastes
discharged after 3Rs efforts; sanitary landfill operation. It is, however, neither being
conducted in the study area nor the country.
Under the above situation MUB has requested the study team to assist to conduct the pilot
project on the Urgent Improvement of UCDS in order to mitigate the current environmental
problems and to conduct sanitary landfill operation. Under this pilot project the counterpart,
Nuuts Co. and the City Maintenance and Public Utilities Department of MUB, will take
initiative to implement sanitary landfilling and the study team will provide timely technical
assistance with some financial assistance of JICA for the initial investment.
b. Objectives
The objectives of the Pilot Project (P/P) for the Urgent Improvement of Ulaan Chuluut
Disposal Site (UCDS) are:
Objective 1. To establish a control and management system of collected waste in order to
avoid illegal dumping; i.e. to dispose of all collected waste in the central 6
Duuregs at the authorized disposal site, i.e. UCDS;
Objective 2. To dispose of the waste at the designated area of the UCDS. This is the first
step of the sanitary landfill operation; and
Objective 3. To rehabilitate completed landfill area of the UCDS and conduct a sanitary
landfill operation as much as possible.
c. Improvement Plan and Achievement of P/P 1
The improvement plan and achievement of the P/P 1 is presented in the following figure and
table. In the implementation of P/P 1 the JICA Study Team prepared an improvement plan
and constructed facilities, and MUB/Nuuts Co. rehabilitated the completed landfill area and
conducted sanitary landfill operation. Both parties cooperated closely each other.

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9.2 P/P 1: Urgent Improvement of the Ulaan Chuluut Disposal Site KOKUSAI KOGYO CO., LTD.

Figure 9-1: Plan of Urgent Improvement of UCDS

Table 9-1: Improvement Plan, Work Assignment and Achievement of PP 1

Objective Improvement Plan Work Achievement

Assignment
x Registration of collection service MUB/ Operation of weighbridge (WB) started on 26 Dec 2005 and
organizations and establishment Nuuts registration of collection trucks including TUKs and other
of control system of them organizations started digitally using PC in WB control building.
x Strengthening control and MUB Control and management capability of Nuuts Co., Ltd. is being
management capability of Nuuts strengthened through the pilot project, C/P training in Japan,
Co., Ltd. including increase of etc. Budget of Nuuts has increased to 4 times from Jan 2006
budget for it which is 150,000,000 MNT in the year for 2006.
x Construction of a new control JICA The new building is fully completed together with WB and
building ST operational from 26 Dec 2005.
Objective x Unification of access to the MUB/ As enclosing bank and fences were completed, no access
1 southern road Nuuts other than the southern road is possible.
x Installation of a weigh bridge JICA Installation of a weigh bridge is completed on 26 Dec 2005
ST
x Development of a database for JICA Nuuts staffs have received on the job training in control
control & management of waste ST building by JICA ST continuously for around one year. Three
collection and disposal persons who are in charge of WB operation are now familiar to
operate.
Development of a database for control & management of
waste collection and disposal is in progress and monthly
report was submitted to MUB using WB data base.
x Development of monitoring and MUB/ MUB is examining monitoring and control system for illegal
control system for illegal Nuuts dumping. The study on construction waste was done by the
dumping JICA ST and the results of the study have been analyzed.
x Reexamination of tipping fee C/P & The tipping fee was examined together with fee collection
JICA system and tariff setting.
ST st
New tariff was set and enforced from 1 September 2006.
x Strengthening enforcement C/P & System of controlling illegal dump was examined and
JICA proposed in the Final Report.
ST

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9.2 P/P 1: Urgent Improvement of the Ulaan Chuluut Disposal Site KOKUSAI KOGYO CO., LTD.

Objective Improvement Plan Work Achievement

Assignment
2.1. Establishment of boundary JICA A Gate, a fence and an enclosing bank were constructed to
of the UCDS by installation ST surround the UCDS. Consequently the boundary of the site
of a gate, a fence and an was established.
enclosing bank
2.2. Prevention of UCDS from MUB A buffer zone to protect UCDS from expansion of ger area
expansion of ger area by was approved by the Standing Committee for Environment of
installing fence or buffer the Citizens’ Representatives Khural of MUB and necessary
zone measures such as the setting of sign board and boundary
structures were conducted. It is being regulated by the
Citizens’ Representatives Khural of MUB.
Green belt was constructed with tree planting to indicate the
buffer zone and it was proved that tree can be glowed with
proper maintenance.
2.3. Construction of an JICA An enclosing dam and bank to establish waste disposal
Objective enclosing dam and bank to ST operation area (working face) has been completed. 1st
2 establish waste disposal working face was filled with waste 2nd enclosing bank was
operation area (working constructed on Dec 2005.
face) rd
3 enclosing bank was constructed on September 2006.
2.4. Improvement of on-site road JICA A main on-site road has been completed. But due to the break
ST & down of bulldozer, collection truck could not reach to the
Nuuts working face and some part of the road was blocked by the
waste.
On site road was realigned to further west in order to avoid
blockage by the wastes.
2.5. Cleaning waste dumped MUB MUB contractor and JICA contractor cleaned up waste
along the access road and & JICA dumped along the access road and surrounding areas.
surrounding areas ST Cleaned up waste is used for the filling material of enclosing
dam.
Cleaning waste along access road is being done periodically.
3.1. Installation of gas removal JICA In total 18 units of gas removal facilities were installed at the
facilities ST UCDS. Some removal facilities need to be extended.
3.2. Construction of storm water JICA The storm water drain was constructed together with the
drain ST enclosing bank.
3.3. Installation of leachate JICA Leachate treatment facility that consists of leachate collection
treatment facility ST facilities and treatment ponds was constructed. There was no
leachate outflow observed.
3.4. Construction of a warm JICA In order to facilitate smooth operation of landfill equipment in
garage ST the winter season a warm garage was constructed. Water
truck and bulldozer are stored inside.
3.5. Construction of Medical JICA In order to separately dispose medical waste from MSW,
Waste Pits ST medical waste pits are constructed.
3.6. Rehabilitation of completed MUB/ MUB contractor has completed the rehabilitation works and
landfill area by re-shaping, Nuuts about 8ha of land was rehabilitated. One wheel shovel, one
slope trimming of existing excavator and three dump trucks were mobilized and it took
landfill surface and soil around one month to complete. This work should be done
covering during the summer time because soil will be frozen in winter
time and it is impossible to excavate cover material.
3.7. Plan and conduct of waste Nuuts A rule of UCDS and preliminary disposal plan is drafted by
disposal plan & JICA JICA ST. The Nuuts commenced to apply the rule and plan
Objective ST from November 1, 2005.
3
3.8. Conduct of waste Nuuts There are two bulldozers to push and compact wastes in the
compaction and leveling end of 2006. But both are very old and frequent breakdown
and this caused difficulty for the proper operation
3.9. Conduct of soil covering Nuuts Since almost all facilities required for sanitary operation are
completed, MUB/Nuuts could conduct sanitary landfill
operation, which shall conduct daily soil covering on waste
disposed. However, due to lack of basic equipment for soil
cover such as an excavator, dump truck, etc., Nuuts hardly
conduct soil covering. Furthermore, it is almost impossible to
take soil in winter season because soil is frozen.
3.10. Control of waste picking Nuuts Nuuts conducted registration of waste pickers except new
activities comers in August 2005 and drafted a rule of the UCDS in
cooperation with JICA ST.
Waste pickers meetings were conducted since May 2006 at
weekly basis and around 220 WPs were registered. Those
registered WPs received ID card with photo.
3.11. Establishment of a MUB The monitoring committee that consists of 9 members was
monitoring committee of and established. The periodical monitoring was conducted 4 times
disposal sites and conduct JICA in July, October of 2005 and May, Sep of 2006. Chairman of
of periodical monitoring ST the committee was changed to the City Specialized Inspection
Agency in UB.

9.2.2 Lessons and Recommendations

a. Results

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9.2 P/P 1: Urgent Improvement of the Ulaan Chuluut Disposal Site KOKUSAI KOGYO CO., LTD.

Most of the stakeholders such as MUB, Nuuts Co., residents near UCDS and waste pickers
working at UCDS appreciate the project very much. In particular, the negative environmental
impacts such as offensive odor, waste scattering, and vermin were significantly reduced.
Many facilities were constructed and it looks better than before. But it is very important now
going forward whether operation and maintenance can be improved or not. For instance, it
was experienced in December 2005 that, due to the break down of a bulldozer and lack of
proper instructions, collection trucks could not reach to the designated landfill area and they
started to dispose of waste on the onsite road. As a result, no trucks could enter the landfill
area and they disposed waste outside the fence as shown in the following pictures.

Waste Disposed at onsite road Waste Disposed outside Fence

It is winter now and problems at the disposal site such as smoke, odor, scattering, are not
significant due to coldness and relatively gentle winds compare with those of spring.
Therefore, preparation for the coming spring time is essential.
b. Recommendation
We have experienced landfill operation using improved facilities for a few months now and
found the following recommendations:
b.1 Replacement of Old Bulldozers
Bulldozers are one of most important and essential items of equipment for landfill operation.
As of end of 2005, there were two Russian made very old bulldozers which are more than 15
years old. But one has completely broken down and used for taking spare parts. The other
also frequently breaks down and once it has broken down, it needs a few weeks for repair. In
fact, they have already exceeded machinery life time and it is strongly recommended to
replace it with a modern one. Because using existing machinery is wasting both time and
money.
As of end of 2006, following the recommendations by JICA ST, MUB purchased one second
hand Chinese made bulldozer and there are two bulldozers in UCDS.
b.2 Consensus of Waste Pickers on Controlled Landfill Operation and Proposed
M/P
The controlled landfill operation being conducted in the pilot project restricts the waste
picking activities and the sanitary landfill operation proposed in the M/P prohibits waste
picking activities at the landfill. It is, therefore, necessary to conduct the following measures
as a phase 3 pilot project to get consensus of waste pickers on both controlled and sanitary
landfill operation as shown in the Figure below.

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Figure 9-2: Additional Pilot Project at the UCDS in Phase 3 Study

b.2.1. Consensus of Waste Pickers on Controlled Landfill Operation

Under the controlled landfill operation, the main objective of this pilot project, collection
vehicles can unload waste only at the designated place. This makes the waste picking area
much smaller than before, and makes waste picking more difficult. Therefore, it is
understandable that many of waste pickers are dissatisfied with the progress of the project.
Since the controlled landfill operation is the core of the concept of the project and it is
impossible to make a concession to them. In stead, it is necessary to make some measures for
fair trade and better sanitary conditions in order to gain more support from them.
According to the opinion of waste pickers mentioned in the previous section, there are many
requests for the improvement of their working conditions. It is difficult to realize all of them
but it might be necessary to provide some of them such as fair trade place of materials
recovered by them. It may also include some shelters especially for winter time in exchange
for the prohibition of fire in the landfill site.
b.2.2. Sorting Yard Operation in UCDS
In order to implement sanitary landfill operation as proposed in the M/P, it is critical to
prohibit waste picking activities at the landfill. In stead of prohibiting waste picking activities
in the landfill, the M/P will provide a sorting yard for the waste pickers to work and also
conduct the separate collection in order to facilitate efficient waste picking at the yard.
Therefore, in order to reach a consensus on the sanitary landfill operation and work at the
sorting yard, it is worth examining the provision of a pilot sorting yard at UCDS for separated
waste.
In case that separate collection is implemented under the pilot project, the separated waste
contain more valuables than others. Therefore, the pilot project will contribute to get
consensus from waste pickers on the sanitary landfill operation and work at the sorting yard

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as proposed in the M/P.

b.2.3. RDF Production in UCDS
In the M/P, residue from the sorting yard such as low quality plastic and paper will be sent to
the RDF plant. Then RDF will be produced by the residue and be used as an auxiliary fuel of
coal at the power plant and/or heating plants.
In Phase 2 of the Study, 12 tons of RDF was experimentally produced for the mixed
combustion test with coal at Nalaikh Heating Plant. In Phase 3 of the Study, in order to
examine the economic viability of the use of RDF at the existing heating and/or power
generation plant, more RDF needs to be produced and a combustion test shall be carried out
for a longer time.
In order to produce more RDF, residue from the above sorting yard will be used as raw
materials for the production of RDF to reduce the procurement cost of raw materials. It is,
therefore, recommended to produce RDF at UCDS in order to examine the viability of the
proposed M/P. But due to the budget constrain, RDF was produced outside UCDS for phase
3 RDF combustion test.
b.3 Organization of Waste Picker
According to the interview survey, there is no organization of the waste pickers. According to
the M/P, these waste pickers will work at the sorting yard in an organized manner. Lack of a
head or organization makes it difficult to control them.
Another problem in UCDS is the existence of child waste pickers. They are very disobedient
and do not follow the rules. They climb up to the collection truck on the weighbridge and the
weight of the truck is affected by this. Furthermore, it is very dangerous and other adult waste
pickers also complain of these activities.
To solve these problems, not only enforcement of rules and/or punishment but also some
support and assistance is necessary. Canadian consultant with the World Bank fund was
supposed to implement "Waste Picker Project" but the project was not implemented,
therefore, JICA ST conducted Organization of Waste pickers in phase three study.
c. Lessons Learnt
The implementation of the pilot project has found the following lessons.
x To set up clear a boundary of the disposal site is the first step in sanitary landfilling
x To measure the weight of incoming waste is the first step in doing proper SWM.
x To secure the budget for a running bulldozer is essential for sanitary landfilling
x In order to conduct sanitary landfilling, several heavy machines including
excavators and dump trucks are required and further technical assistance for the
operation and maintenance of them is important.
x In order to solve the waste pickers` problems, long term assistance will be required.

9.2.3 Closure of Ulaan Chuluut Disposal Site (UCDS)

a. Design Concept
The UCDS is approaching its capacity limit, and it will cease landfill operations in a few
years. It is necessary for MUB to formulate a closure plan in order to demonstrate the
appropriate closure of UCDS.

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The key elements for the formulation of the closure plan of the UCDS are shown in the
following table.

Table 9-2: Key Elements of the UCDS Closure Plan as of year 2005
Item Unit Qty
The area of disposal site ha 17.0
Old Working Face (Western half): A1 ha 8.0
Existing Working Face (Eastern Half) : A2 ha 9.0
Landfill Operation Period years 3 years
Estimated Landfilling Volume
3
x 2005 m3 85,000
x 2006 m3 108,000
x 2007 m 120,000
3
x 2008 m 132,000

b. Closure Plan
b.1 Landfill Operation Plan until Closure
b.1.1. Basic Idea
The area of the UCDS consists of old working face (hereinafter call A1) located in the
western half and existing working face (hereinafter call A2) which is located in the eastern
half. Since A1 was covered with soil and rehabilitated, the operation shall be conducted in
A2.
b.1.2. Annual Disposal Amount
Annual disposal amount from 2005 onwards is shown as follows based on the record of
Nuuts Co. and Study JICA ST estimation before installing weigh bridge..

Table 9-3: Final Disposal Amount

Daily Disposal Landfill Amount after
Amount Annual Disposal Amount Compaction Accumulate Amount
ton/day ton/year m3/year m3/year m3
2005 232.9 85,009 106,261 85,009 85,009
2006 295.4 107,821 134,776 107,821 192,830
2007 329.2 120,158 150,198 120,158 312,988
2008 362.5 132,313 165,391 132,313 445,300

b.1.3. Landfill Capacity

Landfill capacity at A2 is calculated as follows.

Table 9-4: Landfill Capacity at Eastern Half Section

Area of Average Height of Volume of Volume of Accum.
 Wastes Area Wastes Wastes Dam Total Volum Volume
m2 m2 m m3 m3 m3 m3
original 0.0      
1st Fill 7,540.0 3,770.0 4.4 16,588.0 3,125.0 19,713.0 19,713.0
2nd Fill 10,210.0 8,875.0 2.5 22,187.5 4,125.0 26,312.5 46,025.5
3rd Fill 11,770.0 10,990.0 2.5 27,475.0 5,250.0 32,725.0 78,750.5
4th Fill 13,200.0 12,485.0 2.5 31,212.5 6,500.0 37,712.5 116,463.0
5th Fill 16,400.0 14,800.0 2.5 37,000.0 7,500.0 44,500.0 160,963.0
6th Fill 19,230.0 17,815.0 2.5 44,537.5 8,500.0 53,037.5 214,000.5
7th Fill 24,600.0 21,915.0 2.5 54,787.5 9,250.0 64,037.5 278,038.0
8th Fill 36,080.0 30,340.0 2.5 75,850.0 10,250.0 86,100.0 364,138.0
9th Fill 52,240.0 44,160.0 2.5 110,400.0 11,250.0 121,650.0 485,788.0

Based on the above calculation, UCDS can be used for three years until 2008. After then,
appropriate closure operation will be required.
b.1.4. Final Shape of the UCDS

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Final shape of the UCDS is as follows as a result of the above filling operation.

Figure 9-3: Final Shape of UCDS

b.2 Closure Plan

b.2.1. Final Soil Covering Plan
Soil shall be excavated and stockpiled in summer time for use in winter time.
It is possible for MUB to acquire the necessary soil for covering by excavated soil in its own
land near UCDS. The thickness of soil should satisfy the following value.
x Flat part : 50 cm
x Sloping part: 50 cm
At the time of closure, the entire area of UCDS will be covered with soil. The amount of soil
necessary for final soil covering is calculated as follows.
9 ha x 0.50 m thk = 45,000 m3
Since the sloping part of the embankment dam shall be covered with soil during landfilling
operation, the amount of the soil covering at the time of closure should be less than the above
figures.
In order to save the amount of soil covering, the
shaping by the bulldozer before soil covering will be
essential.
b.2.2. Water Pollution Control
Leachate is collected through leachate collection
facilities which were buried in the lowest area of
original ground before landfilling is started. Then
the collected leachate is stored in the leachate
treatment pond which was constructed south of the
embankment dam. The layout of the leachate Figure 9-4: Layout of Leachate
collection facilities and leachate treatment pond is Collection System

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shown below.
b.2.3. Management Plan of Generated Gas
Generated gas is controlled by installing vertical gas
removal pipes.
It is preferable to install vertical gas removal pipes
according to the progress of the landfill operation. It is
necessary for MUB to set up a vertical pipe at a
planned spot before the landfill operation starts.
The installation plan of vertical gas removal pipes at
A2 is shown below. Figure 9-5: Installation Plan of
Gas Removal Pipes in UCDS
b.2.4. Future Land Use Plan
A future land use plan shall be formulated and discussed among the relevant authorities.
Since the closed UCDS is next to the future disposal site, which is NEDS, the use of this area
as a buffer zone to the NEDS is strongly recommended. Necessary measures such as planting
trees and fences shall be taken to prevent further expansion of ger towards UCDS.
b.2.5. Monitoring Plan
Monitoring shall be conducted after closure of the UCDS until the landfill area becomes
stable. (it is normally around 15 years after its closure). The items of monitoring are shown in
following table.
Table 9-5: Monitoring Plan of UCDS
Items Facility Frequency Measuring Items
Appearance Landfill area once in a month x Covering soil
x Landfilled waste (subsidence,
change of shape etc.)
x Maintenance of drain
x Others
-
Underground Water Well nearby twice in a year Electric conductivity, Cl , pH
-
Leachate Leachate Pond in case of generation of Electric conductivity, Cl , pH
leachate
Landfill Gas Gas removal pipe four times a year CH4, CO2, H2O, Temperature
Settlement Settlement board four times a year Settlement Level

9.3 P/P 2: Thermal Recycling “RDF”

9.3.1 Introduction

a. Background
Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) in UBC contains a large portion of plastic and paper wastes.
Especially in apartment area the portion of plastic and paper wastes is 36% and exceeds it of
kitchen waste, 34%. Only very small portion of plastic and paper wastes such as PET bottles
and cardboard paper are recycled and remaining large portion is subject to disposal sites.
These wastes cause many problems to landfill operation such as waste scattering and creation
of unstable land due to difficulty of decomposition and compaction. According to the UBC
Development Master Plan, the rate of population live in Ger area and Apartment area will
change from 46:54 in 2006 to 18:82 in 2020. The fact will increase the portion of plastic and
paper wastes. Consequently the problems caused by plastic and paper wastes will be more
and more serious.

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Plastic and paper wastes caught by movable

Plastic and paper wastes scattering in UCDS
fence
In order to solve the above-mentioned problems, paper and plastic waste, which are not
recycled at present, will be collected and RDF (RDF: Refuse Derived Fuel) will be produced
by using these wastes as raw materials. Produced RDF will be burned at the existing high
temperature continuous combustion facilities (power generation plants and heating plants)
together with coal and necessary data will be obtained. As a result the problem wastes will be
thermally recycled and contribute reduction of energy consumption, i.e. coal consumption.
b. Objectives
The objectives of the P/P 2 are:
x To produce RDF by using paper and plastic waste, which are neither reused nor
recycled at present in UBC, as raw materials;
x To burn produced RDF at the existing high temperature continuous combustion
facilities (power generation plants and heating plants) together with coal and to
examine the impacts of mixed combustion of RDF with coal such as quality of
emission gas, reduction of coal consumption and issues for operation; and
x To demonstrate citizens of UBC the technology of RDF production and combustion,
and understand them on RDF.

9.3.2 Production of RDF

a. Production
RDF can be produced by compacting and heating raw materials. In Japan compaction method
is commonly applied to the production of RDF, which melts plastics by the heat generated by
pressure. However, to bring compaction type RDF production machine from Japan it difficult
in terms of available budget and time. Therefore, we produced RDF by melting plastics by
giving heat from outside. The mixed combustion test of RDF with coal was conducted twice,
February and October 2006. Prior to the test 12 tons of RDF was produced between
December 2005 to January 2006, and 24 tons of RDF was produced between August 2006 to
September 2006.
Production of RDF is contracted to a local company in Ulaanbaatar, TUV MORIT HANGAI
Co., Ltd.
b. Results
The table below presents quality of RDF and Coal which was used for the combustion test.

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Table 9-6: Quality of RDF and Coal

RDF Coal
Physical composition st nd st nd
1 test 2 test 1 test 2 test
*1 *1
Higher calorific value (HCV) (kcal/kg) 5,820 3,320 3,875 4,700
*1 *1
Lower calorific value (LCV) (kcal/kg) 5,290 3,200 2,470 3,680
Industrial Moisture (%) 8.3 0.9 31.3 19.2
chemical Combustible (%) 86.0 74.9 59.9 61.2
analysis Non combustible (ash) (%) 5.7 24.2 8.8 19.6
*2 3
Apparent density  (ton/m ) 0.41 0.43 0.86 0.87
Note *1: Calculation value
*2: Measurement value by Study team

The table presents the following findings:

x The lower calorific value of RDF produced for the 1st test is more than two times
higher than the coal used. It is the quality which we expected.
x The lower calorific value of RDF produced for the 2nd test is only 60% of it of the
1st test due to burning of plastics at production process.
x On the other hand, the lower calorific value of coal used for the 2nd test is 1.5 tomes
higher than it of the 1st one.
<Combustion RDF at the Production Stage>

Pod for Plastics Melting Inside of Pod

9.3.3 Mixed Combustion Test

a. Schedule of the Test

The mixed combustion test of RDF with coal was conducted twice at the Nalaikh Heating
Plant as shown in the tables below.

Table 9-7: Schedule of the First Combustion Test

February, 2006 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat Sun
1. Preliminary Test
2. Baseline Test
(Coal only burning)
3. Mixed Combustion Test
(RDF 2% Mixture)
4. Mixed Combustion Test
(RDF 4% Mixture)
5. Occasional Date

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Table 9-8: Schedule of the Second Combustion Test

16 17 18 19 20 21 22
October
Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat Sun
Operation 100% Coal RDF 2% RDF 4% 100% Coal
Measurement of Test 1 Test 2 Test 3
Emission gas
(exclude Dioxins)
Measurement of
Dioxins
Physical Composition RDF, Coal RDF RDF, Coal
of RDF and coal
Physical Composition
of Ash
Collection of
Operation data

b. Impacts on Emission Gas

The impacts of the two tests are summarized below. There was no impact on the furnace by
the tests.
b.1 Analysis of Emission Gas
Emission gas quality including dioxins was measured at two combustion tests. The study
team was worried about the sampling equipment and method applied to the 1st test which
used an available sampler in UBC. In order to confirm the data obtained, the team brought
sampling tools from Japan and sampled emission gas according to the method specified in JIS
(Japan Industrial Standard). In both tests analysis of dioxins was conducted laboratories in
Japan.
b.1.1. Measurement of Air Pollutants in Emission Gas (excluding Dioxins)
The following tables present the results of the measurement of air pollutants in emission gas
excluding Dioxins.

Table 9-9: Measurement of Air Pollutants in Emission Gas (excluding Dioxins) in First
Combustion Test
Mixed combustion test
100% Coal RDF2% RDF4%
Mixture Mixture
Furnace Number No.3 No.3 No.3
Examination date 14, Feb 15, Feb 16, Feb
3
1. Amount of emission gas (Wet) m N/h 103,440 103,370 103,270
*1 3
2. Amount of emission gas (Dry) m N/h 96,000 94,000 94,800
0
3. Temperature of emission gas C 207.4 203.2 204.1
4. Moisture % 7.2 9.1 8.2
3
5. Dust concentration g/m N 0.228 0.245 0.216
Dust concentration of conversion g/m N
3
0.315 0.431 0.380
equivalent of O2 12%
6. O2 % 14.5 15.9 15.9
7. CO ppm 228 982 221
8. CO2 % 14.79 14.50 11.31
9. SO2 ppm 254.8 137.3 116.7
10. NOX ppm 242.8 183.7 184.7
NOx concentration of conversion ppm 336.2 324.2 325.9
equivalent of O2 12%
11. HCl ppm 0.08 0.11 0.09
HCl concentration of conversion ppm 0.11 0.19 0.16
equivalent of O2 12%
Note : *1: Calculation value

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Table 9-10: Measurement of Air Pollutants in Emission Gas (excluding Dioxins) in

Second Combustion Test
Mixed combustion test
100% Coal RDF2% RDF4%
Mixture Mixture
Furnace Number No.1 No.1 No.1
Examination date 17, Oct 19, Oct 21, Oct
3
1. Amount of emission gas (Wet) m N/h 43,930 35,820 35,910
*1 3
2. Amount of emission gas (Dry) m N/h 41,600 34,060 34,260
0
3. Temperature of emission gas C 130.8 153.7 141.3
4. Moisture % 5.3 4.9 4.6
3
5. Dust concentration g/m N 7.5 8.0 4.3
Dust concentration of conversion g/m N
3
11.8 7.3 5.4
equivalent of O2 12%
6. O2 % 15.3 11.2 13.8
7. CO ppm 1,069 504 687
8. CO2 % 5.8 9.2 6.8
9. SO2 ppm 209 333 110
10 NOX ppm 118 148 108
NOx concentration of conversion ppm 186 136 135
equivalent of O2 12%
Note : *1: Calculation value

b.1.2. Measurement of Dioxins in Emission Gas

Table 9-11: Results of Emission Gas Analysis (Dioxins) in First Combustion Test

  100% Coal Mixed combustion test

3
RDF2% Mixture
3
RDF4% Mixture
3
pg/m N pg/m N pg/m N
2,3,7,8-TeCDD N.D. N.D. N.D.
1,3,6,8-TeCDD 2 129 14
1,3,7,9-TeCDD 1 76 7
TeCDDs 4 233 24
1,2,3,7,8-PeCDD N.D. N.D. N.D.
PeCDDs N.D. 141 18
PCDDs 1,2,3,4,7,8-HxCDD N.D. N.D. N.D.
1,2,3,6,7,8-HxCDD N.D. N.D. N.D.
1,2,3,7,8,9-HXCDD N.D. N.D. N.D.
HxCDDs 3 125 15
1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDD N.D. 15 2
HpCDDs N.D. 23 4
OCDD 3 4 4
Total PCDDs 9 525 65
2,3,7,8-TeCDF N.D. N.D. 1
1,2,7,8-TeCDF N.D. 2 1
TeCDFs N.D. 12 6
1,2,3,7,8-PeCDF N.D. N.D. 1
2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF N.D. N.D. N.D.
PeCDFs N.D. N.D. 1
1,2,3,4,7,8-HxCDF N.D. N.D. N.D.
PCDFs 1,2,3,6,7,8-HxCDF N.D. N.D. N.D.
1,2,3,7,8,9-HxCDF N.D. N.D. N.D.
2,3,4,6,7,8-HxCDF N.D. N.D. N.D.
HxCDFs N.D. N.D. N.D.
1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDF N.D. N.D. N.D.
1,2,3,4,7,8,9-HpCDF N.D. N.D. N.D.
HpCDFs N.D. N.D. N.D.
OCDF N.D. N.D. N.D.
Total PCDFs N.D. 12 7
Total㧔PCDDs㧗PCDFs㧕 9 537 72
3,4,4',5-TeCB 㧔IUPAC#81㧕 N.D. N.D. N.D.
3,3',4,4'-TeCB 㧔IUPAC#77㧕 N.D. N.D. N.D.
3,3',4,4',5-PeCB 㧔IUPAC#126㧕 N.D. N.D. N.D.
3,3'4,4',5,5'-HxCB 㧔IUPAC#169㧕 N.D. N.D. N.D.
Non-ortho PCBs N.D. N.D. N.D.
2',3,4,4',5-PeCB 㧔IUPAC#123㧕 N.D. N.D. N.D.
Co-PCBs 2,3',4,4',5-PeCB 㧔IUPAC#118㧕 38 18 13
2,3,3',4,4'-PeCB 㧔IUPAC#105㧕 18 8 5
2,3,4,4',5-PeCB 㧔IUPAC#114㧕 N.D. N.D. N.D.
2,3',4,4',5,5'-HxCB 㧔IUPAC#167㧕 N.D. N.D. N.D.
2,3,3',4,4',5-HxCB 㧔IUPAC#156㧕 4 N.D. N.D.
2,3,3',4,4',5'-HxCB 㧔IUPAC#157㧕 N.D. N.D. N.D.
2,3,3',4,4',5,5'-HpCB 㧔IUPAC#189㧕 N.D. N.D. N.D.
Mono-ortho PCBs 60 27 18
Total㧔Co-PCBs㧕 60 27 18
Total㧔PCDDs +PCDFs +Co-PCBs㧕 71 563 89
IUPAC : International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry

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Table 9-12: Results of Emission Gas Analysis (Dioxins) in Second Combustion Test –
100% Coal (Particle + Gas)
  Actual Quantitation Detection Toxic Equivalency Toxic Equivalent
value*1 limit value limit value Factor (TEQ)
Unit
3
ng/m N ng/m N
3
ng/m N
3
(TEF) (ng-TEQ/
3
m N)
1,3,6,8-TeCDD (0.006) 0.008 0.002 0 0
1,3,7,9-TeCDD (0.004) 0.008 0.002 0 0
2,3,7,8-TeCDD ND 0.008 0.002 1 0
other-TeCDDs 0.010 - - - -
1,2,3,7,8-PeCDD ND 0.008 0.003 1 0
other-PeCDDs (0.006) - - - -
1,2,3,4,7,8-HxCDD ND 0.02 0.007 0.1 0
PCDDs
1,2,3,6,7,8-HxCDD ND 0.02 0.007 0.1 0
1,2,3,7,8,9-HXCDD ND 0.01 0.004 0.1 0
other-HxCDDs ND - - - -
1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDD ND 0.02 0.006 0.01 0
other-HpCDDs ND - - - -
OCDD (0.012)*1 0.03 0.009 0.0001 0
Total PCDDs 0.039 - - - -
1,2,7,8-TeCDF 0.021 0.007 0.002 0 0
2,3,7,8-TeCDF 0.034 0.007 0.002 0.1 0.0034
other-TeCDFs 0.19 - - - -
1,2,3,7,8+1,2,3,4,8-PeCDF 0.009 0.007 0.002 0.05 0.00045
2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF 0.0073 0.0008 0.0002 0.5 0.00365
other-PeCDFs 0.048 - - - -
1,2,3,4,7,8+1,2,3,4,7,9-HxCDF ND 0.02 0.005 0.1 0
1,2,3,6,7,8-HxCDF ND 0.02 0.007 0.1 0
PCDFs
1,2,3,7,8,9-HxCDF ND 0.01 0.004 0.1 0
2,3,4,6,7,8-HxCDF ND 0.01 0.004 0.1 0
other-HxCDFs ND - - - -
1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDF (0.003)*1 0.01 0.003 0.01 0
1,2,3,4,7,8,9-HpCDF ND 0.007 0.002 0.01 0
other-HpCDFs ND - - - -
OCDF ND 0.007 0.002 0.0001 0
Total PCDFs 0.33 - - - -
Total㧔PCDDs㧗PCDFs㧕 0.37 - -
3,3',4,4'-TeCB (#77)*2 0.067 0.01 0.003 0.0001 0.0000067
3,4,4',5-TeCB (#81) *2 0.014 0.01 0.004 0.0001 0.0000014
3,3',4,4',5-PeCB (#126)*2 ND 0.008 0.003 0.1 0
3,3'4,4',5,5'-HxCB (#169)*2 ND 0.006 0.002 0.01 0
Non-ortho PCBs 0.081 - -
2,3,3',4,4'-PeCB (#105)*2 0.5 0.007 0.002 0.0001 0.000050
2,3,4,4',5-PeCB (#114)*2 0.028 0.004 0.001 0.0005 0.0000140
Co-PCBs
2,3',4,4',5-PeCB (#118)*2 1.1 0.01 0.003 0.0001 0.00011
2',3,4,4',5-PeCB (#123)*2 0.029 0.007 0.002 0.0001 0.0000029
2,3,3',4,4',5-HxCB (#156)*2 0.12 0.01 0.004 0.0005 0.000060
2,3,3',4,4',5'-HxCB (#157)*2 0.031 0.005 0.001 0.0005 0.0000155
2,3',4,4',5,5'-HxCB (#167)*2 0.038 0.01 0.004 0.00001 0.00000038
2,3,3',4,4',5,5'-HpCB (#189)*2 ND 0.01 0.003 0.0001 0
Mono-ortho PCBs 1.9 - - - -
Total㧔Co-PCBs㧕 2.0 - - - -
Total㧔PCDDs +PCDFs +Co-PCBs㧕 2.3 - - - -
Total TEQ 0.0078
*1 : It is shown that measurement value is between quantitation limit value and detection limit value. This analysis
item does not calculate the equivalent of TEQ.
*2 : IUPAC : International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry

Table 9-13: Results of Emission Gas Analysis (Dioxins) in Second Combustion Test –
RDF 2% Mixture (Particle + Gas)
Actual Quantitation Detection Toxic Equivalency Toxic Equivalent
  value*1 limit value limit value Factor (TEQ)
3
ng/m N ng/m N
3
ng/m N
3
(TEF) (ng-TEQ/
Unit m3N)
PCDDs 1,3,6,8-TeCDD 0.34 0.005 0.002 0 0
1,3,7,9-TeCDD 0.23 0.005 0.002 0 0
2,3,7,8-TeCDD ND 0.005 0.002 1 0
other-TeCDDs 0.074 - - - -
1,2,3,7,8-PeCDD (0.004) 0.006 0.002 1 0
other-PeCDDs 0.34 - - - -
1,2,3,4,7,8-HxCDD ND 0.02 0.005 0.1 0
1,2,3,6,7,8-HxCDD (0.005) 0.01 0.004 0.1 0
1,2,3,7,8,9-HXCDD (0.006) 0.008 0.002 0.1 0
other-HxCDDs 0.30 - - - -
1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDD 0.033 0.01 0.004 0.01 0.00033

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other-HpCDDs 0.027 - - - -
OCDD 0.027 0.02 0.006 0.0001 0.0000027
Total PCDDs 1.4 - - - -
1,2,7,8-TeCDF 0.077 0.005 0.001 0 0
2,3,7,8-TeCDF 0.091 0.005 0.001 0.1 0.0091
other-TeCDFs 0.64 - - - -
1,2,3,7,8+1,2,3,4,8-PeCDF 0.027 0.005 0.001 0.05 0.00135
2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF 0.019 0.0005 0.0002 0.5 0.0095
other-PeCDFs 0.16 - - - -
1,2,3,4,7,8+1,2,3,4,7,9-HxCDF (0.007) 0.01 0.003 0.1 0
1,2,3,6,7,8-HxCDF (0.005) 0.02 0.005 0.1 0
PCDFs
1,2,3,7,8,9-HxCDF ND 0.009 0.003 0.1 0
2,3,4,6,7,8-HxCDF (0.003) 0.009 0.003 0.1 0
other-HxCDFs 0.023 - - - -
1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDF (0.005) 0.007 0.002 0.01 0
1,2,3,4,7,8,9-HpCDF ND 0.004 0.001 0.01 0
other-HpCDFs (0.003) - - - -
OCDF ND 0.005 0.001 0.0001 0
Total PCDFs 1.1 - - - -
Total㧔PCDDs㧗PCDFs㧕 2.5 - - -
3,3',4,4'-TeCB (#77)* 0.20 0.007 0.002 0.0001 0.000020
3,4,4',5-TeCB (#81)* 0.013 0.008 0.003 0.0001 0.0000013
3,3',4,4',5-PeCB (#126)* 0.017 0.006 0.002 0.1 0.0017
3,3'4,4',5,5'-HxCB (#169)* ND 0.004 0.001 0.01 0
Non-ortho PCBs 0.23 0.23 - -
2,3,3',4,4'-PeCB (#105)* 3.3 0.005 0.001 0.0001 0.00033
Co-PCB 2,3,4,4',5-PeCB (#114)* 0.21 0.003 0.0009 0.0005 0.000105
s 2,3',4,4',5-PeCB (#118)* 7.2 0.007 0.002 0.0001 0.00072
2',3,4,4',5-PeCB (#123)* 0.16 0.005 0.001 0.0001 0.000016
2,3,3',4,4',5-HxCB (#156)* 0.62 0.008 0.002 0.0005
0.000310
2,3,3',4,4',5'-HxCB (#157)* 0.15 0.003 0.0009 0.0005
0.000075
2,3',4,4',5,5'-HxCB (#167)* 0.23 0.008 0.003 0.00001
0.0000023
2,3,3',4,4',5,5'-HpCB (#189)* 0.010 0.007 0.002 0.0001
0.0000010
Mono-ortho PCBs 12 - - - -
Total㧔Co-PCBs㧕 12 - - - -
Total㧔PCDDs +PCDFs +Co-PCBs㧕 15 - - - -
Total TEQ 0.024
*1 : It is shown that measurement value is between quantitation limit value and detection limit value. This
analysis item does not calculate the equivalent of TEQ.
*2 : IUPAC : International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry

Table 9-14: Results of Emission Gas Analysis (Dioxins) in Second Combustion Test –
RDF 4% Mixture (Particle)
Actual Quantitation Detection Toxic Toxic
  Equivalency Equivalent
value*1 limit value limit value Factor (TEQ)
3 3 3 (ng-TEQ/
Unit ng/m N ng/m N ng/m N (TEF) m3N)
1,3,6,8-TeCDD 0.92 0.005 0.001 0 0
1,3,7,9-TeCDD 0.65 0.005 0.001 0 0
2,3,7,8-TeCDD 0.007 0.005 0.001 1 0.007
other-TeCDDs 0.29 - - - -
1,2,3,7,8-PeCDD 0.022 0.005 0.002 1 0.022
other-PeCDDs 1.2 - - - -
PCDDs 1,2,3,4,7,8-HxCDD (0.019) 0.02 0.005 0.1 0
1,2,3,6,7,8-HxCDD 0.033 0.01 0.004 0.1 0.0033
1,2,3,7,8,9-HXCDD 0.028 0.008 0.002 0.1 0.0028
other-HxCDDs 1.0 - - - -
1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDD 0.15 0.01 0.004 0.01 0.0015
other-HpCDDs 0.12 - - - -
OCDD 0.11 0.02 0.006 0.0001 0.000011
Total PCDDs 4.6 - - - -
1,2,7,8-TeCDF 0.078 0.004 0.001 0 0
2,3,7,8-TeCDF 0.058 0.004 0.001 0.1 0.0058
other-TeCDFs 0.91 - - - -
1,2,3,7,8+1,2,3,4,8-PeCDF 0.043 0.004 0.001 0.05 0.00215
2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF 0.035 0.0005 0.0002 0.5 0.0175
other-PeCDFs 0.35 - - - -
1,2,3,4,7,8+1,2,3,4,7,9-HxCDF 0.030 0.01 0.003 0.1 0.0030
PCDFs 1,2,3,6,7,8-HxCDF 0.022 0.01 0.004 0.1 0.0022
1,2,3,7,8,9-HxCDF (0.003) 0.008 0.002 0.1 0
2,3,4,6,7,8-HxCDF 0.021 0.009 0.003 0.1 0.0021
other-HxCDFs 0.15 - - - -
1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDF 0.040 0.006 0.002 0.01 0.00040
1,2,3,4,7,8,9-HpCDF 0.009 0.004 0.001 0.01 0.00009
other-HpCDFs 0.031 - - - -
OCDF 0.021 0.004 0.001 0.0001 0.0000021
Total PCDFs 1.8 - - - -
Total㧔PCDDs㧗PCDFs㧕 6.4 - - -

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3,3',4,4'-TeCB (#77)* 0.13 0.007 0.002 0.0001 0.000013

3,4,4',5-TeCB (#81)* 0.009 0.008 0.002 0.0001 0.0000009
3,3',4,4',5-PeCB (#126)* 0.014 0.005 0.002 0.1 0.0014
3,3'4,4',5,5'-HxCB (#169)* 0.004 0.004 0.001 0.01 0.00004
Non-ortho PCBs 0.16 - -
2,3,3',4,4'-PeCB (#105)* 0.15 0.004 0.001 0.0001 0.000015
Co-PCB 2,3,4,4',5-PeCB (#114)* 0.010 0.003 0.0009 0.0005 0.0000050
s 2,3',4,4',5-PeCB (#118)* 0.31 0.007 0.002 0.0001 0.000031
2',3,4,4',5-PeCB (#123)* 0.011 0.005 0.001 0.0001 0.0000011
2,3,3',4,4',5-HxCB (#156)* 0.034 0.008 0.002 0.0005 0.0000170
2,3,3',4,4',5'-HxCB (#157)* 0.0083 0.003 0.0009 0.0005 0.00000415
2,3',4,4',5,5'-HxCB (#167)* 0.012 0.008 0.002 0.00001 0.00000012
2,3,3',4,4',5,5'-HpCB (#189)* (0.005) 0.007 0.002 0.0001 0
Mono-ortho PCBs 0.54 - - -
Total㧔Co-PCBs㧕 0.69 - - - -
Total㧔PCDDs +PCDFs +Co-PCBs㧕 7.0 - - - -
Total TEQ 0.071
*1 : It is shown that measurement value is between quantitation limit value and detection limit value. This analysis item does not
calculate the equivalent of TEQ.
*2 : IUPAC : International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry

Table 9-15: Results of Emission Gas Analysis (Dioxins) in Second Combustion Test –
RDF 4% Mixture (Gas)
Actual Quantitation Detection Toxic Equivalency Toxic Equivalent
  value*1 limit value limit value Factor (TEQ)
Unit ng/m N
3
ng/m N
3
ng/m N
3
(TEF) (ng-TEQ/
3
m N)
1,3,6,8-TeCDD 0.008 0.005 0.001 0 0
1,3,7,9-TeCDD 0.006 0.005 0.001 0 0
2,3,7,8-TeCDD ND 0.005 0.001 1 0
other-TeCDDs ND - - - -
1,2,3,7,8-PeCDD ND 0.005 0.002 1 0
other-PeCDDs 0.018 - - - -
PCDDs 1,2,3,4,7,8-HxCDD ND 0.02 0.005 0.1 0
1,2,3,6,7,8-HxCDD ND 0.01 0.004 0.1 0
1,2,3,7,8,9-HXCDD ND 0.008 0.002 0.1 0
other-HxCDDs (0.016) - - - -
1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDD (0.004) 0.01 0.004 0.01 0
other-HpCDDs (0.004) - - - -
OCDD ND 0.02 0.006 0.0001 0
Total PCDDs 0.057 - - - -
1,2,7,8-TeCDF ND 0.004 0.001 0 0
2,3,7,8-TeCDF ND 0.004 0.001 0.1 0
other-TeCDFs 0.009 - - - -
1,2,3,7,8+1,2,3,4,8-PeCDF ND 0.004 0.001 0.05 0
2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF 0.0009 0.0005 0.0002 0.5 0.00045
other-PeCDFs 0.004 - - - -
1,2,3,4,7,8+1,2,3,4,7,9-HxCDF ND 0.01 0.003 0.1 0
PCDFs 1,2,3,6,7,8-HxCDF ND 0.01 0.004 0.1 0
1,2,3,7,8,9-HxCDF ND 0.008 0.002 0.1 0
2,3,4,6,7,8-HxCDF ND 0.009 0.003 0.1 0
other-HxCDFs ND - - - -
1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDF (0.003) 0.006 0.002 0.01 0
1,2,3,4,7,8,9-HpCDF ND 0.004 0.001 0.01 0
other-HpCDFs ND - - - -
OCDF ND 0.004 0.001 0.0001 0
Total PCDFs 0.024 - - - -
Total㧔PCDDs㧗PCDFs㧕 0.081 - - -
3,3',4,4'-TeCB (#77)* 0.012 0.007 0.002 0.0001 0.0000012
3,4,4',5-TeCB (#81)* ND 0.008 0.002 0.0001 0
3,3',4,4',5-PeCB (#126)* ND 0.005 0.002 0.1 0
3,3'4,4',5,5'-HxCB (#169)* ND 0.004 0.001 0.01 0
Non-ortho PCBs 0.012 - -
2,3,3',4,4'-PeCB (#105)* 0.019 0.004 0.001 0.0001 0.0000019
Co-PCB 2,3,4,4',5-PeCB (#114)* ND 0.003 0.0009 0.0005 0
s 2,3',4,4',5-PeCB (#118)* 0.042 0.007 0.002 0.0001 0.0000042
2',3,4,4',5-PeCB (#123)* ND 0.005 0.001 0.0001 0
2,3,3',4,4',5-HxCB (#156)* (0.004) 0.008 0.002 0.0005 0
2,3,3',4,4',5'-HxCB (#157)* ND 0.003 0.0009 0.0005 0
2,3',4,4',5,5'-HxCB (#167)* (0.002) 0.008 0.002 0.00001 0
2,3,3',4,4',5,5'-HpCB (#189)* ND 0.007 0.002 0.0001 0
Mono-ortho PCBs 0.068 - - -
Total㧔Co-PCBs㧕 0.080 - - - -
Total㧔PCDDs +PCDFs +Co-PCBs㧕 0.16 - - - -
Total TEQ 0.00046
*1 : It is shown that measurement value is between quantitation limit value and detection limit value. This analysis item does not
calculate the equivalent of TEQ.
*2 : IUPAC : International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry

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9.3 P/P 2: Thermal Recycling “RDF” KOKUSAI KOGYO CO., LTD.

b.1.3. Limit Value of Dioxins in Japan and EU

Toxic Equivalency Factor (TEF) and Toxic Equivalent (TEQ)
In order to evaluate emission gas on dioxins it is necessary to understand the Toxic
Equivalency Factor (TEF) and Toxic Equivalent (TEQ) as fokkows:
<Toxic Equivalency Factor (TEF)>
¾ 222 kinds of dioxins are identified at present and they are broadly categorized into
three groups, i.e. Polychlorinated Dibenzo-para-Dioxins (PCDDs), Polychlorinated
Dibenzo-Furans (PCDFs) and Co-planar Polychlorinated Bipheyls (Co-PCBs).
¾ Among about 222 dioxins, 29 are identified as toxic and degree of toxicity differs
each other. However, toxic or not of the other dioxins than 29 are not determined yet.
¾ Toxicity of each dioxins (isomer) is defined as TEF of which the strongest is 1 for 2,
3, 7, 8-TeCDD.
<Toxic Equivalent (TEQ)>
¾ Toxicity of dioxins is presented as Toxic Equivalent (TEQ) which is the sum of each
toxic amount to be calculated by multiplying amount of each dioxin by each TEF of it.

b.1.4. Limit Value of Dioxins from Solid Waste Incinerator in Japan and EU
As for dioxins both Japanese and EU standards regulate emission limit value by TEQ (Toxic
Equivalent). The table below presents the limit value of dioxins from solid waste incinerator
in Japan and EU.

Table 9-16: Limit Value of Dioxins from Solid Waste Incinerator in Japan and EU
Emission standard
3
Capacity of (ng-TEQ/m N)
Standard Source Incinerator Case of New Case of Existing
Incinerator Incinerator
Japan Incinerator of Solid Waste > 4 ton/hour 0.1 1.0
EU Incinerator of Solid Waste --- 0.1

As shown the table below, the EU standard regulates only 17 types of TEF (Toxic
Equivalency Factor) for PCDDs and PCDFs excluding PCBs while Japanese standard
regulates 29 types of TEF for PCDDs, PCDFs and Co-PCBs. The Implementation of
European Council Directive 2000/76/EC on the Incineration of Waste states that although
Co-PCBs have similar toxicity with PCDDs and PCDFs, it could not regulates TEF and shall
collect further information on toxicity of them.

Table 9-17: Equivalence Factors for PCDDs, PCDFs and Co-PCBs

TEF
Japan EU*1
2,3,7,8-TeCDD 1 1
1,2,3,7,8-PeCDD 1 0.5
1,2,3,4,7,8-HxCDD 0.1 0.1
PCDDs 1,2,3,6,7,8-HxCDD 0.1 0.1
1,2,3,7,8,9-HXCDD 0.1 0.1
1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDD 0.01 0.01
OCDD 0.0001 0.001
2,3,7,8-TeCDF 0.1 0.1
1,2,3,7,8-PeCDF 0.05 0.05
2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF 0.5 0.5
1,2,3,4,7,8-HxCDF 0.1 0.1
1,2,3,6,7,8-HxCDF 0.1 0.1
PCDF
1,2,3,7,8,9-HxCDF 0.1 0.1
2,3,4,6,7,8-HxCDF 0.1 0.1
1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDF 0.01 0.01
1,2,3,4,7,8,9-HpCDF 0.01 0.01
OCDF 0.0001 0.001

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*2
3,4,4',5-TeCB (IUPAC#81㧕 0.0001 -
Non-ortho PCBs 3,3',4,4'-TeCB (IUPAC#77㧕 0.0001 -
3,3',4,4',5-PeCB (IUPAC#126㧕 0.1 -
3,3'4,4',5,5'-HxCB (IUPAC#169㧕 0.01 -
2',3,4,4',5-PeCB (IUPAC#123㧕 0.0001 -
Co-PCBs 2,3',4,4',5-PeCB (IUPAC#118㧕 0.0001 -
2,3,3',4,4'-PeCB (IUPAC#105㧕 0.0001 -
2,3,4,4',5-PeCB (IUPAC#114㧕 0.0005 -
Mono-ortho PCBs
2,3',4,4',5,5'-HxCB (IUPAC#167㧕 0.00001 -
2,3,3',4,4',5-HxCB (IUPAC#156㧕 0.0005 -
2,3,3',4,4',5'-HxCB (IUPAC#157㧕 0.0005 -
2,3,3',4,4',5,5'-HpCB (IUPAC#189㧕 0.0001 -
*1 Implementation of European Council Directive 2000/76/EC on the Incineration of Waste (August
Note :
2002, Paper 2002/24)
*2 IUPAC : International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry

b.1.5. Comparison with Emission Standard Value of Waste Incinerator in Japan

and EU
The results of the emission gas analysis were presented in the tables below with the
comparison with emission standard value of waste incinerator in Japan and EU.

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 Table 9-18: Comparison of Emission Gas Analysis Data with Japanese and EU Standard

Results of the 1st Results of the 2nd Mixed

Limit value
Mixed Combustion Test of RDF with Coal Combustion Test of RDF with Coal
Items
Unit
Japan EU*4 Coal + RDF Coal + RDF Coal + RDF Coal + RDF
100% Coal 100% Coal
(Maximum) (Daily average value) (2%) (4%) (2%) (4%)
Total dust 40*1 mg/m3N 10 mg/m3N 315*5 431*5 380*5 11,800*5 7,300*5 5,400*5 mg/m3N
Hydrogen chloride NA
700 mg/m3N 10 mg/m3N 0.18*5 0.30*5 0.25*5 mg/m3N
(HCl) (HCl could not analyzed in Mongolia)
255 137 117 209 333 110 ppm
Sulphur dioxide (SO2) K value *2 50 mg/m3N
(729) *3 (391) *3 (334) *3 (597) *3 (751) *3 (314) *3 (mg/m3N)
250 ppm 336 324 326 186 136 135 ppm
Nitrogen oxide (NOx) 200 mg/m3N
(513)*3 mg/m3N (690) *3 (665) *3 (669) *3 (382) *3 (276) *3 (277) *3 (mg/m3N)
Standard percentage
12 % 11 % --- --- --- --- --- --- ---
oxygen concentration

9-20
Japanese ng-TEQ
ng-TE 0.000008 0.000153 0.000172 0.0078 0.024 0.071
ng-TEQ Standard*6 /m3N
Dioxins 0.1 0.1 Q
/m3N EU’s ng-TEQ
/m3N 0.000003 0.000154 0.000174 0.0075 0.020 0.070
Standard*7 /m3N
Note *1: Incineration capacity is more than 4ton/hour.
*2: Japanese standard regulates maximum concentration of SO2 at certain point (it differs place.) departed from an emission source. K value is regulated according to the location with
the range of 17.5-3.0.
*3: Although unit of limit value is set in ppm, we convert it in (mg/m3N) for comparison.
*4: ”Implementation of European Council Directive 2000/76/EC on the Incineration of Waste (August 2002, Paper 2002/24)”
*5: The figure is converted supposing that the concentration of oxygen is 12%.
*6: Calculation value base on Japanese standard
*7: Calculation value base on EU’s standard
The Study on Solid Waste Management Plan for Ulaanbaatar City in Mongolia JICA
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b.2 Evaluation of Emission Gas

General
x Data obtained by 2nd combustion test is more than reliable because of gas suction
instrument brought from Japan.
Dust
x No significant difference on measured values between 100% coal and RDF mixed
combustion.
x The measured values far exceed the regulation value for the incinerator in Japan and
EU.
x It is necessary to improve the dust precipitator of the furnace.
Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)
x Measured value shows mixed combustion may improve emission gas on SO2.
x The measured values exceed the EU emission standard.
Nitrogen Oxide (NOx)
x No significant difference on measured values between 100% coal and RDF mixed
combustion.
x The measured values over the regulation value for the incinerator in EU.
Hydrogen Chloride (HCl)
x No significant difference on measured values between 100% coal and RDF mixed
combustion.
x The emission gas satisfied the Japanese and EU emission standard.
Dioxins
x Since concentration of dioxins for mixed combustion are 3.1 – 9.1 times (2nd test)
more than it of 100% coal, RDF mixed combustion impacts on generation of
dioxins.
x However, TEQ (Toxic Equivalent) value of RDF mixed combustion, according to
the calculation method of the Japanese and EU standard for a solid waste
incinerator, is less than 0.1 ng, the strictest value of the Japanese and EU emission
standard. It is below the regulation value set in the emission standards in Japan and
EU for solid waste incinerators.
x The 2nd combustion test analyzed two states of dioxins in RDF 4% mixture test; i.e.
of particle state and gaseous, which is commonly done in Japan. Based on the
results, most of dioxins are in the particle state as follow.
Particle state dioxins: 0.071 ng-TEQ/m3N
Gaseous dioxins: 0.00046 ng-TEQ/m3N
x This indicates that good bag filter could catch most of dioxins generated by the
mixed combustion of RDF with coal.

c. Evaluation of Boiler Efficiency

c.1 Operation Data of the Furnace used for Combustion Test
The operation data of the furnace used for combustion test are presented in the tables below.

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Table 9-19: Operation Data of the Furnace used for First Combustion Test

exchanger effluent gas

Feeding amount of the

Amount of supplement

Retention time of Fuel

network water coming

Temperature of boiler
Temperature of water

Temperature of water

Temperature of heat

Feeding amount of
supplement water
coming from user
Total amount of

Total amount of

Air temperature
Temperature of
network water

out of furnace

in the furnace
effluent water
going to user

the Coal
water

RDF
ton/hour

ton/hour
ton/h

min
ton

t/h
C

C
0

0
14 Feb
100% Coal 529 240 80 53 25 30 117 NA -14 19 15.3 -
15 Feb
Coal + RDF(2% 530 240 83 56 25 27 116 NA -16 36 10.6 0.24
16 Feb
Coal + RDF(4%) 536 240 82 55 28 23 118 NA -11 39 8.4 0.48

Table 9-20: Operation Data of the Furnace used for Second Combustion Test

Temperature of boiler
Temperature of water

Temperature of water

Fuel in the furnace*1

Temperature of heat
supplement water*1
coming from user*1

supplement water*!

Feeding amount of
inside of furnace*2
exchanger effluent

Air temperature*2

Retention time of

Feeding amount
network water*1
Total amount of

Total amount of

effluent water*1
Temperature of

Temperature of
going to user*!
network water
coming out of

of the Coa*1

the RDF*1
Amount of
furnace*1

gas*1

ton/hour

ton/hour
ton/h

min
ton

t/h
C

C
0

0
100% Coal 443 235 58 43 17 17 72 245 727 8 49 3.4 -
Coal +
RDF(2% 438 230 61 43 17 18 77 271 749 4 49 3.6 0.09
Coal +
RDF(4%) 439 230 60 42 16 18 74 280 744 2 49 3.9 0.18
Note: *1 Number of Data : 44-48
*2 Number of Data : 8-14 (Day time only)

c.2 Examination of Material Balance and Heat Balance

c.2.1. Hot Water Supply System
In order to find out boiler efficiency the heat balance of the hot water system is examined.
The hot water supply system of Nalaikh Heating Plant is presented in the figure below.
㪦㫌㫋㫃㪼㫋㩷㫎㪸㫋㪼㫉
㪪㫌㫇㫇㫃㫐㩷㫎㪸㫋㪼㫉
㪿㪼㪸㫋㩷㪹㪸㫃㪸㫅㪺㪼㩷㪉 㪨㫆㩷㩷㫄㪊㪆㪿㫆㫌㫉 㪿㪼㪸㫋㩷㪹㪸㫃㪸㫅㪺㪼㩷㪊
㪨㫇㫊㩷㩷㫄㪊㪆㪿㫆㫌㫉
㪫㫆㩷㩷㫆㪚 㪫㫇㫊㩷㩷㫆㪚

㪙㫆㫃㫀㪼㫉㩷㪹㫐㫇㪸㫊㫊㩷㫎㪸㫋㪼㫉
㪟㪼㪸㫋 㪙㫆㫃㫀㪼㫉 㪨㪹㩷㩷㫄㪊㪆㪿㫆㫌㫉
㪫㪹㩷㩷㫆㪚

㪠㫅㫃㪼㫋㩷㫎㪸㫋㪼㫉 㪩㪼㫋㫌㫉㫅㩷㫎㪸㫋㪼㫉
㪿㪼㪸㫋㩷㪹㪸㫃㪼㫅㪺㪼㩷㪈
㪨㫀㩷㩷㫄㪊㪆㪿㫆㫌㫉 㪨㫇㫉㩷㩷㫄㪊㪆㪿㫆㫌㫉
㪫㫀㩷㩷㫆㪚 㪪㫌㫇㫇㫃㪼㫄㪼㫅㫋 㪫㫇㫉㩷㩷㫆㪚
㫎㪸㫋㪼㫉
㪨㪸㩷㩷㫄㪊㪆㪿㫆㫌㫉
㪫㪸㩷㩷㫆㪚

Figure 9-6: Hot Water Supply System of Nalaikh Heating Plant

c.2.2. Material Balance of Hot Water Supply System

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9.3 P/P 2: Thermal Recycling “RDF” KOKUSAI KOGYO CO., LTD.

Based on the data obtained the combustion test material balance of the hot water supply
system on each combustion test is calculated and shown in the tables below.

Table 9-21: Material Balance of Hot Water Supply System in First Test
100% Mixed combustion test
Items unit RDF2% RDF4% Note
Coal
Mixture Mixture
Calculated value
3
Qpr Amount m /hour 504 505 511 = supply water –
Return water supplement water
o
Tpr Temp. C 53 56 55 Actual value
3
Supplement Qa Amount m /hour 25 25 25 Actual value
o
water Ta Temp. C 30 27 23 Actual value
3
Qi Amount m /hour 240 240 240 Actual value
Inlet water o
Ti Temp. C 52 55 54 Calculated value
Calculated value
3 =Return water +
Boiler bypass Qb Amount m /hour 289 290 296 supplement water - Inlet
water water
o
Tb Temp. C 52 55 54 Calculated value
3
Qo Amount m /hour 240 240 240 Actual value
Outlet water o
To Temp. C 117 116 118 Actual value
3
Qps Amount m /hour 529 530 536 Actual value
Supply water o
Tps Temp. C 80 83 82 Actual value

Table 9-22: Material Balance of Hot Water Supply System

Mixed combustion test
Items unit 100% Note
Coal RDF2% RDF4%
Mixture Mixture
3
Calculated value
Qpr Amount m /hour 426 421 423 = supply water – supplement
Return water water
o
Tpr Temp. C 43 43 42 Actual value
3
Supplement Qa Amount m /hour 17 17 16 Actual value
o
water Ta Temp. C 17 18 18 Actual value
3
Qi Amount m /hour 235 230 230 Actual value
Inlet water o
Ti Temp. C 42 42 41 Calculated value
3
Calculated value
Boiler bypass Qb Amount m /hour 208 208 209 =Return water + supplement
water water - Inlet water
o
Tb Temp. C 42 42 41 Calculated value
3
Qo Amount m /hour 235 230 230 Actual value
Outlet water o
To Temp. C 72 77 74 Actual value
3
Qps Amount m /hour 443 438 439 Actual value
Supply water o
Tps Temp. C 58 61 60 Actual value

c.3 Boiler Efficiency

The boiler efficiency is calculated by the following formula.
Boiler efficiency = (Total calorific value of Outlet water – Total calorific value of Inlet
water) / (Total calorific value of Fuel)
The results of calculation of boiler efficiency are shown in the following table.

Table 9-23: Boiler Efficiency of the Combustion Test

Mixed combustion test
100% Coal
RDF2% Mixture RDF4% Mixture
1st combustion test 41.3 % 53.3 % 67.0 %
2nd combustion test 56.3 % 59.5 % 50.8 %

The table above presents the following findings:

x If the calorific value of RDF is higher than coal, mixed combustion of RDF with
coal improve efficiency of boiler.

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9.4 P/P 3: Recycling Pilot Project: Movable Recyclable Collection System KOKUSAI KOGYO CO., LTD.

=> The calorific value of RDF (3,200 kcal/kg) used for the 2nd combustion test is
lower than coal (3,680 kcal/kg) due to burning when produced.
=> If RDF made by compaction method calorific value is much higher than it, i.e.
more than 5,000 kcal/kg.
x It should be examined carefully whether increase of mixture rate of RDF may cause
decease of efficiency or not.

9.4 P/P 3: Recycling Pilot Project: Movable Recyclable Collection

System
“Chirigami Kokan”
9.4.1 Objectives

The objective of the Recycling Pilot Project: Movable Recyclable Collection System is to
supplement “Buy Back Station” system which is very popular in UBC for recovery
recyclable wastes at generation. However, the buy back station system is not so convenient
for common residents because it focuses on buying recyclables from waste pickers. The P/P
3 is planned to involve general public for recovery of recyclable wastes at generation.

9.4.2 Execution, Results and Findings

a. Execution
P/P 3 aimed at the planned area and selected Khoroo 12, 13 and 14 of Bayangol District of
which population is 22,676 in total. P/P 3 commenced in October 2005 and ended in March
2006. The P/P 3 was divided into 2 phases as shown in the Table below.

Table 9-24: Contents of P/P 3: “Chirigami Kokan”

Phase Period Khoroo Assignment of the Study Team Working Days
st
1 Phase From Oct 2, 12, 13, 14 The Study Team provided UNDRAGA with a Wednesday and
2005 to Jan 5, truck including a driver and petrol required for the Sunday
2006 operation and the specified number of goods to
be swapped with recyclables.
nd
2 Phase From Jan 6, 12, 13, The Study Team provided UNDRAGA for only Saturday and
2006 to March 14, 15, petrol required for the operation. Sunday
5, 2006 17, 19

b. Results
The buy back station operators have the highest potential to execute the Chirigami Kokan
recycle system in future because their business style is the closest to the Chirigami Kokan
recycle system. Therefore, one of the buy back station operators, UNDRAGA, was selected
as an executing body. UNDRAGA stopped the operation due to the following reasons when
all members of the Study Team were out of Mongolia.
1. The only truck owned by UNDRAGA which was used for the Chirigami Kokan
operation was broken down due to the traffic accident. It has not been repaired yet as of
August 2006.
2. UNDRAGA judged the operation is not profitable due to the following reasons.
x Maintenance cost of a truck including the rental of warm garage amounting more
than 60,000 MNT/month and is too expensive.

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9.5 P/P 4: Examination of the Loading Device for Heavy Waste KOKUSAI KOGYO CO., LTD.

x Boost of the gasoline price.

x Lack of cooperation by residents in the khoroo15, 17 and 19 where the project
extended in January 2006.
c. Findings
The findings through the implementation of the project are summarized as follows:
x Common residents more prefer the method of swapping recyclable for goods rather
than for money while poor people prefer money. Swapping for goods makes them
comfortable to participate in recycling. The gratitude card attached with goods
expressing “thanks for your cooperation to the environmental protection”
encourages them for the participation.
x The movable system is inappropriate for the planned area, especially for high rise
apartments because they need some time to carry recyclable down to the truck due to
wearing warm clothes and taking a lift, etc. The truck often has gone when they
came down with recyclable to the truck.
x Use of a truck makes the recyclable collection financially infeasible. Use of a kiosk
shop may be more feasible and convenient for residents in the developed area.
x In order to promote common residents to do the separation of recyclables for private
recycle route, the environmental education should be given to the residents by the
governmental organization such as MUB.

9.5 P/P 4: Examination of the Loading Device for Heavy Waste

9.5.1 Objectives

The waste collection work in the unplanned area is very labor intensive and slow. One of
the causes of this problem is that waste discharged in the unplanned area is heavy throughout
the year, because the waste contains a high percentage of ash and wastewater in winter and
garden waste with soil in summer.
It is necessary to overcome the issue how to load such heavy waste onto the carrier in order to
improve the collection efficiency and the hard working conditions for collection workers. The
pilot project aims to find a simple practical system of loading heavy waste onto the carrier.

9.5.2 Implementation and Results

The eight devices used for loading waste, which were
designed and fabricated by the Study team, were
distributed to TUKs for trial usage. The results of
trial usage are as follows:
x The workers of TUKs found out that the
usage of the device creates more work than
the work saved by the device. It doesn’t
reduce their work load much, taken
altogether.
x Therefore the workers of TUKs stopped to Loading Device for Heavy Waste
use the device.
d. Conclusions
The results of trial usage bring the following conclusions:

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9.6 P/P 5: Raising Public Consciousness on Waste Issues KOKUSAI KOGYO CO., LTD.

x In order to develop the device which can be practically used by the collection
workers, the works necessary for the use of device shall be as less as possible.
x For the development of such device, the hydraulic system, which may be much more
expensive than the device of this P/P, should be adopted.
x Considering the above conclusions, it appears to be better strategy to increase the
collection frequency to reduce the waste collection amount from one household at
once.

9.6 P/P 5: Raising Public Consciousness on Waste Issues

9.6.1 Objectives

There are the following two objectives in this pilot project:

x Establishment of a regular participatory monitoring system at the UCDS; and
x Reduction of illegal dumping.

9.6.2 Implementation

a. Establishment of Regular Participatory Monitoring System at the UCDS

The main objective of the project is to empower local people by raising their awareness and
deepening their knowledge on SWM issues, in particular final disposal of waste, so that they
would continue to oversee the operation and management of the UCDS after the pilot project
at the disposal site is completed.
In order to ensure the continuous proper operation, an institutional system, a regular
monitoring system with the participation of local representatives, was established. The
monitoring committee, which consists of the environmental authorities and local
representatives, implements a regular monitoring.
b. Reduction of Illegal Dumping
The project has also a long-term object to reduce illegal dumping by changing people’s
manner of discharging waste. Without the actual improvement of the collection service,
however, it is almost impossible to force them to stop dumping waste in an open space.
Therefore, under the pilot project, the team provided a place for both local residents and a
collection service provider (TUK of Songinokhairkhan District) to discuss about the current
problems and possible solutions in order to share a sense of problems among all the
stakeholders. The result of the discussion was reflected in the master plan.

9.6.3 Findings and Recommendations

a. Establishment of Regular Participatory Monitoring System at the UCDS

a.1 Responsible Organization
It is preferable that the locals take a main role in conduction a regular monitoring. At this
moment, few local organizations have enough ability to take responsibility of the regular
monitoring. In the case of Sri Lank, a Buddhist monk was appointed as the chairperson of the
monitoring committee, but in the project site the team could not find an individual, such as a
religious leader, who can take a socially responsible role. The team drew a conclusion that
the City Specialized Inspection Department was the most suitable body to organize the
regular monitoring at this moment.

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9.7 P/P 6: Collection System Improvement KOKUSAI KOGYO CO., LTD.

On the other hand, MUB has a plan to assign one officer in charge of environment issues to
all the Khoroos in UB in a future. This could make it possible for the Khoroo government to
take on the role of the responsible organization in the future. The team expects that through
the monitoring activity the staff of Khoroo 3 & 4 government could acquire the skills and
experience in order to assume the responsible role for the monitoring of the new disposal site.
a.2 Data management and information disclosure
The participatory evaluation of the pilot project raised the awareness of the local participants.
It is necessary to keep the level of this awareness. In addition, it is important to continue to
take an effort to promote further public participation. The disclosure of the data of the regular
monitoring and sharing it with local residents are very critical in order to realize them.
In general, the disclosure of environment data is not promoted much in MUB. It is necessary
for MUB to examine the data management and information disclosure system of the
environment data.
b. Reduction of Illegal Dumping
Every time, several dozens of local residents participated in meetings and activities. There
were a core group of people, who attended almost all activities. Considering the population of
the Khoroo 4, it can be said that the influence of the pilot project was limited to some specific
people. The team hopes that these people will take a leading role when discharging rules or
source-separation is introduced in the future.
In order to expand the effect of the pilot project and to increase the awareness level in the
whole community, it is necessary to take another step: introducing discharge rules while
improving actual collection system.
During the socialist era, there were regular collection services and local people followed
discharge rules. Local people in their 40’s and older, with the exception of newcomers,
remembered it well. At a community meeting, some of them expressed their willingness to
follow new discharge rules if they were introduced. Therefore, once the collection schedule is
fixed by increasing or upgrading equipments, it will be possible to introduce discharge rules
and then to decrease illegal dumping.

9.7 P/P 6: Collection System Improvement

9.7.1 Objective

In order to promote 3Rs in Ulaanbaatar, in the M/P the team proposes the introduction of a
separate collection system in the planned area. Under the current collection system, however,
it is difficult to introduce a separate collection system because the collection schedule is not
fixed and people discharge waste at any time they want and as they like. Therefore, the team
and MUB decided to introduce the separate collection system in two phases.
First Phase:
x to improve the collection system (fix the collection schedule)
x to introduce discharge rules
Second Phase:
x to examine the applicability of separate collection system

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