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Fabrics for Cycling Apparel (/?action=prod&gid=11&id=29&lang=en)
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FUNCTION / Waterproof Breathable
Introduce Download
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Waterproof Breathable Textiles
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Water-Vapor Permeable & Liquid-Water
Impermeable Textiles allow vapor to pass
through but not liquid. Water-vapor
permeability means the vapor emitted from the
surface of an exercising body can transfer to
outside the textile, so the temperature
decreases and the wearer maintains ultimate
comfortableness and dryness. Liquid-water
Impermeability means the textile resists water
penetration. Most commonly, the surface of this
type of textile is coated with PU, PTFE, TPU,
TPE or other materials. The same effect can
also be achieved by laminating fabric with a
water-impermeable films. The membranes in
textiles are designed to protect its wearer
against climate agents such as wind and water
( rain or snow) . It depends on the benefits that
are sought and the final application of fabric , or
other textile membrane is used. Broadly
speaking , there are two types of membranes :
microporous and hydrophilic.
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Hydrophilic Membrane Waterproof
Breathable Fabrics
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A hydrophilic membrane means that there is no
hole in the surface of the waterproof
membrane. The hydrophilic membrane utilizes
a hydrophilic functional group on the molecular
chain to achieve a moisture permeability effect.
The moisture-permeable process of the
hydrophilic material is that the inner layer
absorbs moisture, the middle layer diffuses, and
the outer layer discharges moisture. The
finishing method can complete the hydrophilic
membrane fabric by direct coating or lamination
membrane bonding. Its moisture permeability is
lower than that of the microporous hydrophobic
membrane fabric, but its waterproof and the
washing durability are usually higher than the
microporous hydrophobic membrane
fabric. This kind of fabric is without air
permeability because there are no holes in the
surface of the fabric.
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Microporous Membrane Waterproof
Breathable Fabrics
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The surface of the microporous membrane has
billions of micropores per square inch. These
holes are around 20,000 times smaller than
water droplets and about 700 times larger than
water vapor molecules. thus the sweat vapor
can easy pass through the fabric. Because
these holes are smaller than water droplets and
can also prevent external water from entering.
Therefore, the microporous waterproof and
moisture permeable membrane has water
resistance and moisture permeability.
The Difference of Test Methods for Water
Vapor Permeability
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Upright Cup Test (A method)
Also known as JIS L 1099, JIS Z 0208, ISO
2528, Desiccant Method of ASTM E96, JIS K
6328 (JIS is short for Japanese Industry
Standards). The A-1 method uses Calcium
Chloride solution to simulate sweat while A-2
method uses just water. A desiccant, calcium
chloride, is put into a cup. A piece of fabric is
then secured over the cup and placed in a
controlled environment. Then after period of
time the cup is weighed to see how much water
has been absorbed into the cup through the
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fabric. The weight is then extrapolated to show
the number of grams per 24 hours per square
meter (g/m2‧24hrs) of sweat that will pass
through the fabric.
Typical maximum with current technologies are
in 15,000 g/m2‧24hrs. High-performance fabrics
may get A1 test scores in 10,000 to 15,000
g/m2‧24hrs range and usually shows that a
fabric has a fairly quick release of moisture.
A-1 method A-2
method
Inverted Cup Test (B method)
Also known as JIS L 1099 is similar to the
ASTM E96-BW test method. A desiccant,
Potassium Acetate, is put into a cup and sealed
with a piece of ePTFE (Teflon/Gore-Tex film).
The fabric to be tested is then placed over the
cup with the fabric side to the cup.
The cup is then inverted into a pan of water.
Then after period of time the cup is weighed to
see how much water has been absorbed into
the cup through the fabric. The weight is then
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extrapolated to show the number of grams per
24hours per square meter of fabric that will
pass through the fabric.
The B-1 variant of test method puts membrane
in direct contact with water while B-2 variant
adds an ePTFE film between the water and the
fabric.
Current upper range is 30,000 g/m2‧24hrs.
ASTM E96-BW method
JIS
L1099 B-1 method
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Sweating Hot Plate Test (Ret test)
Also known as ISO 11092 named Ret test. In
this test, fabric is placed above a porous metal
plate. The plate is heated and water is
channeled into the metal plate, simulating
perspiration. The plate is then kept at a
constant temperature. As water vapor passes
through the plate and the fabric, it causes
Evaporative Heat Loss and therefore more
energy is needed to keep the plate at a
constant temperature. Ret is the measurement
of the resistance to evaporative heat loss, its
unit is Pa‧m2/W. The lower the Ret value is, the
less resistance to moisture transfer and
therefore higher breathability.
When the moisture resistance is measured, it is
required to cover the porous electric test board
breathable waterproof membrane, and the
water entering the electric heating plate
evaporates and passes through the membrane
in the form of water vapor, so that no liquid
water is in contact with the sample. After
placing the sample on the membrane, it is
determined that the heat flow required to keep
the test plate constant at a certain water
evaporation rate, and the moisture resistance of
the test sample is calculated from the vapor
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pressure of the sample.
Sweating Guarded Hot Plate
Comparison of Test Methods
Ret, A1, B1 and B2 test results do not correlate
with each other. It all depends on the type of
coating or lamination and how it moves
moisture. Typically hydrophobic coatings
perform better than hydrophilic laminations on
the Ret and A1 Test. And vice versa, the
hydrophilic laminations will perform better on
the B1 test.
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