AKENTEN APPIAH MENKAH UNIVERSITY OF SKILLS TRAINING AN

ENTREPRENEURIAL DEVELOPMENT

FACULTY OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC TECHNOLOGY EDUCATION

DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF FM TRANSMITTER FOR AAMUSTED

BY:
NYARKO MICHAEL
3211200005

SEPTEMBER, 2023
 DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF FM TRANSMITTER FOR AAMUSTED

NYARKO MICHAEL

3211200005

A PROJECT PRESENTED TO THE FACULTY OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION AND

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND TECHNOLOGY EDUCATION, AKENTEN

APPIAH MENKAH UNIVERSITY OF SKILLS TRAINING ANDENTERPRENUERIAL

DEVELOPMENT IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT OF THE

AWARD OF DIPLOMA IN ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC TECHNOLOGY

SEPTEMBER, 2023
 Declaration

Student’s Declaration

I NYARKO MICHAEL, hereby declare that except for references made to other people's work

and quotations which I duly acknowledged and cited, this dissertation is my original work as a

result of my research and that no part of it has neither been presented in part nor elsewhere for

another degree.

Signature:………………….. Date…………………...

NAME: NYARKO MICHAEL

Supervisor’s Declaration.

I hereby declare that the preparation and presentation of this were supervised by the guidelines

for supervision of project work as laid down by Akenten Appiah Menkah University of Skills

Training and Entrepreneurial Development.

Signature:……..……. Date:…….…………

NAME: Dr. Engr. P.N. Ayambire

ii
 Dedication.
This project is dedicated to God for His infinite mercy and love for me. And to my mum Dora

Akuamoah for her encouragement and support throughout my journey at school.

And to my friend Seedonia Akosua Serwaa.

iii
 Acknowledgment.
I would like to express my sincere appreciation to my Lecturer, Dr. Engr. P. N. Ayambire, for

their exceptional guidance, mentorship, and unwavering support throughout my academic

journey. Their expertise and dedication have been invaluable in shaping my knowledge and

skills.

I am also deeply grateful to my mother, Mrs. Dora Akuamoah, for her unconditional love,

encouragement, and sacrifices. Her constant belief in me has been a driving force behind my

achievements.

Furthermore, I would like to extend my heartfelt thanks to my faithful friend, Serwaa Akosua

Sarpong, for their unwavering support, encouragement, and friendship. Their presence in my life

has been a source of inspiration and strength.

I am truly blessed to have such remarkable individuals in my life, and I am forever grateful for

their contributions to my success. Thank you all for being a part of my journey.

iv
Contents

DECLARATION....................................................................................................II

Student’s Declaration........................................................................................ii

Supervisor’s Declaration...................................................................................ii

ACKNOWLEDGMENT......................................................................................IV

ABSTRACT........................................................................................................VIII

CHAPTER ONE......................................................................................................1

BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY..................................................................1

Introduction.........................................................................................................1

Background of The Study................................................................................. 1

Statements of The Problem................................................................................2

Objectives of the Study.......................................................................................3

Significance of the Study....................................................................................3

Limitations of the Study.....................................................................................4

v
 Organization of the Study..................................................................................4

CHAPTER TWO.....................................................................................................6

LITERATURE REVIEW.................................................................................6

Introduction.........................................................................................................6

Origin of FM Transmission................................................................................6

Frequency Modulation (FM) Transmitters.......................................................7

Review of Project Works on FM Transmitters.................................................8

Multichannel FM Transmitter...........................................................................8

Single Transistor FM Transmitter....................................................................9

CHAPTER THREE........................................................................................ 11

MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY.........................................................11

Introduction.......................................................................................................11

Materials............................................................................................................11

Circuit Diagram................................................................................................12

Methodology......................................................................................................13

Working Method...............................................................................................13

Software.............................................................................................................14

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 Implementation and Testing............................................................................15

Tools Used in the Implementation of the Design............................................16

CHAPTER FOUR.................................................................................................20

RESULT AND DISCUSSION.........................................................................20

Introduction.......................................................................................................20

Simulation Results............................................................................................20

Hardware Results..............................................................................................21

CHAPTER FIVE...................................................................................................22

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION...............................................22

Conclusion.........................................................................................................22

Recommendation............................................................................................ 23

Summary.........................................................................................................24

REFERENCE...............................................................................................................................25

vii
 Abstract.
This project focuses on the design and implementation of a single-transistor FM transmitter. The

objective is to create a compact and efficient transmitter that can transmit audio signals over a

short distance. The transmitter circuit utilizes a single transistor as the main amplification

element and employs frequency modulation (FM) to encode the audio signals onto a carrier

wave. The project involves designing the FM modulation circuit, selecting appropriate

components, and optimizing the circuit for maximum performance. The transmitter is then

simulated using software tools like Proteus to analyze its functionality and measure the

frequency deviation. The results of the simulation are used to evaluate the performance of the

transmitter and make any necessary adjustments. The project provides a practical understanding

of FM modulation and transmitter design and can serve as a foundation for further exploration in

the field of wireless communication.

viii
 CHAPTER ONE
BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY
Introduction.

Modulating a carrier signal for transmission is quite versatile. By changing the frequency,

amplitude, or phase shift of a sine wave carrier signal, the signal can be modulated. The

modulated signal that results from changing the frequency modulated (FM)

This chapter discusses the project overview by stressing the study's background, outlining the

study's purpose, and stating the problem. The significance of the study and the organizational

structure of this project are discussed later in this chapter.

Background of The Study.

All electronic communication systems have a transmitter, a communication channel or medium,

and a receiver. (Louis,2010).

The first step in sending a message is to convert it into an electronic form suitable for

transmission. A microphone is used to translate the sound into an electronic audio signal for

voice messages. For TV, a camera converts the light information in the scene to a video signal.

In computer systems, the message is typed on a keyboard and converted into binary codes that

can be stored in memory or transmitted serially. Transducers convert physical characteristics

(temperature, pressure, light intensity, and so on) into electrical signals.

The transmitter itself is a collection of electronic components and circuits designed to convert

the electrical signal to a signal suitable for transmission over a given communication medium.

Transmitters are made up of oscillators, amplifiers, tuned circuits and filters, modulators,
frequency mixers, frequency synthesizers, and other circuits. The original intelligence signal

usually modulates a higher-frequency carrier sine wave generated by the transmitter. Power

amplifiers raise. The amplitude combination results in a signal compatible with the selected

transmission medium. (Louis, 2010).

Statements of The Problem.

Without FM transmitters, several problems arise in the realm of wireless audio transmission.

These include;

Limited range of audio transmission, resulting in the need for physical connections or proximity

to wired audio sources.

Secondly, Inconvenience and lack of mobility, as users may have to rely on stationary audio

systems or remain physically connected to audio sources.

The next problem is the difficulty in creating personalized broadcasting stations, limiting the

ability to share audio content with a wider audience.

Also, there is reduced accessibility to audio content, particularly in situations where FM radio

receivers are the primary means of audio playback.

Challenges in reaching a broader audience for radio broadcasting, as FM transmitters are a key

tool for traditional radio stations to transmit their content over the airwaves.

Impact on industries relying on FM transmitters, such as car audio systems, where the absence of

FM transmission capabilities may limit the availability and convenience of in-car entertainment

options.

2
Last but not least, the absence of FM transmitters creates a lack of standardized and regulated

frequency allocation, leading to potential interference issues and conflicts with other wireless

devices or radio stations.

Lastly, the absence of FM transmitters makes it difficult to provide widespread access to audio

content in areas with limited internet connectivity or infrastructure for alternative wireless

transmission methods.

Objectives of the Study.

The objectives of this study are to:

Construct an FM transmitter that will ensure high-quality and reliable audio transmission within

a specific range.

Significance of the Study.

The significance of FM transmitters has a wide range of applications in various fields. Here are

some key points highlighting the significance of FM transmitters:

FM transmitters are widely used in radio broadcasting. They enable the transmission of high-

quality audio signals over long distances. FM radio stations use transmitters to deliver music,

news, and other content to a wide audience. FM technology provides clear and interference-free

reception, making it a popular choice for broadcasting.

FM transmitters are an essential component of wireless microphone systems. They allow

performers, speakers, and presenters to move freely without the constraints of cables. FM

3
wireless microphones provide reliable and high-quality audio transmission, making them suitable

for live events, concerts, conferences, and stage performances.

To end FM transmitters, help in creating personal Audio Devices. This means FM transmitters

are used in portable audio players, smartphones, and other personal audio devices. They enable

users to wirelessly transmit audio content to nearby FM radios. This functionality allows

individuals to listen to their preferred music or audio content in their cars or any FM radio-

equipped environment.

Limitations of the Study.

FM transmitters typically have a limited transmission range, especially when operated at lower

power levels. Factors such as terrain, buildings, and interference from other radio signals can

affect the effective range of the transmitter. Achieving a long-range transmission may require

higher power levels, specialized antenna designs, or locating the transmitter in optimal locations.

FM transmissions can be subjected to interference from other FM stations electromagnetic

interference (EMI), or noise sources. This interference can degrade the signal quality, causing

distortions or reduced clarity. Minimizing interference and optimizing the signal quality may

require advanced filtering techniques, shielding, and careful selection of components.

4
Organization of the Study.

This study contains five chapters, in which chapter one covers the introduction, the background

of the study, the statement of the problem, the study's objectives, the study's significance, and the

study's limitations.

Chapter two of this study also deals with the literature review of the study. It deals with the

theories and the history behind the study. Chapter three also deals with the research design and

last but not least chapter four also talks about the results and the analysis of the study.

Chapter Five also has the summary, conclusion, recommendation, suggestion, and references

made in the study.

5
 CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
Introduction.
The literature is reviewed by reviewing the studies of people involved in the construction and

building of FM transmitters that have been deployed,

The goal of this literature review is to look at the present level of research on FM transmitters.

The review will begin with a summary of the topic, followed by a discussion of past research's

significant findings.

FM transmitters are a complex and multidimensional topic with a large body of research on the

subject. The review will concentrate on the most relevant and significant studies, to provide a

fair and comprehensive summary of the literature.

Origin of FM Transmission.

The first primitive radio transmitters (called spark gap transmitters) were built by German

physicist Heinrich Hertz in 1887 during his pioneering investigations of radio waves. These

generated radio waves by a high voltage spark between two conductors. Beginning in 1895,

Guglielmo Marconi developed the first practical radio communication systems using these

transmitters, and radio began to be used commercially around 1900. Spark transmitters could not

transmit audio (sound) and instead transmitted information by radiotelegraphy: the operator

tapped on a telegraph key, turning the transmitter on and off to produce radio wave pulses

spelling out text messages in telegraphic code. At the receiver, these pulses were sometimes

directly recorded on paper tapes, but more common was audible reception, which was translated

back to text by an operator who knew the code. These spark-gap transmitters were used during

6
the first three decades of radio (1887–1917), called the wireless telegraphy or "spark" era.

Because they generated damped waves, spark transmitters were electrically "noisy". Their energy

was spread over a broad band of frequencies, creating radio noise that interfered with other

transmitters. Damped wave emissions were banned by international law in 1934.

Frequency Modulation (FM) Transmitters.

FM is a technique used for wireless transmission of data where the frequency of a carrier signal

is changed in proportion to the audio signal. (Chen, (2002).

Both the carrier amplitude and the associated power of the modulated wave are kept constant.

Radio technology is always needed to meet the needs of man as it is readily deployed in

communication, surveillance, aviation, and transportation, just to mention a few. (Horowitz and

will, 1989).

Radio transmission is accomplished with the aid of electrical resonance when the frequency of

the receiver is equal to the frequency emanating from the transmitter. FM band is subjected to

less distortion compared to those of Amplitude Modulation (AM) band, (where the amplitude of

the carrier signal is varied in proportion to the instantaneous amplitude of the data signal) and

Short Wave (SW) bands. (Louis, 2008).

FM technology plays a vital role in preserving the audio signal quality from the source to the

receiver since it has a more excellent Signal-to-Noise ratio (SNR) compared to an equal-power

AM. Modulation is the process of superimposing data contained in a lower-frequency signal into

a higher-frequency carrier signal. The basic parameters of a signal, i.e., amplitude, frequency,

and phase can be varied to give rise to a modulated signal of the said parameter. For this

7
construction, the frequency of the signal was varied. Hence frequency modulation was used. The

modulation of signal is necessary for efficient radiation and reception of radio signals, enhancing

comprehensive coverage or broader operating range. The AM was not considered due to its

limitations which include: noise, reception, low efficiency, small operating range, and lack of

audio quality occasioned by constraints on the allocated frequency spectrum of about 10 kHz.

Review of Project Works on FM Transmitters.

The performance of the FM transmitter project is evaluated, which involves analyzing factors

such as transmission range, signal strength, audio quality, and stability. Reviewers may compare

the project's performance against established benchmarks or other similar projects.

Multichannel FM Transmitter.
The description of a PAM-FM type multichannel time-division system. It can deliver as many as

64 channels with an information bandwidth per channel greater than 800 cps or fewer channels

with a proportional increase in the information bandwidth per channel. Simple pentode gating

circuits that obtain their gating signals from crystal-resistor matrices carry out modulation,

multiplexing, and demultiplexing in the aerial equipment and ground station, respectively. A

procedure known as double modulation is used to prevent the John Wiley, 2007 transmission of

DC signals over the radio-frequency link. A straightforward FM transmitter with a large linear

frequency variation is provided by the unique reactance switching approach. (Chisholm,

Buckley, and Farnell, 1951).

8
A device is offered for use in a digital multi-channel transmitter and receiver. Parts of a digitized

signal are conditioned during a digital signal processing process by integrating, taking the

difference of, and multiplying parts of the digitized signal. The filtering procedure can be used in

conjunction with a receiving procedure to create a digital channel signal (166, 168, 170, 172) by

first conditioning (132, 134, 136, 138) and then Fourier-transforming (148) the conditioned

sections of the digitized signal (126). Alternately, the filtering procedure may be employed in

conjunction with a transmitting procedure by inverse Fourier converting (324) several digitized

information signals (300, 302, 304, and 306), creating a composite digitized signal (352), and

then broadcasting the composite signal. (Robert, 1994).

To perform the direct frequency modulation technique, a two-stage transistor circuit was used in

the circuit design of the portable miniatured, multichannel FM transmitter. The first transistor

stage in the circuit serves as a pre-audio amplifier, and the second transistor stage is an oscillator

and modulator circuit. The transistor reactance modulator theory underlies how the circuit

functions. The output impedance of an amplifier called a reactance modulator has a reactance

that varies according to the magnitude of the applied input voltage. An effective tuning range of

6 MHz and an effective range of 80 feet were made available by the circuit. This circuit's rather

narrow range would restrict the applications for it. (McSwiggan,1998)

Single Transistor FM Transmitter.

The transistor reactance modulator model underpins the single-transistor FM transmitter. The

circuit is simplified by eliminating the pre-amplifier step, and the modulator and carrier oscillator

stages are constructed on a single 2N3904 or BC547 general-purpose transistor. The modulating

9
effect is created by a special combination of the input resistor R1 = 4k7 and the capacitor C1 =

1nF. The single transistor FM Transmitter had a very weak range of roughly 9 - 15 meters, and

the circuit's stability was a bit inadequate, as the frequency frequently drifted off. (Kumar,

2011).

The circuit produces good speech quality using only one transistor. It only requires a few

components and is quite straightforward. The circuit's main component, the LC (Coil Capacitor)

Tank circuit, produces RF in the desired frequency spectrum. The LC circuit is powered by a

transistor.

1
F= is the resonance frequency for an LC tank circuit.
2 π × √ LC

Current in the aerial is produced by radio waves (oscillating magnetic lines) at an FM reception

device. It is then further boosted, demodulated, and sent to a speaker (Ranchi,2020).

10
 CHAPTER THREE

MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY.

Introduction.

The third chapter of this project looks into the critical components of materials and methods used

in the analysis of FM transmitters. This chapter is critical in assuring the research's transparency,

dependability, and repeatability. Readers will obtain a full grasp of the project's execution and

capacity to achieve its objectives by studying the materials used and the systematic approach

taken.

The selection of proper materials is critical for the successful implementation of any research

project. In this section, we will go over the various materials, equipment, and tools used in

studying FM transmitters.

This chapter strives to improve the project's transparency, reliability, and replicability by

providing a full overview of the materials and process. It provides readers with the knowledge

they need to understand the instruments and methodologies used, allowing them to replicate the

study and evaluate its validity.

Materials.

Component. Quantity Specification

Integrated Circuit 1 555 timer IC

Transistor 1 each 2N2222,

11
 IRF510(MOSFET)

Capacitor 2 0.1uF,

Resistor 2 each 4.7kΩ, 1k, 10kΩ,

330Ω,3.3kΩ

Condenser/Electret

Microphone

LED 1 each Green, Red, Yellow

Battery 1 12volts

Circuit Diagram.

12
Methodology.
A single transistor (either a bipolar junction transistor or a field-effect transistor), resistors,

capacitors, an inductor, a microphone or audio input circuit, an antenna, and a power source are

required.

Determine the inductor and capacitor values for the tank circuit based on the desired frequency

of operation. To guarantee efficient transmission, the tank circuit should resonate at the carrier

frequency. Determine the proper biasing voltage to allow the transistor to operate in its active

region. This biasing voltage can be generated by connecting resistors to the transistor's base and

emitter terminals. Connect the audio source (microphone or audio input circuit) to the base of the

transistor. This permits the audio signal to modulate the carrier wave.

Connect the tank circuit (inductor and capacitor) to the transistor's collector. This circuit aids in

adjusting and stabilizing the transmitter. Connect the tank circuit output to the antenna. The

antenna should be built to successfully transmit the FM signal.

Connect an appropriate power source (such as a battery) to power the transmitter circuit.

Turn on the power and test the transmitter. Tune in to the sent signal via a radio receiver. To

reach the desired frequency and power, adjust the component values and transistor biasing.

It is crucial to highlight that developing a transmitter necessitates knowledge of electronics and

RF (radio frequency) fundamentals. When working with electronic circuits, make sure to observe

all safety procedures and laws.

Working Method.

The working method of the 555 IR transmitter circuit involves using the NE555 timer IC to

generate a square wave signal at a specific frequency. This square wave signal is then fed into

13
the base of a transistor, which acts as a switch. When the square wave signal is high, the

transistor turns on and allows current to flow through the 3 LEDs. This causes the LEDs to emit

infrared light. When the square wave signal is low, the transistor turns off and the LEDs stop

emitting light. This on-off modulation of the infrared light creates the desired information-

carrying signal. The modulated infrared signal can then be transmitted through the air and

received by IR receivers for further processing.

Audio Signal PRE- Antenna

AM POWER
AMPLIFIER MODULATOR AMPLIFIER

RF OSCILLATOR

Block Diagram of FM Transmitter.

Software.
The specific software tool that was deployed for the virtual design and implementation of the

device is the Proteus Simulation Software. The software has two environments, the ISIS and the

ARES environment.

The ISIS environment was used for the circuit design instead of implementing and printing the

circuit board. In the ARES, a Vero board will be used for the hardware implementation.

The virtual environment provided by Proteus simulation software is useful for creating and

testing electrical circuits. Proteus allows you to simulate, test, and troubleshoot your circuit

designs before they are built.

14
This saves time and costs since any flaws or errors in the circuit design may be identified and

fixed early on. Furthermore, Proteus has a diverse set of components and models that enable you

to accurately simulate and analyze complex electronic systems.

Implementation and Testing.

We will look at the practical implementation and testing of the single-transistor FM transmitter

project in this chapter. The circuit, which included a 555 timer IC, resistors, capacitors,

inductors, and variable capacitors, was painstakingly built according to the design specifications.

During the implementation step, the circuit components were meticulously assembled on a

prototyping board, ensuring good connections and adhering to best practices for circuit layout.

Each component was chosen based on its unique properties and suitability for the intended

purpose.

Once the circuit was built, thorough testing was conducted to evaluate its performance and

functionality. This testing phase involved analyzing various parameters such as frequency range,

signal strength, and audio quality. By utilizing the Proteus simulation software, we were able to

compare the simulated results with the actual performance of the circuit. Any discrepancies or

deviations were carefully examined and adjustments were made to optimize the circuit's

performance.

The integration of practical circuit building with the simulation process proved to be immensely

beneficial. It allowed us to identify potential issues and make necessary modifications before

physically constructing the circuit. This approach not only saved time and resources but also

ensured the validity of the obtained results.

15
Throughout the testing phase, data was collected and analyzed to assess the circuit's efficiency,

stability, and overall performance. The simulation results provided valuable insights into the

behavior of the circuit, allowing us to make informed decisions and adjustments.

In the subsequent sections of this chapter, we will discuss the detailed results and observations

obtained during the implementation and testing process. We will explore the circuit's

performance in different scenarios, analyze the effects of component variations, and highlight

any challenges faced during the practical implementation.

By combining the advantages of practical circuit building and the simulation capabilities of

Proteus, we were able to achieve a comprehensive evaluation of the single-transistor FM

transmitter. This integrated approach not only facilitated the optimization of the circuit design

but also provided valuable insights for future improvements and advancements in the field of

electronic circuitry.

Tools Used in the Implementation of the Design.

In this section, we will explore the various tools that are commonly used in the construction of

a transmitter. These tools play a crucial role in ensuring the accuracy and efficiency of the

building process.

S/NO TOOLS USES.

Soldering Iron used to solder electrical and

1 electronic components onto

and off of circuit boards.

16
 Soldering holder used to keep the soldering

iron on the workbench safely.

2 A soldering holder is a tool

used to hold electronic

components or wires in place

during soldering.

Soldering lead Soldering lead, also known as

solder wire, is a metal alloy

that is used to join together

3 electronic components or

wires during soldering. It has

a low melting point and is

typically made of a

combination of tin and lead

or other metals.

Iron-tip cleaner An iron-tip cleaner is a tool

used to clean the tip of a

soldering iron. It helps to

remove any residue or

17
 oxidation that may

4 accumulate on the tip,

ensuring better heat transfer

and preventing soldering

defects.

Cutter is a tool used to cut wires,

5 cables, or other materials.

Scraper A scraper is a tool used to

6 remove unwanted material or

residue from a surface.

Steel wire brush A steel wire brush is a tool

with bristles made of steel

7 wire that is used for various

cleaning and surface

preparation tasks.

Multimeter Used for checking the

8 continuity and voltage drop

across electrical or electronic

components.

18
 Breadboard A breadboard is a device used

9 for prototyping and testing

electronic circuits.

CHAPTER FOUR
RESULT AND DISCUSSION.
Introduction.
The chapter talks about the results and findings of the study.

19
Simulation Results.
There is a light display from the three LEDs when the circuit is given power. The strength of the

LEDs varies when the frequency increases or decreases. There is a voltage of 2.25v across each

of the three LEDs. Excess voltage across this voltage will lead to heating or damage of them.

The current passing through them is 0.02amp. the LEDs also serve as an antenna to the circuit.

The total power consumption of the circuit is 278w. there is a voltage of about 5.25v across the

current limiting resistor which is the R2. The purpose of that resistor is to provide control of

current flow through the three LEDs. In the circuit.

The generated waveform signal is in the form of a straight line at pin8 of the 555timer because of

the constant voltage supplied. The components such as resistors and capacitors connected to the

555 Timer IC provide a stable voltage supplied to the IC hence generating a straight-line

waveform for the circuit.

20
The 555 timers provide a stable output in the circuit over time.

Hardware Results.

(a) (b)

Fig4.1 Prototype display of FM transmitter

The hardware result of constructing the FM transmitter is a functional FM transmitter that can
transmit sound supplied at its input over a short range.

21
 CHAPTER FIVE
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Conclusion.
In conclusion, the single-transistor FM transmitter project has been a challenging yet rewarding

experience. Through extensive research, experimentation, and troubleshooting, I have

successfully designed and built a functional FM transmitter using only a single transistor.

Throughout this project, I have gained a deeper understanding of the principles behind FM

transmission and the role of each component in the circuit. I have also learned valuable skills in

circuit design, soldering, and testing.

The transmitter's performance has been evaluated through various tests, including signal

strength, frequency stability, and audio quality. The results have shown that the transmitter is

capable of transmitting clear and stable FM signals within a limited range. While this project has

provided a solid foundation in FM transmitter design, there is still room for improvement. Future

enhancements could include incorporating additional stages for better signal amplification,

implementing frequency modulation control, and exploring ways to increase the transmission

range.

Overall, this project has not only deepened my knowledge of electronics but also enhanced my

problem-solving and critical-thinking skills. It has been a valuable learning experience that has

sparked my passion for further exploration in the field of RF communication.

I would like to express my gratitude to God for providing me with the wisdom, patience, and

perseverance to complete this project. I am also thankful to my lecturer for their guidance and

support throughout the process. Lastly, I want to acknowledge the unwavering support of my

mum and the rest of my family, whose encouragement and belief in my abilities have been

22
instrumental in my success. With this project, I hope to inspire others to delve into the

fascinating world of electronics and explore the possibilities of RF communication.

Recommendation.
Review the circuit design to ensure that it is optimized for the intended application. Consider

using a PCB layout design that follows best practices for RF design, such as keeping RF traces

short, using a ground plane, and keeping signal traces short.

To improve the signal quality of the FM transmitter, consider adjusting the values of the resistors

and capacitors in the circuit to optimize the waveform generated by the 555 timer IC.

Additionally, ensure that the audio source is of high quality and that the transmitter is operating

within safe limits

To increase the range of the FM transmitter, consider using a directional antenna, increasing the

power output of the transmitter, or using a more efficient antenna. However, be mindful of the

regulations in your jurisdiction regarding the maximum power output and frequency range for

FM transmitters.

To improve the audio quality of the FM transmitter, ensure that the audio source is of high

quality and that the transmitter is operating within safe limits Additionally, consider using a

shielded cable for the audio input to reduce interference and hum.

Ensure that you have obtained the necessary permits and licenses from the appropriate regulatory

authority before operating the FM transmitter.

23
By reviewing these aspects of the project, you can optimize the performance and reliability of the

FM transmitter.

Summary
In summary, the 555 Timer IC is a versatile integrated circuit that can be used in various

applications including generating precise timing signals and oscillations. In this project, it was

used as a frequency generator for the FM transmitter. The 2N2222 transistor is also a

multipurpose NPN transistor commonly used in switching and amplification applications. In the

FM transmitter designed it was used as an amplifier to boost the signal strength.

The IRF510 is also a power MOSFET (Metal-Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor) that

can handle high currents and voltages. In the FM transmitter designed it was used as a power

amplifier to further increase the signal strength.

Resistors are passive electronic components that limit the flow of electric current and provide

specific values of resistance. In this project, resistors are used to control the current and voltage

levels in various parts of the circuit

The capacitors are also passive electronic components that store and release electrical energy in

this project the capacitors are used to filter out unwanted noise and stabilize the voltage levels in

the circuit. LEDs (Light Emitting Diodes) are semiconductors that emit light when a current

passes through them. In the FM transmitter design, the LEDs were used as indicators that show

the status of the circuit such as power on/off and the signal transmission.

24
 REFERENCE

The sources used in the project on the design and construction of an FM transmitter include:

- Ackermann, J. (2013). TARR: Tomorrow's Ham radio technology today. British Journal for

History of Science 2(1): 100-120.

- Atti, L. (2007). Audio Signal Processing and Coding. U.S.A: John Wiley Interscience, 464p.

- Chen, D. (2002). Design and Construction of FM Transmitter and Receiver. Science and

Engineering.1:45-49.

- Frenzel, Louis E., Jr., 1938–. Principles of electronic communication systems.

- Horowitz, L., and Hill, W. (1989) The Art of Electronics (2nd edition). London: Cambridge.

- J. P. Chisholm, E. F. Buckley, and G. W. Farnell, "A Multichannel PAM-FM Radio

Telemetering System," in Proceedings of the IRE, vol. 39, no. 1, pp. 36-43, Jan. 1951, Doi:

10.1109/JRPROC.1951.230418.

- Physics, 22, 1069-1077, 1951. 5lkb. J. P. Chisholm, E. F. Buckley, and G. W. Farnell. A

multichannel. PAM-FM radio telemetering system; Inst. Radio Eng. Proc.

- Usikalu M. R, Isaac E. G., Olawole C. O, Abodunrin T. J. and Kayode O. T (2019) Design and

construction of solar powered fabric dryer, International Journal of Mechanical and Production

Engineering Research and Development, 9(6): 139-148. The sources used in the project on the

design and construction of an FM transmitter include:

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