MBA

1. Systematic investigative process employed to increase or revise current knowledge by

discovering new facts. It is divided into two general categories: (1) Basic research
(2) Applied research
2. a. Creative a Positive Work Environment----
Motivate employees by giving them an upbeat, positive work environment b.Set Goals------

Help employees become self-motivated by helping them establish professional goals and objectives.

3.Contract involving transfer of the possession and ownership (title) of a good or property, or
the entitlement to a service, in exchange for money or value. Essential elements that must be
present in a valid sale.
4. Primary data is information that you collect specifically for the purpose of your research project. An
advantage of primary data is that it is specifically tailored to your research needs. A disadvantage is that it is
expensive to obtain
5. A process used in statistical analysis in which a predetermined number of
observations will be taken from a larger population. The methodology used to sample
from a larger population will depend on the type of analysis being performed, but will
include simple random sampling, systematic sampling and observational sampling.
6. A case study involves an up-close, in-depth, and detailed examination of a subject (the case), as well as
its related contextual conditions. Case studies appear with great frequency throughout popular works, with
nearly anybody able to claim to have done one.
7. The basic concepts and fundamental principles of decent human conduct. It includes study of
universal values such as the essential equality of all men and women, human or natural rights,
obedience to the law of land, concern for health and safety and, increasingly, also for
the natural environment.
8. The definition of a manager is a person responsible for supervising and motivating employees and for
directing the progress of an organization. An example of a manager is the person who is in charge of
customer service, who deals with customer disputes and who oversees and supervises customer service
agents.
9. A chi-squared test, also referred to as test (orchi-square test), is any statistical hypothesis test in which the
sampling distribution of the test statistic is a chi-square distribution when the null hypothesis is true.
10. Data collection is the process of gathering and measuring information on targeted variables in an
established systematic fashion, which then enables one to answer relevant questions and evaluate outcomes.
The data collection component of research is common to all fields of study including physical and social
sciences.
PART_B
11. 1. Strong Analytical Skills Converting raw data to useful insights is the single biggest skill you need to
have to be a leading researcher. Your clients depend on you to collect huge amounts of data – quantitative or
qualitative. However, the key is to make sense of that data and convert it into actionable insights and trends
for your clients’ business. Ultimately, everything should tie back to the business goals. How would this
research help my client in improving the key business metrics they care about? These could be the traditional
ones like revenue, customer experience, marketing ROI, or increase in new customers. The key is that you
understand the final business objectives and analyze the data taking that into consideration. Furthermore, it is
imperative to visualize your analysis and present results in an easy to understand format that the
management can relate to right away.
2. Approachable & Friendly - Surely, that is not hard to be! As a market researcher, you will be meeting
people on a day-to-day basis. You will be conducting anywhere between 20-40 one-on-one interviews and
focus groups on a monthly basis. It’s critical that you are a people person. To make sure that research
subjects feel “at home” when they are with you is paramount. It is possible that their answers might be
different if they feel under pressure compared to when they are at ease and relaxed during the interview.
 3. Methodological- like a Scientist Market Research is not science – far from it – but researchers should use
the time tested and well established scientific methodology to uncover useful insights for clients. Any thorough
researcher would make sure that the process of uncovering insights follows the scientific procedure:
Observation, Hypothesis, Prediction & Testing. The results and insights from the project vitally depend on the
process followed to get to those insights. Consequently, it is key to have a strong, validated and scientific
process to gather insights.

12.a. In statistics, a central tendency (or, more commonly, a measure of central tendency) is a central or
typical value for a probability distribution.[1]It may also be called a center or location of the distribution.
Colloquially, measures of central tendency are often called averages. The termcentral tendency dates from
the late 1920s.[2]

The most common measures of central tendency are the arithmetic mean, the median and the mode. A
central tendency can be calculated for either a finite set of values or for a theoretical distribution, such as
the normal distribution. Occasionally authors use central tendency to denote "the tendency of
quantitative data to cluster around some central value."

The following may be applied to one-dimensional data. Depending on the circumstances, it may be
appropriate to transform the data before calculating a central tendency. Examples are squaring the values or
taking logarithms. Whether a transformation is appropriate and what it should be depend heavily on the data
being analyzed.

 Arithmetic mean (or simply, mean) – the sum of all measurements divided by the number of
observations in the data set.
 Median – the middle value that separates the higher half from the lower half of the data set. The
median and the mode are the only measures of central tendency that can be used for ordinal data, in
which values are ranked relative to each other but are not measured absolutely.
 Mode – the most frequent value in the data set. This is the only central tendency measure that can be
used with nominal data, which have purely qualitative category assignments.
 Geometric mean – the nth root of the product of the data values, where there are n of these. This
measure is valid only for data that are measured absolutely on a strictly positive scale.
 __________________________________________________________________________

13.b. Perhaps the most straightforward way of finding out about someone’s attitudes
would be to ask them. However, attitudes are related to self-image and social
acceptance (i.e. attitude functions).
In order to preserve a positive self-image, people’s responses may be affected by social
desirability. They may not well tell about their true attitudes, but answer in a way that
they feel socially acceptable.

Given this problem, various methods of measuring attitudes have been developed. However, all of them have
limitations. In particular the different measures focus on different components of attitudes – cognitive, affective and
behavioral – and as we know, these components do not necessarily coincide.
Attitude measurement can be divided into two basic categories

Direct Measurement (likert scale and semantic differential)

Indirect Measurement (projective technique

14.b.
Difference between Schedule and Questionnaire.
S.No Questionnaire Schedule

1. Questionnaire is generally sent through mail to A schedule is generally filled by the research worker
informants to be answered as specified in a covering or enumerator, who can interpret the questions when
letter, but otherwise without further assistance from the necessary.
sender.
2. Data collection is cheap and economical as the money is Data collection is more expensive as money is spent
spent in preparation of questionnaire and in mailing the on enumerators and in imparting trainings to them.
same to respondents. Money is also spent in preparing schedules.
3. Non response is usually high as many people do not Non response is very low because this is filled by
respond and many return the questionnaire without enumerators who are able to get answers to all
answering all questions. Bias due to non response often questions. But even in this their remains the danger of
remains indeterminate. interviewer bias and cheating.
4. It is not clear that who replies. Identity of respondent is not known.
5. The questionnaire method is likely to be very slow since Information is collected well in time as they are filled
many respondents do not return the questionnaire. by enumerators.
6. No personal contact is possible in case of questionnaire Direct personal contact is established
as the questionnaires are sent to respondents by post
who also in turn returns the same by post.
7. This method can be used only when respondents are The information can be gathered even when the
literate and cooperative. respondents happen to be illiterate.
8. Wider and more representative distribution of sample isThere remains the difficulty in sending enumerators
possible. over a relatively wider area.
9. Risk of collecting incomplete and wrong information is The information collected is generally complete and
relatively more under the questionnaire method, when accurate as enumerators can remove difficulties if any
people are unable to understand questions properly. faced by respondents in correctly understanding the
questions. As a result the information collected
through schedule is relatively more accurate than that
obtained through questionnaires.
10. The success of questionnaire methods lies more on the It depends upon the honesty and competence of
quality of the questionnaire itself. enumerators
11. The physical appearance of questionnaire must be quite This may not be the case as schedules are to be filled
attractive. in by enumerators and not by respondents.
12. This is not possible when collecting data through Along with schedule observation method can also be
questionnaire. used.

15.b. Experimental Research - An attempt by the researcher to maintain control over all factors that may affect the
result of an experiment. In doing this, the researcher attempts to determine or predict what may occur.

Experimental Design - A blueprint of the procedure that enables the researcher to test his hypothesis by reaching valid
conclusions about relationships between independent and dependent variables. It refers to the conceptual framework
within which the experiment is conducted.

Steps involved in conducting an experimental study

 Identify and define the problem.
Formulate hypotheses and deduce their consequences.
Construct an experimental design that represents all the elements, conditions, and relations of the
consequences.

1. Select sample of subjects.

2. Group or pair subjects.

3. Identify and control non experimental factors.

4. Select or construct, and validate instruments to measure outcomes.

5. Conduct pilot study.

6. Determine place, time, and duration of the experiment.

PART_C
16. According to American Marketing Association, “Marketing Research is the function that links the
consumer, customer and public to the marketer through information-information used to identify and define
marketing opportunities and problems, generate, refine and evaluate marketing actions; monitor marketing
performance; and improve understanding of marketing as a process.”

Marketing Research is systematic problem analysis, model building and fact finding for the purpose of
important decision making and control in the marketing of goods and services.

Marketing Research is a well-planned, systematic process which implies that it needs planning at all the
stages. It uses scientific method. It is an objective process as it attempts to provide accurate authentic
information. Marketing Research is sometimes defined as the application of scientific method in the solution of
marketing problems.

Marketing Research plays a very significant role in identifying the needs of customers and meeting them in
best possible way. The main task of Marketing Research is systematic gathering and analysis of information.

1. While Marketing Research is done with a specific purpose in mind with information being generated
when it is conducted, MIS information is generated continuously.
2. MIS is continuous entity while Marketing Research is a ad-hoc system.
3. While in Marketing Research information is for specific purpose, so it is not rigid; in MIS information is
more rigid and structured.

Marketing Research is essential for strategic market planning and decision making. It helps a firm in
identifying what are the market opportunities and constraints, in developing and implementing market
strategies, and in evaluating the effectiveness of marketing plans.

Marketing Research is a growing and widely used business activity as the sellers need to know more about
their final consumers but are generally widely separated from those consumers. Marketing Research is a
necessary link between marketing decision makers and the markets in which they operate.

Marketing Research includes various important principles for generating information which is useful to
managers. These principles relate to the timeliness and importance of data, the significance of defining
objectives cautiously and clearly, and the need to avoid conducting research to support decisions already
made.
Marketing Research is of use to the following:-
1. Producers
a. To know about his product potential in the market vis-à-vis the total product;
b. New Products;
c. Various brands;
d. Pricing;
e. Market Structures and selection of product strategy, etc.
2. Business and Government

Marketing Research helps businesses and government in focusing attention on the complex nature of
problems faced by them. For example:

a. Determination of Gross National Product; Price indices, and per capita income;
b. Expenditure levels and budgeting;
c. Agricultural Pricing;
d. The economic policies of Government; and
e. Operational and planning problems of business and industry.
3. Market Research Agencies

Marketing Research is being used extensively by professionals to help conducting various studies in
Marketing Research. Most prominent agencies being:-

a. Linta India Ltd;

b. British Market Research Bureau (BMRB);
c. Hindustan Thompson Associate Ltd;
d. eSurveysPro.com;
e. MARG

20. Motivation is a theoretical construct used to explain behavior. It represents the reasons for people's
actions, desires, and needs. Motivation can also be defined as one's direction to behavior, or what causes a
person to want to repeat a behavior and vice versa.[1] A motive is what prompts the person to act in a certain
way, or at least develop an inclination for specific behavior.[2] For example, when someone eats food to satisfy
their hunger, or when a student does his/her work in school because he/she wants a good grade. Both show a
similar connection between what we do and why we do it. According to Maehr and Meyer, "Motivation is a
word that is part of the popular culture as few other psychological concepts are".

Types of theories and models

Motivation theories can be classified on a number of bases.

 Natural vs. Rational based on whether the underlying theory of human Cognition is based on natural
forces (drives, needs, desires) or some kind of rationality (instrumentality, meaningfulness, self-identity).
 Content vs. Process based on whether the focus is on the content ("what") motivates vs process
("how") motivation takes place.

Psychological theories and models

Motivation can be conceived of as a cycle in which thoughts influence behaviors, behaviors drive
performance, performance impacts thoughts, and the cycle begins again. Each stage of the cycle is
composed of many dimensions including attitudes, beliefs, intentions, effort, and withdrawal which can all
affect the motivation that an individual experiences.
Rational motivations

The idea that human beings are rational and human behavior is guided by reason is an old one. However,
recent research (on Satisficing for example) has significantly undermined the idea of homo economicus or
of perfect rationality in favour of a more bounded rationality. The field ofbehavioural economics is particularly
concerned with the limits of rationality in economic agents.

Intrinsic motivation

Intrinsic motivation has been studied since the early 1970s. Intrinsic motivation is the self-desire to seek out
new things and new challenges, to analyze one's capacity, to observe and to gain knowledge. [5] It is driven by
an interest or enjoyment in the task itself, and exists within the individual rather than relying on external
pressures or a desire for reward.

Extrinsic motivation[edit]

Extrinsic motivation refers to the performance of an activity in order to attain a desired outcome and it is the
opposite of intrinsic motivation.[5]Extrinsic motivation comes from influences outside of the individual. In
extrinsic motivation, the harder question to answer is where do people get the motivation to carry out and
continue to push with persistence. Usually extrinsic motivation is used to attain outcomes that a person
wouldn't get from intrinsic motivation.

Limitations of motivation---

(a) Non-disguised Structured Techniques.

(b) Non-disguised, Non-structured Techniques.

(c) Disguised Non-structured Techniques.

(d) Disguised structured Techniques.