1

TENSE
TENSE
 5
Next

Subject Verb Object

(कर्ता) does (क्रिमत) on (कभा)

Eg:- I teach English

I wrote the book
You will help her
Students make notes
 See the sentences given above. The forms of verbs 7
change and we can understand the time as well as the Next

action/ state from the forms of verbs.

(ऊऩय दिए गमे वतक्मों को िे खें। Verb के forms ऩरयवर्र्ार् हो यहे हैं औय verbs के forms हभें action
(कतमा)/ state (अवस्थत) एवॊ सभम कत फोध कयत यहत है ।

Forms of Verbs

Verb Base form V1 V1+s/es V2 V1 +ing V3

Purest form Present form Present form Past Form Continuous Perfect
(with I, we, (with he, form Form
they, you, she, it,
plural) name,
singular
 8
Next

Now check the forms./ (Forms check कयें )

We have present form of verb and past form of verb but no future form.
(Verb के Present एवॊ past form भौजूि है रेक्रकन कोई future form नह ॊ)

Hence some Grammarians are of the view that Tense is of two types – Present
and Past.
(अर्् कुछ grammarians कत कहनत है क्रक Tense िो प्रकतय के होर्े हैं- Present एवॊ Past)

Future Tense requires Modals will/ shall and Vb.f.

(Future Tense के लरए Modals will/shall एवॊ Vb.f. की जरूयर् ऩड़र्ी है ।)

This means we do not have readymade future tense. We rather make it.
(इसकत अथा है क्रक हभतये ऩतस फनत-फनतमत Future Tense नह ॊ है । हभें Future Tense फनतनत ऩड़र्त है ।)
 10
Next

TENSE

Present Tense Past Tense Future Tense

Simple Indefinite Continuous Perfect Perfect Continuous

 11
Next

To be good at Tense, you need to know all the forms of verbs that are common
in day-to-day life so learn all the forms of those verbs which are used in day-to-
day life. (Tense भें अच्छत होने के लरए आऩ को forms of verbs आनत चतदहए। कभ से कभ उन verbs
को अच्छे से मति कय रे जो योजभयता की जजन्िगी भें प्रमुक्र् होर्े है )

Now let us see Tense one-by-one in detail.

(अफ एक-एक कय के Tense को detail भें िे खर्े हैं।)

SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE

This includes Present state made from verb 'is/ am/ are'. It describes one's
present identity, class or quality.
(इसभें Verb 'is/ am/ are' से की गई वर्ाभतन अवस्थत शतलभर हैं। मह वर्ाभतन ऩहचतन, वगा मत गुणवत्र्त
कत वणान कयर्त है ।)
 13
SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE Next

I am a teacher.
Eg:-
She is not my aunt.
Are you in Delhi?

Structure
Positive Sentence (सकतयतत्भक वतक्म) Subject + is/am/are + Noun/ Adj.

Negative Sentence (नकतयतत्भक वतक्म) Subject + is/am/are + not + Noun/ Adj.

Interrogative Sentence (प्रश्न सच

ू क वतक्म) Is/ am/ are + subject + Noun/ Adj?
 14
PRESENT INDEFINITE TENSE Next

The name itself suggests that it denotes Present action/ state that is regular/ irregular/
habit/ universal truth/ happens/ does not happen etc but must be a part of our present
life. / (नतभ से ह मे ऩर्त चरर्त है क्रक मे वर्ाभतन के कतमा/अवस्थत िशतार्त है जो र्नमलभर् है/ अर्नमलभर् है/ आिर् है /
सतवाबौलभक सत्म है / होर्त है / नह ॊ होर्त है , रेक्रकन र्नजश्चर् ह वर्ाभतन कत दहस्सत है ।)

PRESENT INDEFINITE TENSE

Regular Irregular Universal Habit Present

Eg:-
Routine Routine Truth Action/state
Tsunami He smokes. I know you.
Children The Sun
comes in
go to school rises in the
coastal regions.
east.
16
Next
 17
Next

Note:- We add 'es' after V1 if the verb ends in s, ss, ch, sh, z, x & o.
(V1 के सतथ 'es' र्फ रगर्त है जफ verb s, ss, ch, sh, z, x औय o भें खत्भ हो)
 19
Next

Maximum number of questions are asked from the use given below.
(अधधकर्य सवतर ऊऩय दिए गए use से ऩछ
ू े जतर्े हैं)

Eg:- Answers

1. The fifth and final act of Macbeth contain the 1. Change contain into contains
as the fifth and final act of
sleepwalking scene. CHSL 2018
Macbeth is the same one.
2. The Cannes film festival attract some of the
2. Change 'attract' into 'attracts'
world's most famous people CHSL 2018
as the subject is singular.
3. The price of woolen clothes come down in
3. Change 'come' into 'comes' as
summer.
the subject (price) is singular.
4. The two states frequently has differences over 4. Two states (P.S.) will take
the use of the river water especially during the have (P.V.) change 'has' into
summer. CHSL 2018 'have'.
 20
Next

Answers
5. My teacher told me that honesty
5. Change 'was' into 'is'. Universal truth,
was the best policy.
idioms and phrases are in Present
6. I do not know what does she want. Indefinite Tense.
7. Our neighbour switch on his TV 6. Change 'what does she want' into 'what she
early in the morning at full volume. wants'. The sentence is not interrogative.
7. Change 'switch' (P.V) into switches (S.V) as
(Stenographer 2018)
the subject (neighbout) is singular.
8. Last evening my friend tells me the 8. Tells (V1+ s/es) cannot come with last
funny joke that I had never heard. evening (Past time). Change 'tells' into
CGL Mains 2018 'told'.
9. Prices is plural noun and comes in singular
9. I will buy a television set when the verb. Change 'prices' (P.N) into 'price' (S.N)
prices comes down. 10. The sentence is interrogative. Change 'you
10. What you know about her? know' into 'do you know'.
11. Change 'is the dodo' into 'the dodo is' as the
11. What kind of bird is the dodo!
sentence is exclamatory not interrogative.
 22
Next

Answers
12. Who comes daily?
12. The interrogative structure is — 'WH + H.V.
+ Sub + Verb?' but here the subject is
13. He like his parents are introvert. missing so H.V. is also not needed.

13. Here 'like' means ‘के जैसत’। Verb will follow

'he'. Change 'are' into 'is'. The sentence with
proper punctuation will look better—
He, like his parents, is introvert.
 23
Next

• Present Indefinite Tense comes when we talk about any book, the contents of
which are still relevant, though the book may have been written in the past.

(Present Indefinite Tense कत प्रमोग र्फ बी होर्त है जफ कोई क्रकर्तफ की प्रतसॊधगकर्त अबी बी हो चतहे
वो फहुर् ऩहरे ह क्मों नत लरखी गई हो।)

Eg:- 1. Our Constitution guarantees six fundamental rights.

2. This book reveals the stark reality of the children's homes.

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Next

For formal / officially planned action of future, Present Indefinite Tense is the 1st
choice. (बववष्म के औऩचतरयक planned कतमों के लरए Present Indefinite Tense ऩहर ऩसॊि है )

Eg:- 1. The PM leaves for Japan next week.

2. The meeting starts at 5 pm tomorrow.
3. India takes on Pakistan at Mohali tomorrow.

• In Informal English, we use Future Indefinite Tense for future actions or

Present Continuous Tense for planned action of near future . (अनौऩचतरयक English
भें , बववष्म के कतमों के लरए Future Indefinite Tense औय र्नकट बववष्म के planned कतमों के
लरए Present Continuous Tense कत प्रमोग होर्त है ।)

Eg:- 1. I am going to Mumbai tonight.

2. She will come tomorrow.
 26
Next

• We use Present Indefinite Tense in Newspaper Headlines even though the

action is already over. (बर्
ू कतर भें घदटर् घटनत के लरए बी Newspaper के Headlines भें
Present Indefinite Tense कत प्रमोग होर्त है ।)

Eg:-
1. Bus hits 3 cars on NH 48.

2. CBI raids land mafia's premises.

Note:- There are certain rules to be followed while designing newspaper headlines
to make them short and attractive. (सभतचतय ऩत्र के headlines फनतर्े सभम कुछ
र्नमभों कत ध्मतन यखत जतर्त है र्तक्रक headlines छोटत एवॊ आकषाक हो)
 28
Next

• Leave out auxiliary verbs with Perfect, Progressive and Passive structures.
(Perfect, Progressive एवॊ Passive structures भें auxiliary verb नत रगतमे)

Eg:-
1. Temperature soaring as June comes.
(is soaring (changed into) soaring)
2. Triple Talaq Bill passed in Parliament.
(has been passed (changed into) passed)
3. Bus hits car, 3 killed.
(Three people have been killed (changed into) 3 killed)
 29
• Use Infinitives (to + Vb.f.) for future events. (बववष्म Next
के action के लरए to + Vb.f. कत प्रमोग कयें )

Eg:- 1. President to invite BJP to form government.

2. BJP to elect its President soon.
• Articles are omitted in newspaper headlines and figures are used for numbers.
(Articles कत प्रमोग newspaper headlines भें नह ॊ होर्त औय सॊख्मत figures भें होर्े हैं शब्िों भें नह ॊ)

Eg:- 1. Bus hits car, I killed. (Correct)

2. A bus hit a car, one person was killed. (Grammatically correct but
cannot come in headlines.)

• Present Indefinite Tense is used in Sports Commentary to make the action seem
live. (Present Indefinite Tense कत प्रमोग Sports Commentary भें action को जजवॊर् रूऩ भें
िशताने के लरए क्रकमत जतर्त है |)
Eg: (1) Virat hits the ball and off it goes across the boundary line.
30
 31
Next

• In exclamatory sentences that begin with 'here' and 'there', Present Indefinite
Tense is used to express the position or appearance of the objects. (जफ
ववस्भमफोधक वतक्म 'here' एवॊ 'there' से शुरू हो, र्ो Present Indefinite Tense कत प्रमोग क्रकसी
वस्र्ु के वहतॉ होने मत अचतनक आने कत फोध कयतने के लरए होर्त है ।)

Eg:-
1. Here comes the chief guest!

2. There he goes!
 32
Next
SIMPLE PAST TENSE
This includes Past state made from verb 'was/ were'. It describes one's past
identity, class or quality.
(इसभें Verb 'was/ were' से की गई बर्
ू कतर अवस्थत शतलभर हैं। मह बर्
ू कतर ऩहचतन, वगा मत गुणवत्र्त कत
वणान कयर्त है ।) I was a teacher.
Eg:-
She was not my aunt.
Were you in Delhi?

Structure

Positive Sentence (सकतयतत्भक वतक्म) Subject + was/ were + object

Negative Sentence (नकतयतत्भक वतक्म) Subject + was/were + not + object.

Interrogative Sentence (प्रश्न सच

ू क वतक्म) Was/were + subject + object?
33
34
 35
PAST INDEFINITE TENSE Next

• For past action, Past Indefinite Tense is used.

(Past action के लरए Past Indefinite Tense कत प्रमोग होर्त है ।)

Positive Sentence
Subject + V2 + object
(सकतयतत्भक वतक्म)
Negative Sentence Subject + did not (didn't) + V1 + object
(नकतयतत्भक वतक्म)

Interrogative Sentence Did + Subject + V1 + object ?

(प्रश्नसूचक वतक्म) Did + Subject + not + V1 + object ?
Didn't + Subject + V1 + object ?
 36
Next

Answers
1. Rohit did not came to the office because he
1. Change 'came' into 'come'. 'Did not'
got held up due to the heavy rains. takes 'V1'.
CGL Mains 2018
2. Change 'she was' into 'was she' as
the sentence is in Interrogative
2. Why she was angry with her son?
form.
CGL (CPO) Pre, 2018
3. Change 'was she' into 'she was'.
3. Madhuri did not reply when I asked her why The sentence is not in
was she weeping. interrogative form.
(SSC (CPO) Pre, 2017)

4. Why they didn't turn up for the workshop? 4. Change 'they didn't into 'didn't
they'. In interrogative sentences
(CHSL-2012) H.V. comes before the Subject.
37
 38
Next

• With past time, Past Indefinite Tense is used. (बर्

ू कतर के सभम के सतथ Past
Indefinite Tense कत प्रमोग होर्त है )
Answers
1. Ans. Change 'have come' into
Eg:- 'came'. With Past time, we use
1. I have come to Delhi yesterday. (×) Past Indefinite Tense.

2. Ans. Change 'has been built'

into 'was built'. 'Has' (V1) cannot
2. The camp beside ours has been built in come with Past Time.
1966 by John's brother.
(SSC GD constable 2015)
 39
Next

• If a sentence starts with Past Tense, it should continue in Past Tense unless it
falls in the list of exceptional cases (discussed later). (अगय वतक्म की शुरूआर् Past से
हो, र्ो वतक्म आगे बी Past भें होगत जफर्क क्रक वह क्रकसी अऩवति के अॊर्गार् नत आए।)
Eg:- Answers
1. He said that he will never repeat the 1. Change 'will' into 'would' as the
mistake. (SSC-SO (Audit), 2006) sentence is in Past Indefinite (He
said).
2. The salesman tried to sell me a solar heater
2. Change 'have' into 'had'. The
but I already have one. (SSC (CHSL)-2016) sentence has V2 in the starting of
the sentence which indicates
3. I called at his house yesterday and have
that the action is in Past.
given him money. (SSC (CGL), 2016) 3. Change 'have given' into 'gave'.
4. I shake his hand when he arrived and when 'Called at' means 'to visit some
place'.
he left.
4. Change 'shake' into 'shook'.
40
 41
Next
Answers

5. No one inform me that you would be absent.

5. 'Would' (V2) indicates that
(CGL Mains 2018)
sentence is a past action.
Change 'inform' into
6. She stopped singing as soon as the telephone 'informed'.
rings across the hall. (CGL Tier I, Re-exam 2015)
6. Change 'rings' into 'rang' as
7. Aanya's Class teacher and her friends the sentence is an action
congratulates her warmly when she won the inter- of past.
school debate and brought the trophy to the 7. Change 'congratulates' into
'congratulated' as the
school. (CGL Mains 2018) action is of past.
8. Very soon I realised that he is at fault. 8. Change 'is' into 'was'.
9. Change 'have' into 'had'.
9. I declined the invitation not because I did not
want to go but because I have no time.
 42
Next

• If the sentence starts with Past Tense but then the latter part contains an
Idiom, Phrase, Universal Truth, Habitual Action or a Sweeping generalization,
the latter part will be in Present Indefinite Tense.

Note:- A sweeping generalization is a statement that might be true in specific

cases but the speaker has tried to apply it to all cases.

(अगय वतक्म बर्

ू कतर से शरू
ु हो रेक्रकन आगे भह
ु तवये , रोकोजक्र्मों, सतवाबौलभक सत्म, आिर्न क्रिमत मत
व्मतऩक सतभतन्मीकयण वतरे वतक्म हो, र्ो हभ Present Indefinite Tense कत प्रमोग कयें गे।)
44
 45
Next
Answers
1. (A) Ans. is 'Revolves' as the
1. Galileo proved that the earth ______ around
sentence is a universal truth
the Sun. (SSC (CPO), 2011) though the sentence started
with 'S+V2'
(A) Revolves
2. Change 'was' into 'is'.
(B) Revolved
3. No error. Sentence is of
2. Our teacher said that honesty was the best sweeping generalization.
policy.
4. Change 'fought' into 'fights'.
3. They said that women are more sincere This is an idiom which means
that if one is unsuccessful is
workers than men. (CGL Mains 2012)
doing anything, he lays the
blame on external factors. (नतच
4. I knew that a bad carpenter fought with his न जतने आॊगन टे ढ़त)
tools.
 46
Next

• To express Past Routine, we have three options. (बर्

ू कतर के routine कतमा के लरए
हभतये ऩतस र्ीन ववकल्ऩ है )

PAST ROUTINE

(with some
Sub + Used to + Vb.f. Past Indefinite Tense Subject + Would + Vb.f.
limitation
(कुछ शर्ों के
(1st Choice) (2nd Choice) (3rd Choice) सतथ) (See
Modals)
 48
Next
Answers
1. 1st choice used to go. 2nd
1. I ________ (go) to school daily.
choice (went)
(A) went (B) used to go
2. (B) Ans. is 'broke' as there is no
2. She ________ a plate daily when she worked
option 'used to break' here'.
here.
3. Used to have. 'Used to' denote
(A) break (B) broke past and is followed by Vb.f.
3. I ________ very thick hair.
4. For present routine use Present
(A) use to have (B) used to have Indefinite Tense. Change 'uses
(C) Use to had (SSC CISF ASI Exam. 29.08.2010) to study' into 'studies'.

4. She uses to study till 10 pm and then goes

to bed.
 49
Next

• 'V2' is used generally for Past action/ State but there is a strange use of V2. All V2
(except 'was') is used to express unreal or hypothetical situations. ('V2' कत प्रमोग
सतभतन्मर्् Past Action/ State के लरए होर्त है रेक्रकन 'was' को छोड़ दिमत जतमे र्ो कतल्ऩर्नक हतरतर् बी
व्मक्र् कय सकर्त है )
Answers
1. It is time you decide on your next course of
action. (SSC (CGL)- Tier I, 2010)
1. 1, 2, 3 'It is time' 'it is high
time' or 'it's about time' means
that the action should have
2. It is high time that we leave this place. been done a long time ago.
(CHSL-2012) Hence we use V2. Change
'decide' into 'decided' in 1.
3. It is high time we renovate our old house. Change 'leave' into 'left' in 2.
(SSC Mains-2014) Change 'renovate' into
'renovated' in 3.
 51
Next
Answers

4. Ans. is (C) 'had' is used for

imaginary possession.
4. I wish I ________ a lot of money.
(A) have (B) has (C) had 5. Change 'was' into 'were'. In
imaginary sentence, we use
'were' with all the subjects.
5. Would that I was a billionaire.
6. 'Would that' is used for saying
that something were true
especially when you know that
6. Would that life was a bed of roses!
it is impossible. Change 'was'
into 'were' as the sentence is of
imagination.
 52
SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE Next

This includes future state made from verb 'will be/ shall be'. It describes one's
future identity, class or quality.
(इसभें Verb 'will be/ shall be' से की गई बववष्म की अवस्थत शतलभर हैं। मह बववष्म की ऩहचतन, वगा मत
गुणवत्र्त कत वणान कयर्त है ।)
Eg:- I shall be a teacher.
She will be not my aunt.
Will you be in Delhi?

Structure

Positive Sentence (सकतयतत्भक वतक्म) Sub + shall/ will + be + object

Negative Sentence (नकतयतत्भक वतक्म) Sub + shall/ will + not + be + object.

Interrogative Sentence (प्रश्न सच

ू क वतक्म) Shall/ will + sub + be + object?
TENSE
 54
FUTURE INDEFINITE TENSE Next

• Future Indefinite Tense represents action/ state of future.

(Simple Indefinite Future Tense बववष्म के कतमा/अवस्थत िशतार्त है ।)
जैसे् 1. I shall come tomorrow and he will accompany me.
2. People will remember this pandemic for years.
STRUCTURE

Positive Sentence (सकतयतत्भक वतक्म) Subject + shall/ will + Vb.f + object.

Subject + shall/ will + not + Vb.f + object.

Negative Sentence (नकतयतत्भक वतक्म)
Subject + shan't/ won't + Vb.f + object.

Shall/will + subject + Vb.f + object ?

Interrogative Sentence (प्रश्नसच
ू क वतक्म)
Shall/ will + subject + not + Vb.f + object ?
I/we shall Other Shan't/ won't + subject + Vb.f + object ?
will
Subject
 55
Next

• In modern English Language we have started using 'will' with all persons
i.e even with 'I' and 'we'. (Modern English Language भें हभ 'will' कत प्रमोग सबी
persons के सतथ कयने रगे हैं।)

Eg:- 1. I will meet you next week.

• We should refrain from using 'will' with 'I'/ 'we' in Interrogative

sentences even in Modern English. (Modern English भें प्रश्नतत्भक वतक्मों भें
'I'/'we' के सतथ 'will' कत प्रमोग नह ॊ होर्त।)

Eg:- 1. Will we ever know the truth? (×)

Shall we ever know the truth? ()

Note: In normal sentences of future we use 'shall' with 'I' and 'we'. (सतभतन्म वतक्मों
भें 'I' औय 'we' के सतथ 'shall' कत प्रमोग होर्त है ।)
 57
Next

Now let us see how questions come from the structures.

(Structure से सवतर कैसे ऩू छे जतर्े हैं , िे खें ):- Answers
Examples 1. Change 'was' into 'will'. The
speaker wants the movie
1. I am really bored of this movie! when was it to end as he is getting
bored.
end? (CGL Mains 2018) 2. Will cannot take 'V2'.
Change 'will telegraphed'
2. Agent Chitrangada will telegraphed a secret into 'has telegraphed'/
code word to her boss as part of a dubious 'telegraphed' or 'will
mission. telegraph'.
(SSC Steno 2017) 3. Change 'will be enable' into
'will enable' (will + Vb.f.)
3. Fuji's invention of Super computer will be 4. Change 'Is she go' into 'will
enable to make Japan supersede America in she go' or 'Is she going'.
Computer technology. For future action we use
Future Indefinite Tense.
4. Is she go to visit her parents in the evening? For planned action of near
future, we can use Present
(SSC (CGL) Tier I 2013) Continuous Tense too.
 58
Next

However in sentence of— • Determination (दृढ़ र्नश्चम)

• Promise (वतित)

• Threat (धभकी) I/we will

• Advice (सरतह) Other shall

Subjects
• Command (आिे श)

• 'Shall' comes with 2nd & 3rd person— (You, he, she, it, name, singular and
'will' with 'I' and 'we'). (दृढ़ र्नश्चमे, वतिे , धभकी व सरतह वतरे वतक्मों भें 2nd औय 3rd
Person– (You, he, she, it, name एवॊ singular) के सतथ 'shall' कत प्रमोग होगत औय 'I' एवॊ
'we' के सतथ 'will' कत।)
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Answers

1. Trespassers ______ be prosecuted. 1. Ans. - shall.

The sentence is of threat. Meaning– बफनत
अनभु र्र् के प्रवेश कयने वतरो को िॊ ड दिमत जतएगत।
Trespasser – One who enters, someone’s
2. I will help you come what may. land without permission (घस ु ऩैदिमत)
2. 'Come what may' means ‘चतहे कुछ हो जतए’।
The sentence is of 'determination'.
3. You shall take rest for a week. 3. The sentence is of advice, so 'shall' has
come with 'you'.

4. You shall be rewarded. 4. Here 'shall' has come with 'you' because
the sentence is of advice.
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5. Swaraj is my birth right and I shall have it.

6. We shall overcome some day.

Answers
5. This is a famous statement given
by 'Bal Gangadhar Tilak' and we
cannot apply Grammatical rules
to famous sayings and quotations.

6. This is a famous song hence no

rule can be applied on this song.
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Present Continuous Past Continuous Future Continuous

• Action going on at • Action going on in the • Action going on in the

Present (जो कतमा वर्ाभतन भें Past (जो कतमा बर्
ू कतर भें हो Future (जो कतमा बववष्म भें हो
जतय है ।) यहत थत।) यहत होगत।)

जैसे् जैसे् जैसे्

1. She will be going
1. She is sleeping now. 1. She was waiting for home at this time
me. tomorrow.
2. They are studying 2. I shall be taking the
now. 2. We were having exam at this time
lunch. next week.
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STRUCTURE Is/am/are कत प्रमोग

Is he/she/it/name/singular के सतथ
Am I के सतथ
Are you/we/they/all/plural के सतथ

Positive Sentence (सकतयतत्भक वतक्म) Subject + is/ am/ are + v1 + ing+ object

Subject + is/ are/ am/ + not + v1 + ing+ object

Negative Sentence (नकतयतत्भक वतक्म)
Subject + isn't/ aren't/ am not + v1 + ing+ object

Is/ am/ are + Subject + v1 + ing+ object?

Interrogative Sentence (प्रश्नसच
ू क वतक्म)
Is/ am/ are + Subject + not + v1 + ing+ object?
Isn't/ aren't + Subject + v1 + ing+ object?
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STRUCTURE Was/were कत प्रमोग

Was He/she/it/name/singular/I के सतथ
Were You/we/they/plural/all के सतथ

Positive Sentence (सकतयतत्भक वतक्म) Subject + was/were + V1 + ing + object

Subject + was/were + not + V1 + ing + object

Negative Sentence (नकतयतत्भक वतक्म)
Subject + wasn't/weren't + V1 + ing + object

Was/were + Subject + V1 + ing + object?

Interrogative Sentence (प्रश्नसच
ू क वतक्म)
Was/were + Subject + not+ V1 + ing + object?
Wasn't/weren't + Subject + V1 + ing + object?
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I/we shall
STRUCTURE
Other will
Subject

Positive Sentence (सकतयतत्भक वतक्म) Subject + shall/ will + be + V1 + ing + object

Subject + shall/ will + not + be + V1 + ing + object

Negative Sentence (नकतयतत्भक वतक्म)
Subject + shan't/ won't + be + V1 + ing + object

Will/shall + Subject + be+V1 + ing + object?

Interrogative Sentence (प्रश्नसच
ू क वतक्म)
Will/shall + Subject + not+ be+ V1 + ing + object?
Won't/shan't + Subject +be+ V1 + ing + object?
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Answers
Examples
1. Change 'you copying' into 'are
1. Why you copying your homework from you copying'. The sentence is
Interrogative hence the helping
someone else? (SSC (CGL) 2016) verb will come before the
subject.
2. Some of us are plan to go for a movie 2. Change 'are plan' into 'are
tonight. (CGL Mains 2018) planning'.
3. Change 'aren't' into 'am not'.
3. I aren't fine. 4. 'am not' takes shortened form
'aren't' only in Inversion i.e.
when the helping verb comes
4. I am fine, aren't I? before the subject.
5. The sentence is correct as we
5. I am going to Mumbai tonight. can use present continuous
tense for future planned action
of near future.
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Answers
6. Five years ago today, I am sitting in a small 6. Change 'am sitting' into 'was
Japanese car, driving across Poland towards sitting'. The sentence is of past.
Berlin. (SSC (CGL) Tier I - 2013)

• Present Continuous Tense with words such as 'always' or 'constantly'

expresses the idea that something irritating or shocking often happens. Note
that the meaning is like Present Indefinite Tense but with Negative
emotions.
(अगय Present Continuous वतरे वतक्मों भें 'always' मत 'constantly' शब्िों कत प्रमोग हो, र्ो
उसकत अथा Present Indefinite Tense भें ह र्नकरर्त है हतरतॊक्रक नकतयतत्भक बतवनत के सतथ।)

1. You are always sleeping in class.

2. You are constantly pestering me.
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• Many times we get confused between Continuous Tense and Indefinite

Tense. (कई फतय हभ Continuous एवॊ Indefinite Tense के फीच भें Confuse कय जतर्े हैं|)

Eg:- 1. I am studying in a good school. (×)

2. I study in a good school. ()

Routine Action of Present takes Present Indefinite Tense. (वर्ाभतन कत Routine

Action Present Indefinite Tense भें होर्त है ।)
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Answers
• Certain sentences are based on literal translation
1. Change 'is not existing'
and common usage. (कुछ वतक्म सीधे-सीधे translation into 'does not exist'.
एवॊ आभ बतषत ऩय आधतरयर् होर्े हैं।) You know this line. You
have heard it many
Examples
times on phone.
1. This telephone number is not existing. 2. This sentence is of
(SSC (CGL) Tier I, 2013 Re-exam) Present Continuous
Tense as we can use
2. We are leaving for Kerala today. Present Continuous for
(CHSL-2012) Future planned action.
3. Change 'I read' into 'I
3. The light went out while I read. was reading'.

(CHSL-2011) 4. Change 'are' into 'is'.

'One' takes S.V. (is).
4. One of my friends are going to Mumbai tomorrow.
(CHSL-2014)
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Answers
5. When I went there Charles is playing a game
of Chess. 5. Change 'is' into 'was'. The
(SSC (CGL) Tier I – 2011) sentence is of past.
6. Change 'did' into 'were doing'.
6. We did a test when the lights went out.
3, 5, 6 In these sentences
(CHSL –2011) one action took place while the
other was going on. Hence we
have used Past Continuous and
Past Indefinite combination.
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• Many times 'V1 + ing' form of verb can be replaced by an Adjective. (कई फतय
verb के 'V1 + ing' form को Adjective से हभ replace कय सकर्े हैं।)
Examples

1. (i) I was sleeping. 3. (i) The house was burning.

(V1 + ing) (V1 + ing)
(ii) I was asleep. (ii) The house was ablaze.
(Adj.) (Adj.)
2. (i) The body was floating.
(V1 + ing)
(ii) The body was afloat.
(Adj.)
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• There are certain non-continuous verbs. They do not come in 'V1 + ing' form
because normally you cannot see someone doing that. (कुछ Non-continuous
Verbs होर्े हैं। मे 'V1 + ing' भें नह ॊ आर्े क्मोंक्रक सतभतन्मर्् आऩ क्रकसी को मे कयर्े नह ॊ िे खर्े।)

The verbs given below are non-continuous verb. (नीचे दिए गए Verbs Non-
continuous verbs है ।)

• Verbs of Perception – (अनब ु र्ू र् से सॊफॊधधर् verbs)

See, taste, hear, smell, seem, appear, sound, feel, look.

• Verbs of possession – (आधधऩत्म सॊफॊधधर् verbs)

Own, have, possess, comprise, consist, contain, belong
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• Verbs of feelings – (बतवनतओॊ से सॊफॊधधर् verbs)

Love, like, hate, adore (ऩसॊि कयनत), dislike, want, wish, please, trust, hope,
desire (इच्छत कयनत), believe

• Verbs of thoughts – (भजस्र्क की क्रिमतओॊ से सॊफॊधधर् verbs)

Think, know, mean, mind, remember, suppose, notice, recognize (ऩहचतननत),
imagine, understand, comprehend (सभझनत), prefer.

• Some other verbs – (कुछ अन्म verbs)

Agree, afford, resemble, cost, require, refuse, consider, become.

Examples Trust me. I am believing you word for word. (×)

Here believe cannot take 'ing' form. Change 'I am believing you'
into 'I believe you'.
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1. I am having a car. (×)

If 'have' means 'own' or 'possess', it becomes non-continuous verb.
I have a car. ()
2. It is smelling good. (×)
It smells good. ()
Here I am not smelling a particular thing. Let's say when I entered my
room, I felt a good smell. Here I am not doing any action. The smell is
automatically affecting my sense organ 'nose'. So here we should say.
If we want to smell some food to know its ingredient, we are performing
some action. He we can use 'smelling' as it is an action.
महतॉ हभ कुछ सॊूघ नह ॊ यहे हैं | जैसे ह भैं अॊिय आमत, वैसे ह भझ
ु े गॊध आमत | भैंने सॊघ
ू ने कत कोई
action नह ॊ क्रकमत| गॊध भेये sense organ 'नतक' ऩय खुि व खुि असय कय यहत है | इसीलरए महतॉ
'smell' non - continuous verb है |
अगय हभ खुि सूॊघ कय सतभग्री कत ऩर्त रगतनत चतह यहे हो र्ो हभ action कय यहे हैं|
Eg: He is smelling the soup to check its ingredients.
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Answers
1. I now (1)/ am knowing (2)/ all the facts about
1. (2) Replace 'am
him.(3)/ No error (4).
knowing' with
(SSC Section Officer (Commercial Audit) 'know'. 'Know' is
Exam. 26.11.2006 (Second Sitting) not used in
Progressive Tense.
2. Ramesh smiled when he was remembering (1)/
his hard early years (2)/ and his long road to 2. (1) Replace 'was
success. (3)/ No error (4). remembering' with
'remembered'.
(SSC Tax Assistant (Income Tax &
Central Excise) Exam. 29.03.2009) 3. (1) Replace ‘is having’
with ‘has’ because
3. Madhuri Dixit is having (1)/ a large (2)/ fan verb of possession
following. (3)/ No error (4). does not come in
the 'Ving' form.
(SSC Higher Secondary Level Data Entry Operator
& LDC Exam. 28.11.2010 (IInd Sitting)
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Examples Next

Answers
4. He is having (1)/ many (2)/ friends here.
4. (1) Replace ‘is having’ with
(3)/ No error. (4)
‘has’ as ‘having’ (have in
(SSC CPO (SI, ASI & Intelligence ‘ing’ form) cannot come
Officer Exam. Paper-II 28.08.2011) in 'V1+ing' it means to
possess.
5. I (1)/ am having (2)/ three children. (3)/ 5. (2) Replace ‘am having’ with
No error (4) ‘have’.
(SSC (10+2) Level Data Entry Operator 6. (3) Replace ‘am not loving
& LDC Exam. 28.10.2012 (1st Sitting) you’ with ‘do not love
you’ because verbs that
show emotion do not
6. You are a very lovable person (1)/ but I
come in ‘Ving’ form.
(2)/ am not loving you. (3)/ No error. (4)
(SSC Constable (GD) Exam. 12.05.2013)
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Examples Next

Answers
7. My mother (1)/ is having (2)/ grey hairs
7. (2) Replace is having' with
(3)/ No Error (4)
'has'. Having something
SSC (steno.) 2017, 14 Sept., Evening means enjoying or
eating which is not
8. I was not able to solve the questions as I suitable here according
was not knowing the answers. to the meaning of the
sentence.
(1) the answers SSC (CPO) Pre- 2018 8. (4) Replace 'was not
14 March, 2019 Evening knowing' with 'didn't
(2) I was not know'. 'Know' does not
come in 'ing' form'
(3) able to solve
(4) was not knowing
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Answers
9. Most children are liking ice-cream.
9. (2) Replace ‘are liking’ with
(1) likes ‘like’ because for
(2) like (SSC Data Entry Operator habitual action Present
& LDC Exam. 28.11.2010) Indefinite Tense is used.
(3) were liking
10. (2) Replace ‘am having’ with
(4) No improvement ‘have’ when ‘have’ shows
possession it does not
come in ‘-ing’ form.
10. I am having two sisters.
(1) have had
(2) have (SSC (10+2) Level Data Entry Operator
(3) had & LDC Exam. 21.10.2012 (Ist Sitting)

(4) No improvement
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Answers
11. She is loving chocolate ice cream
11. (3) Replace ‘is loving’ with
(1) has loving (SSC (10+2) Level Data ‘loves’ because ‘love’ is a
(2) has been loved Entry Operator static verb, we do not
& LDC Exam. use it in ‘-ing’ form.
(3) loves 28.10.2012 (Ist
Sitting) 12. (2) Replace 'is wanting in a
(4) No improvement little' with 'lacks'.
12. He is wanting in a little common sense. General facts comes in
Present Indefinite
(1) No improvement Tense.
(2) lacks
(3) is lacking in
(4) needs some
(SSC CGL Tier-I Exam, 09.08.2015
(Ist Sitting) TF No. 1443088)
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• Now let us see where we can use 'v1 + ing' forms of verbs that are usually
non-continuous. (अफ िे खर्े हैं हभ non-continuous verbs कत प्रमोग 'v1 + ing' form भें
कहतॉ-कहतॉ कय सकर्े हैं।)
Have
1. I am having lunch. ()
2. We are having fun. ()
3. I am having a car. (×)
Own, possess Eat have fun = Enjoy
I have a car. ()
(Non-action verb) (action verb) (Action verb)

V1+ing (×) V1+ing () V1+ing ()

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Feel to touch & see

1. I am feeling, you are V1+ing ()
right. (×)
I feel you are right. () Opine (यतम होनत) To experience something
2. It is feeling soft. (×) Non-action verb physical or emotional
It feels soft. ()
3. I am feeling unwell. ()
V1+ing (×) V1+ing ()
4. She is feeling the quilt
to check the quality of
Verb of Sensation
the fabric used. ()
(Non-action verb)

V1+ing (×)
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1. It is smelling foul. (×)

It smells foul. ()
Smell
2. She is smelling the
soup to identify the
spices used in it. ()
गॊध आनत Sniff (सॊघ
ू नत)
Non-action verb Action verb

V1+ing (×) V1+ing ()

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1. It is tasting delicious. (×)

It tastes delicious. ()
Taste
2. She is tasting the cake to
check its flavour. ()

स्वति भहसस
ू कयनत चखनत
Non-action verb Action verb

V1+ing (×) V1+ing ()

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1. I am thinking you are right. (×)

2. I think, you are right. ()
3. I am thinking of you. ()
4. I am thinking of a new plan. ()
Think

Feel, opine one's state of mind for to plan

non-action verb some particular time. action verb
action verb

V1+ing (×) V1+ing ()

V1+ing ()
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• Lo! She is smelling the artificial roses. ()

We use Lo/ see/ behold/ look! to attract the attention of the
listener towards the action going on.
(Lo/ see/ behold/ look! कत प्रमोग श्रोर्त के ध्मतन को आकवषार् कयर्त है । मतर्न
ध्मतन उस action के र्यप आकवषार् क्रकमत जतर्त है जो जतय अवस्थत भें हो।)

Lo! definition used to tell people to pay attention and look at

something interesting.
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* 1. Seeing is believing.
sub. obj.
2. Mosquitoes are capable of seeing in the night.
Prep.

'V1+ing' is used as Gerund. Gerund is Noun. Noun comes in place of Subject

and object and after a Preposition.
'V1+ing' Gerund एवॊ है औय Subject object के स्थतन ऩय औय Preposition के फति होर्त है |

In the examples given above 'See' and 'believe' have come in 'V1+ing' form.
Here they are Gerund.
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Present Perfect is used for various types of actions. Has/have के प्रमोग

(Present Perfect कत प्रमोग ववलबन्न प्रकतय के actions के लरए होर्त है |) has He/ She/ It/
Name/Singular
I/ We/ They/
have
STRUCTURE You/ Plural/ All

Positive Sentence (सकतयतत्भक वतक्म) Subject + has/ have + V3 + object.

Subject + has/ have + not + V3 + object

Negative Sentence (नकतयतत्भक वतक्म)
Subject + hasn't/ haven't + V3 + object

Has/ have + Subject + V3 + object ?

Interrogative Sentence (प्रश्नसच
ू क वतक्म)
Has/ have + Subject + not + V3 + object ?
Hasn't/ haven't + Subject + V3 + object ?
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Answers
1. The teacher (1)/ has took (2)/ the
1. (2) Replace 'has took' with
responsibility. (3)/ No error. (4)
'has taken'. After ‘has/
(SSC CISF ASI Exam. 29.08.2010 (Paper-I) have’ ‘V3’ is used.
2. I have sign over (1)/ the cheque, you can 2. (1) After 'has/have' V3
(2)/ collect it tomorrow. (3)/ No error (4) comes hence replace
SSC CHSL-2016 (2nd February, Morning)
‘sign’ with ‘signed’. Also
remove ‘over’.
3. Everything has became very expensive 3. (2) Replace 'became' with
these days. 'become'. Has takes V3.
(1) No error
(2) Everything has became
(3) very expensive
(4) these days
CGL MAINS 2018, 12 September, 2019
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Answers
4. Now that I am back at work, (1) / I have
4. (2) After 'have' ‘V3’ form of
beginning (2) / to feel much better. (3) /
verb is used. Thus
No error (4) replace 'beginning' with
SSC CGL-2016 (2nd September, Morning) 'begun'.
5. (1) Change 'becoming' into
'become' because the
5. It has becoming clear (1)/ that attempts sentence is in present
to impress the (2)/ people have failed. perfect tense where the
(3)/ No Error (4) structure is-
SSC (steno.) 2017, 11 Sept., Morning Sub + have/has + V3
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Answers
6. I have went through the write–ups
6. (1) Replace 'went' with
guideline (1)/ too but still want to clear
'gone' become 'go
on mail (2)/ communication for topic through' means to
confirmation. (3)/ No Error (4) examine carefully.
SSC (steno.) 2017, 11 Sept., Evening 7. (2) Change ‘have arrived’
7. The ambulance have arrived on time, the into ‘having arrived’.
accident victim was taken to the
hospital.
(1) the accident victim
(2) have arrived on time
(3) The ambulance
(4) was taken to the hospital
CHSL-2018, 4 July, 2019, Evening
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8. The Public works Department has Answers

propose to construct an elevated corridor
which will run parallel to the National 8. (2) ‘Has’ is always followed
highway. by ‘third form of verb’.
Use ‘proposed’ in place
(1) to the National highway of ‘propose’.
(2) The Public works Department has
propose
(3) which will run parallel
(4) to construct an elevated corridor
CHSL-2018, 2 July, 2019, Morning
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9. The advancements in medical science Answers

has proved to be a boon for all of us.
(1) has proven 9. (3) Replace ‘has proved’
with ‘have proved’
(2) had proven because here the main
(3) have proved subject is plural, it will
agree with plural verb
(4) No improvement (have).
(SSC Stenographer (Grade
'C' & 'D' Exam. 09.01.2011)
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• The action that has taken place just now or recently takes Present Perfect
Tense but if an action is of past, we should use Past Indefinite Tense. (जो कतमा
अबी-अबी मत हतर-क्रपरहतर हुआ हो, उसे Present Perfect Tense भें यखत जतर्त है । रेक्रकन अगय
Action बूर्कतर कत हो र्ो Past Indefinite Tense कत प्रमोग होर्त है ।)

Eg:- 1. I have come to Delhi recently.

2. She has arrived just now.

3. I have had lunch just now.

H.V M.V

• If Past time is given, the sentence is in Past Indefinite Tense. (अगय बूर्कतर कत
सभम दिमत हो र्ो वतक्म Past Indefinite Tense भें होगत)
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Answers
1. I have passed (1)/ the examination (2)/
1. (1) Replace ‘ have passed’
two years ago. (3)/ No error. (4)
with ‘passed’ because
(SSC Section Officer (Audit) Exam. 10.12.2006) the given sentence is in
Past Tense.

2. I (1)/ have seen him (2)/ yesterday. (3)/

2. (2) Replace ‘have seen’ with
No error (4) ‘saw’ because the given
(SSC (10+2) Level Data Entry Operator & sentence is in Past
LDC Exam. 28.10.2012 (1st Sitting) Tense.

3. They have (1)/ played a game (2)/ last 3. (1) Change ‘have played’
week. (3)/ No error (4). into ‘played’ because the
sentence is in Past
(SSC Graduate Level Tier-I
Exam. 21.04.2013, IInd Sitting) Tense.
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Answers
4. I have got your letter yesterday (1)/ and
4. (1) Replace ‘have got’ with
felt happy to learn (2)/ of your recovery.
‘got’ because the given
(3)/ No error. (4) sentence is in Past
(SSC Graduate Level Tier-I Exam. 19.05.2013) Tense.
5. (1) Replace ‘have seen’ with
5. I have seen (1)/ that film last year (2)/ ‘saw’ since the given
but I do not remember its story.(3)/ No sentence talks about
error. (4) past events.
(SSC Multi-Tasking (Non-Tech.) Staff Exam. 16.02.2014)
6. (1) Replace ‘have visited’
with ‘visited’ because
6. I have visited Mumbai two years ago (1)/ the event is of past
and I am planning to visit again (2)/ in time.
the near future. (3)/ No error (4).
(SSC CAPFs SI, CISF ASI & Delhi Police
SI Exam. 28.09.2014 (TF No. 482 RN 5)
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Answers
7. We have finished our work three hours
7. (2) Replace ‘have finished’
ago and have been waiting for you since
with ‘finished’ because
then. the event took place in
(1) three hours ago and have been past.
waiting 8. (3) Given sentence is an
past tense, thus replace
(2) We have finished our work 'have given' with 'gave'.
(3) for you since then (SSC CGL Tier-I Exam,
16.08.2015 (IInd
(4) No error Sitting) TF No. 2176783)

8. I called (1)/ at his house yesterday (2)/

and have given him money (3)/ No Error
(4)
SSC CGL-2016
(8th September, Evening)
 113
Next

9. She has slept for eight hours last night. Answers

(1) slept 9. (1) Replace ‘has slept’ with
(2) had slept ‘slept’ because the
action denotes a past
(3) has been sleeping act.
(4) No improvement

(SSC Tax Assistant (IncomeTax &

Central Excise) Exam.
12.11.2006)
 114
Next

10. Rani has completed her graduation from Answers

a reputed university last year.
10. (1) Replace 'has completed'
(1) completed with 'completed' because
(2) was completed the given sentence is in
Past Tense.
(3) No improvement
(4) had been completed

(SSC CHSL (10+2) LDC, DEO

& PA/SA Exam, 06.12.2015
(IInd Sitting) TF No. 3441135)
 115
Next

Answers
11. I have returned library books yesterday.
11. (3) Replace 'have returned'
(1) had returned with 'returned'.
(2) have had returned 'Yesterday' denotes that
action took place in
(3) returned past.
(4) No improvement

(SSC Section Officer (Audit)

Exam. 06.01.2008)
 116
Next

• Sentences with yet/ so far (अबी र्क)/ till now come in Present Perfect Tense.
(जजन वतक्म भें yet/ so far (अबी र्क) कत प्रमोग हो उनभें Present Perfect Tense कत प्रमोग
होर्त है ।) Answers

1. Didn’t Mr. Sharma come to the office 1. (2) Replace ‘didn’t’ with
yet ? ‘hasn’t’ because ‘yet’
used in the end of the
(1) Hadn’t (2) Hasn’t sentence shows that it is
(3) Isn’t (4) No improvement a present action.

(SSC Section Officer (Commercial 2. Change 'didn't eat' into

Audit) Exam. 30.09.2007
'hasn't eaten'.
2. He didn't eat anything till now.
 117
Next

• When the action is important, not the time of action and the action is over,
however the time of action is not given we use Present Perfect Tense. (जफ कतमा
भहत्त्वऩण
ू ा हो नत क्रक कतमा होने कत सभम औय कतमा खत्भ होने के सभम कत कोई उल्रेख बी नह ॊ हो।)
1. The housing problem in Mumbai Answers
becomes more serious.
(1) is becoming (2) has become 1. (2) Replace ‘becomes’ with
‘has become’ because
(3) become (4) No improvement effect of past in the
(SSC CHSL (10+2) DEO & LDC Exam. Present is still evident.
16.11.2014 , Ist Sitting TF No. 333 LO 2)

2. Science has made our life better.

3. Man has reached the moon.
4. I have already had a slice of bread.
 118
Next

• See the structure given below. (नीचे दिए गमे structure को िे खें))

This is the nth time + Present Perfect Tense

1. This is the first time, I have met him.
2. This is the fourth time, you have interrupted.

But this is a structure which we can use only when the action is over.
(रेक्रकन इस structure कत प्रमोग लसपा र्बी कयें जफ कतमा हो चक
ु त हो)

Eg:- 1. This is the sixth time, he is calling me up.

2. This is the 4th time, you are watching this movie.

 119
Next

• See the structure given below. (नीचे दिए गमे structure को िे खें))

Preceded by Followed by
के ऩहरे के फति
since
Present Perfect Past Indefinite

Eg:- 1. My sister has been (1)/ interested in

medicine (2)/ ever since she was a
child (3)/ No Error (4) Answers

SSC CGL-2016 1. (4) No error

(11th September, Evening)
 120
Next

Answers
2. I have never been hearing from him
since he left for America. 2. (1) Replace ‘have never
been hearing’ with ‘have
(1) have never heard never heard’. When
(2) have never been hearing ‘hear’ means ‘listen
something’ it is not used
(3) was never heard in Continuous Tense.
(4) No improvement
(SSC CGL Tier-I Re-Exam.
(2013) 20.07.2014, IInd Sitting)
 Past Perfect Tense 121
Next

• If two actions took place one after the STRUCTURE

other, the 1st action is in Past Perfect
Tense and the 2nd action is in Past Positive Sentence (सकतयतत्भक वतक्म)
Indefinite Tense. (जफ िो कतमा बूर्कतर भें हो, र्ो
जो ऩहरे हुआ हो वह Past Perfect भें होगत औय जो Sub + had + V3 + obj
उसके फति हुआ हो वह Past Indefinite भें होगत।)
Negative Sentence (नकतयतत्भक वतक्म)
Eg:-
1. I had called you up before he arrived. Sub + had + not (hadn't) + V3 + obj
2. Before he understood anything, the
Interrogative Sentence (प्रश्नसच
ू क वतक्म)
robbers had fled.
3. He boarded the bus after he had Had + sub + V3 + obj ?
texted him.
Had + sub +not + V3 + obj ?
4. By the time we reached the station,
Hadn't + sub + V3 + obj ?
the train had left.
 122
Next

Answers
1. Although we reached his house in time
(1)/ he was left (2)/ for the airport. (3)/ 1. (2) Of the two past actions
the action that happens
No error. (4)
(SSC Multi-Tasking (Non-Tech.) earlier is expressed in
Staff Exam. 16.02.2014) Past Perfect Tense.
Hence replace ‘was left’
2. I meant to repair the radio but hadn’t
with ‘had left’.
time to do it today. 2. (4) Replace ‘hadn’t’ with
(1) No error ‘didn’t have’.
(2) to do it today.
(3) I meant to repair the radio
(4) but hadn’t time
(SSC CGL Tier-II Exam,
25.10.2015, TF No. 2148789)
 123
Next

Answers
3. The train had left (1)/ when he had
reached (2)/ the station. (3)/ No error 3. (2) Replace ‘had reached’ with
‘reached’ because If two
(4).
(SSC Section Officer (Audit) actions take place in Past,
Exam. 10.12.2006) one after the other, the 1st
action will be in Past
4. By the time (1)/ we got our tickets and
Perfect Tense and 2nd in
entered the cinema theatre, (2)/ the Past Indefinite Tense.
show was already begun. (3)/ No error. 4. (3) Replace ‘was’ with ‘had’.
(4) (SSC Tax Assistant (Income Tax & The structure we follow in
Central Excise) Exam. 14.12.2008) this type of question is
By the time + Past
Indefinite + Past Perfect.
Here two actions took place
one after the other in the
past.
 124
Next

Answers
5. When Anand reached the village (1)/ he
found that (2)/ reports about him 5. (3) Replace ‘Preceded’ with
‘had Preceded’.
preceded him. (3)/ No error (4)
If two actions take place
in the past, one after the
other, the first action
6. When at last (1)/ we got to the theatre,
will be in Past Perfect
(2)/the much publicized programme by Tense and 2nd is Past
the Bollywood stars was begun. (3)/No Indefinite Tense.
error (4) (SSC Graduate Level Tier-II 6. (3) Replace ‘was begun’ with
Exam. 16.09.2012) ‘had begun’
If two actions take place
in past one after the
other, the first action is
expressed in Past Perfect
Tense.
 125
Next

Answers
7. We had to return because (1)/ when we
reached the railway (2)/ station the 7. (3) If two actions take place
in past, one after the
train left. (3)/ No error (4)
others the first action
SSC CHSL-2016, 21th Jan, Evening will be in Past Perfect
Tense and the second
8. I finished my assignment before we (1)/
action in 'Past Indefinite
reached his wedding with great (2)/ Tense'. Hence replace
difficulty because of heavy traffic. (3)/ 'left' with 'had left'
No Error (4) 8. (1) Correct formation –
Past Perfect -------- before
SSC (CPO) Pre- 2017, 4 July, 2018 Morning ---- Past Indefinite. Use
'had' before 'finished'.
 126
Next

Answers
9. He said that he saw him last year, to
discuss the documents. 9. (2) Replace ‘saw’ with ‘had
(SSC (10+2) Level Data seen’. Since the given
(1) met Entry sentence is in Indirect
(2) had seen Operator & LDC Exam. Speech.
(3) seen 11.12.2011
10. (1) Replace ‘I wan as a
(IInd Sitting) Delhi
(4) No improvement Zone) prize’ with ‘I had won as
a prize’. Of two actions
10. Hoping not to be disturbed, I sat down of past, the earliest one
in my easy chair to read the book, I won comes in Past Perfect
Tense.
as a prize.
(1) I had won as a prize
(SSC Graduate
(2) I have won as prize Level Tier-I Exam.
(3) I had to win as a prize 21.04.2013,
(4) No improvement IInd Sitting)
 127
Next

Answers
11. She had realized that she had seen him
before. 2nd action 11. (2) Replace 'had realized'
st 1 action with 'realized'. If two
actions take place in
(1) had been realized Past one after the other
(2) realized the 1st action comes in
(3) has realized Past Perfect Tense and
(4) No improvement the 2nd one is Past
Indefinite Tense.
(SSC CHSL (10+2) LDC, DEO 12. 'gifted' changes into 'had
& PA/SA Exam, 15.11.2015 gifted'.
(IInd Sitting) TF No. 7203752)
13. Preceded by
12. He lost the bicycle that his father gifted के ऩहरे
him.
Past Perfect that time
13. Every one had slept till that time.
past
 Future Perfect Tense 128
Next

• Action, which the speaker assumes will have been completed or occured in
the future, is expressed in Future Perfect Tense. (जो कतमा, वक्र्त भतन के चरर्त है क्रक
बववष्म भें हो चुकत होगत, वह Future Perfect Tense भें आर्त है ।)
STRUCTURE
Positive Sentence
Subject + will/shall + have + V3 + object
(सकतयतत्भक वतक्म)

Negative Sentence Subject + will/shall + not + have + V3 + object

(नकतयतत्भक वतक्म) Subject + won't/shan't + have + V3 + object

Will/shall + Subject + have+ V3 + object ?

Interrogative Sentence
Will/shall + Subject + not + have + V3 + object ?
(प्रश्नसच
ू क वतक्म)
Won't/shan't + Subject +have + V3 + object ?
 129
Next

1. By the time we will reach the theatre, the show will have begun. (×)

Note:- Here we cannot use double will/ shall. (महतॉ double will/shall कत प्रमोग नह ॊ हो
सकर्त।)

Future Perfect part will have 'will/shall'. The other part will be
in Present Indefinite Tense. ('will/shall' कत प्रमोग Future Perfect
वतरे बतग भें होर्त है | िस
ू ये बतग भें Present Indefinite Tense कत प्रमोग होगत|)

Correct Sentence

By the time we reach the theatre, the show will have begun.
 130
Next

2. By this time tomorrow, I will reach my home.

(1) will be reaching

(2) shall have reached

(3) can reach

(4) No improvement
(SSC Section Officer (Commercial Answers
Audit) Exam. 25.09.2005)

2. (2) कर इस सभम र्क भैं घय ऩहुॉच

चक
ु त हुॉगत।
 131
Next

Answers
3. I am late for sure. By the time I will
reach the station, the train would have 3. Change 'I will reach' into 'I
reach' and 'would have left'
left.
into 'will have left'.

4. 'Will have read' is the correct

4. I _______ (read) four novels by the end of answer as 'by' suggests that
the vacation. the end of the vacation is
yet to come.
 132
Perfect Continuous Tense Next

Present Perfect Past Perfect Future Perfect

Continuous Continuous Continuous
Action started in the Action started in the Action to continue up to
past and still going on. past, continued and a certain future point of
(जो कतमा बर्
ू कतर भें शरू
ु हुआ औय finished in the past. (जो time. (जो कतमा बववष्म के क्रकसी
अबी बी चर यहत हो) कतमा बर्
ू कतर भें शरू
ु हुआ, चरत सभम र्क जतय यहे गत)
औय बर्ू कतर भें खत्भ हो गमत)
Eg. Eg. Eg.

I have been living in He had been waiting By the end of this

Delhi since childhood. for three hours before year, I shall have been
you came. living here for ten
years.
 Present Perfect Continuous Tense 133
Next

STRUCTURE

Positive Sentence Sub + has/ have + been + V1 + ing + obj+ for/ since + time.
(सकतयतत्भक वतक्म)

Negative Sentence Sub + has/ have + not + been+V1 + ing + obj+ for/ since + time.
(नकतयतत्भक वतक्म) Sub + hasn't/ haven't + been + V1+ ing + obj+ for/ since + time.

Has/ have + Sub + + been + V1+ing + obj + for/ since + time?

Interrogative Sentence
Has/have + Sub +not+ been + V1+ing + obj + for/since +time?
(प्रश्नसच
ू क वतक्म)
Hasn't/ haven't + Sub + been + V1+ing + obj + for/since+time?
 Past Perfect Continuous Tense 134
Next

STRUCTURE

Positive Sentence
(सकतयतत्भक वतक्म) Sub + had + been + V1 + ing + obj + for/ since + time.

Negative Sentence
Sub + had + not (hadn't)+ been + V1+ing + obj + for/since+time.
(नकतयतत्भक वतक्म)

Had + sub + been + V1 + ing + obj + for/ since + time ?

Interrogative Sentence
Had + sub + not+ been + V1 + ing + obj + for/ since + time ?
(प्रश्नसच
ू क वतक्म)
Hadn't + sub + been + V1 + ing + obj + for/ since + time ?
 Future Perfect Continuous Tense 135
Next

STRUCTURE

Positive Sentence Sub+shall/will+have+been+V1+ing+obj+for/from+time

(सकतयतत्भक वतक्म)

Negative Sentence Sub+shall/will+not+have+been+V1+ing + obj + for/from + time

(नकतयतत्भक वतक्म) Sub+shan't/won't+have+been+V1 + ing + obj + for/ from + time

Will/shall+sub + have + been + V1 + ing + obj + for/from +time?

Interrogative Sentence
Will/shall+sub+not+have+been+V1+ing+obj+for/from + time ?
(प्रश्नसच
ू क वतक्म)
Won't/shan't+sub+have+been+V1+ing+obj+for/ from+time ?
 136
Verb Based Questions Next

The verbs which are not used in 'V1 + ing' form cannot come in 'Perfect
Continuous Tense'. They come in 'Perfect Tense'. (जजन verbs कत प्रमोग 'v1 + ing'
form भें नह ॊ होर्त उनकत प्रमोग Perfect Continuous Tense भें नह ॊ कय सकर्े। उनकत प्रमोग
Perfect Tense भें कयें ।) Answers
Eg.
1. Change 'have been liking'
1. I have been liking chocolate since into 'have liked'.
childhood.
2. Change 'has been preferring'
into 'has preferred'.

2. She has been preferring tea to coffee for

years.
 137
Verb Based Questions Next

Answers
3. We have been knowing (1)/ each other
3. (1) Replace ‘have been
(2)/ since we were children. (3)/ No knowing’ with ‘have
error.(4) (SSC Graduate Level Tier-I known. ‘Know’ is not
Exam. 19.05.2013) used in continuous form.
4. (1) Replace ‘was ill’ with
4. She was ill for five days (1)/ when the ‘had been ill’ because
doctor (2)/ was sent for. (3)/ No error (4) the work continued in
past for a period of time.

(SSC CHSL (10+2) DEO & LDC Exam.

16.11.2014, Patna Region : Ist Sitting)
 138
Verb Based Questions Next

5. Since July 2008, our customers will be Answers

able to use the ATM network of BBY
Bank, the bank that was acquired by us 5. (1) The action started in
during that year. July 2008 and is still
(1) have been able to use (SSC Graduate going on. Present Perfect
(2) were using Level Tier-I Continuous is the most
Exam. appropriate tense
(3) will have been able to use 21.04.2013)
needed here.
(4) No improvement
6. (1) Replace ‘have never
6. I have never been hearing from him been hearing’ with ‘have
since he left for America. never heard’. ‘Hear’ is a
(1) have never heard (SSC CGL Tier-I 'non-continuous verb’
Re-Exam. and it is not used in
(2) have never been hearing
(2013) Continuous Tense.
(3) was never heard 20.07.2014, IInd
(4) No improvement Sitting)
 139
Tense Based Questions Next
Answers
1. He is (1)/ residing here (2)/ since 1983. 1. (1) Replace ‘is’ with ‘has been’.
(3)/ No error (4) 2. (2) Replace ‘is living’ with ‘has
(SSC Stenographer (Grade 'C' & 'D' Exam. 09.01.2011) been living’.
An action that has started
2. Nalini says that (1)/ she is living in in Past and still going on
Chennai (2)/ since 1991. (3)/ No error (4) comes under Present
(SSC (10+2) Level Data Entry Operator & Perfect Continuous Tense.
LDC Exam. 21.10.2012 (2nd Sitting)) 3. (1) Replace ‘are residing’ with
‘have been residing’.
3. They are residing (1)/ in this city (2)/ for 4. (1) Replace ‘is working’ with
the last two decades. (3)/ No error (4) ‘has been working’ because
(SSC FCI Assistant Grade-III Main Exam. 07.04.2013) the event that started in
the Past and still
4. Sam is working (1)/ in a bank in Chennai continuing comes under
(2)/ for the past five years. (3)/ No error. Present Perfect Continuous
(4) (SSC Graduate Level Tier-I Exam. 19.05.2013) Tense.
 140
Tense Based Questions Next

5. By May next year I have been working in Answers

this college for twenty years.
5. (3) Since the sentence talks
(1) No error about future time so it
(2) By May next year should be ‘shall have been’
(3) I have been working in this college in the place of ‘have been’.
(4) For twenty years. 6. (1) use ‘living’ in place of
(SSC CGL Tier-I Exam, 09.08.2015
‘lives’. Has been is followed
(Ist Sitting) TF No. 1443088) by V1 + ing.

6. My grandmother has been lives in Shimla

since her childhood days.
(1) has been lives
(2) her childhood days CHSL-2018, 10
July, 2019,
(3) My grandmother Evening
(4) in Shimla since
 141
Tense Based Questions Next

7. How long are you working here ? Answers

(1) have you been working here ? 7. (1) Replace ‘are you working
(2) you are working here ? here’ with ‘have you been
working here’. Since the
(3) were you working ?
given sentence is in
(4) No improvement Present Perfect Continuous
(SSC Section Officer (Audit) Tense.
Exam. 06.01.2008) 8. (3) Replace ‘was working’ with
‘has been working’ because
8. Mayank was working overtime for the last the given sentence is in
two weeks. Continuous Tense.
(SSC Data Entry Operator
(1) is working & LDC Exam. 28.11.2010)
(2) is being working
(3) has been working
(4) No improvement
 142
Tense Based Questions Next

9. The fishermen are fishing in the sea from Answers

sunrise and will continue to do so until 9. (2) Replace ‘are fishing’ with
sunset. ‘have been fishing’.
(SSC
(1) have fished Stenographer
(2) have been fishing Grade 'C' 10. (2) Replace ‘are waiting’ with
(3) were fishing & 'D' Exam. ‘have been waiting’ because
16.10.2011) ‘the action of ‘waiting’ is
(4) No improvement
still continuing hence
10.The clients are waiting outside since Present Perfect Continuous
morning and will continue to wait until Tense will come’.
you meet them.
(1) have waited (SSC Graduate
(2) have been waiting Level Tier-I
Exam.
(3) were waiting
21.04.2013)
(4) No improvement
 MISCELLANEOUS 143
Next
Answers
1. This custom (1)/ has come down 1. (3) ‘time immemorial’ will
(2)/ since times immemorial.(3)/ replace ‘times
No error.(4) immemorial’ because
‘time immemorial means
(SSC (10+2) Level Data Entry Operator &
LDC Exam. 11.12.2011 (Ist Sitting (Delhi Zone) ‘for longer than any one
can remember’.
‘Times’ is countable (फतय)
2. Change 'have been writing'
2. I have been writing ten letters into 'have written'. We cannot
since morning. write ten letters at one time.
We can write one letter after
the other.
 MISCELLANEOUS 144
Next
Answers
3. She has been reading four novels 3. Change 'has been reading' into 'has read'.
since the vacation started. We cannot read all the four novels
together.
4. No error
4. He has been visiting historical Preceded by Followed by
monuments since he came to के ऩहरे के फति
India. since
Present Past
Perfect Indefinite

OR

Present Perfect
Continuous (If
action is still
going on)
 Use of 'For' & 'Since' 145
Next

For When period/ duration is given, use for.

जफ सभम की अवधध कत उल्रेख हो र्फ 'for' कत प्रमोग कयें ।
All Indefinite Tense

For used in All Perfect Tenses

All Perfect Continuous Tenses

1. I lived in Delhi for ten years.

Eg.
2. I teach you for two hours every day.
3. She will study for three hours every day.
4. I haven't eaten anything for ten hours.
5. He had been ill for ten months before he passed away.
6. I have been living in Delhi for ten years.
 Use of 'For' & 'Since' 146
Next
When starting point of time is given, use since.
Since जफ शरू
ु आर्ी सभम कत उल्रेख हो र्फ Since कत प्रमोग कयें ।
Perfect Tense
Since used in Perfect Continuous Tense (Except Future Perfect
Continuous where we use 'from'.)
1 Calendar Eg.
1. Since 2009 year, Since May
2 Clock (Month), Since Holi (Occasion),
used Since 7th July (date), since Monday
Since 3 Stages of life (Days).
with
2. Since 7 O'clock, Since 8:30 pm.
4 Parts of a day 3. Since Childhood, Since
adolescence.
5 Synonyms of Starting 4. Since morning, Since last night.
5. Since beginning, Since inception.
 Long since Comes after the Helping Verb 147
(Adv) and before the Main Verb Next

Long ago (past) for a long time

(फहुर् ऩहरे) (कतपी सभम से)

Eg. Promises were long Eg. We have long since

since forgotten. been bosom friends.
 148
Next
Answers
1. Our new neighbours (1)/ had been living in 1. (3) Replace ‘since’ with ‘for’.
Arizona (2)/ since ten years before moving ‘For’ is used for duration of
to their present house. (3)/ No error. (4) time.
(SSC Section Officer (Audit) Exam. 09.09.2001)
2. (3) Replace ‘since’ with ‘for’
For is used for duration of
2. I (1)/ have been studying (2)/since four time
hours. (3)/ No error (4) Since is used for point of
time.
(SSC (10+2) Level Data Entry Operator & 3. (3) Replace ‘since’ with ‘for’.
LDC Exam. 04.11.2012 (2nd Sitting)
‘for’ is used for ‘duration of
time’
3. I have (1)/ known him (2)/ since two
‘since’ is used for ‘point of
years. (3)/ No error (4) time’.
(SSC Delhi Police Sub-Inspector
(SI) Exam. 19.08.2012)
 149
Next
Answers
4. I have been (1)/ working in this 4. (3) Replace ‘since’ with ‘for’.
organization (2)/ since three years. (3)/ No ‘for’ is used for duration of
error (4) time.
‘Since’ is used for ‘Point of
(SSC FCI Assistant Grade-III Main Exam. 07.04.2013)
time’.

5. I have been waiting for you since two 5. (4) Replace ‘since’ with ‘for’.
hours. For is used for duration of
time.
(1) for you Since is used for point of
time.
(2) No error
(3) I have been waiting
(4) since two hours
(SSC Constable (GD)
Exam, 04.10.2015, IInd Sitting)
 150
Next
Answers
6. Vipul has been (1)/ suffering from fever 6. (3) 'For' is used for duration of
(2)/ since seven days. (3)/ No error (4) time.
'Since' is used for point of
SSC CHSL-2016, 17th Jan, Evening
time.
Hence replace 'since' with
7. She has been (1)/ complaining about 'for'.
headache (2)/ from morning. (3) No error
(4) 7. (3) Replace ‘from’ with ‘since’.
(SSC (10+2) Stenographer Grade ‘C’ & ‘D’
Exam. 31.01.2016 TF No. 3513283)
8. (3) Change 'since' into 'for'
because the time period is
given.
8. Neeta served as President (1)/ of the
oshinara club (2)/ since ten years (3)/ No
error (4)
SSC (steno.) 2017, 12 Sept., Morning
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Answers
9. I have been living in Delhi since many years.
9. (1) Use 'for' in place of
(1) since (2) have been living
'since'.
(3) in Delhi (4) many years for + period of time
Stenographer – 2018, (5 Feb., 2019 Evening) since + point of time
10. My nephew has been in hospital since four 10. (3) Replace 'since' with
weeks because of Mumps. 'for'.
11. (1) Replace ‘since’ with
(1) because of (2) in
‘for’.
(3) since (4) has been ‘Since’ is used for
Stenographer – 2018 (6 Feb., 2019 Morning) ‘point of time’.
11. Mr. Sharma has been living in this city since ‘For’ is used for
five years. ‘duration of time’.
(1) for (2) only
(3) from (4) No improvement
(SSC CHSL (10+2) DEO & LDC Exam.
16.11.2014, Patna Region : Ist Sitting)
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From
Eg. I will reach home tomorrow in the evening but my mother will
have been waiting for me from morning.
Note:- 'Since' comes for only past not for future. For future point of time
use 'from'.
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