FINISHES

• Final stage of construction of a structure

where it will determine the aesthetic of the
structure.
• Selection of finishing depends on 2 factors:
a) usage / function
b) cost
 FINISHES
• Surface finishes have critical influence on the aesthetic qualities of a space
• In the selection and use of a finish material the following factors should be
carefully studied
 Colour
 Texture
 Pattern
 The way it meets and joints with other materials
• If a finish material has modular characteristics , then its unit dimensions
can be used to regulate the dimensions of a wall, floor , or ceiling surface
 FLOOR FINISHES
• Among the factor that will influence the selection of floor
finishing are as follows:
a) Function of the floor
b) Price
c) Maintenance
d) Comfortable
 WALL FINISHING
• Among the factors that will influence the selection on types of
finishing are as follows:
a) Price
b) Sound insulator, heat insulator
c) Attractive / beautiful or not
d) Durable / long lasting
e) Resistant to chemical reaction
 ROOF FINISHING
• Factors influence the selection of roof finishing depends on
a) strong or not
b) load of the roof
c) Able to inverse light
d) Beautiful / attractive
e) Cost ( cheap & big )
 1) PAINT
Can be used for material made of wood, steel, concrete and
bricks.
Function of paint is
a) to protect the material from weathering, oxidation process
and damages by insects.
b) to improve the beauty of the material
c) to facilitate the cleaning process of the surface
 PAINT cont..
• Emulsion paint will give a non shiny finishing and suitable for brick wall
and concrete wall (exterior & interior wall)
• Aluminium paint can be used as a basic paint for the surface of
metallic material.
• Bituminous paint give protection to material that can easily corroded
such as steel and it’s cheap.
• Oil Paint usually glossy (shiny).
 PAINT cont..
• A paint coating that lacks pigment & which gives a transparent /
translucent finish to wood is called Varnish
• This paint provides a hard glossy transparent coating
• It greatly enhances natural beauty & figure of wood.
• Method of polishing the wood with varnish is French Polishing.
• Ensure the surface are clean (no dust) and smooth before applying
varnish.
 2)WALLPAPER
• Variety of patterns, colours & finishes
• Most popular alternative to painting
• Understanding the impact of pattern, color and design can make a
room appear larger and more stylish.
• Selection of wallpaper have to consider the climate to ensure long
lasting
 3)PLASTER
• Plaster refers to any various mixtures applied in a pasty form to the surface
walls or ceilings in a plaster state and allowed to harden and dry. The most
common type of plaster used in construction is gypsum plaster, which is made
by mixing calcined gypsum with water, fine sand or lightweight aggregate and
various additives to control its setting and working qualities.
• Gypsum plaster is a
• Durable
• Relatively lightweight
• Fire-resistant material
• However it is not suitable for moist or wet conditions
• Portland cement plaster, also known as stucco, is used on exterior walls and in
areas subject to wet or moist conditions
PLASTER OVER MASONRY
 4)GYPSUM BOARD
• Gypsum board is a sheet material used for covering walls. It
consists of a gypsum core surfaced and edged to satisfy
specific performance, location, application, and appearance
requirements. It has good fire resistance and dimensional
stability. Its relatively large sheet size makes it an economical
material to install.
• Gypsum wallboard is often referred to as DRYWALL because
of its low moisture content, and little or no water is used in
its application to interior walls or ceilings
FINISHES
 GYPSUM BOARD CONT..

Gypsum board can be curved to a large

radius by simply bending it around a
curving line of studs.
 5)CERAMIC TILES
 Ceramic tiles are relatively small, modular surfacing units
made of clay or other ceramic material. The tiles are fired
in a kiln at very high temperatures. The result is a durable,
tough, dense material that is water-resistant, difficult to
stain, and easy to clean, its colour generally do not fade

 The thickness ranges from ¼” to ¾”

 CERAMIC TILES cont..

Ceramic tiles is available glazed or unglazed

Glazed tile has a face of ceramic material fused into the
body of the tile and may have glossy, matte or
crystalline finishes in a wide range of colours.

Unglazed tiles are hard and dense and derive their

colour from the body of the clay material. These colour
tend to be more muted than those of glazed tiles
UNGLAZED Ceramic Mosaic Alhambra, Spain
CERAMIC
MOSAIC TILE
Formed by dust-pressed or plastic
method
• Either porcelain or natural clay
composition
• Plain or abrasive mixture
throughout
• Homogeneous color throughout
body

CERAMIC TILES cont..

QUARRY TILE
Glazed or unglazed
• Formed by extrusion method
• Either natural clay or shale
composition

CERAMIC TILES cont..

PAVER TILE

Glazed or unglazed
• Formed by dust-pressed
method
• Either porcelain or natural
clay composition

CERAMIC TILES cont..

PORCELAIN TILE
A ceramic mosaic or paver
tile
• Formed by dust-pressed
method
• Composition resulting in a
dense, smooth, fine-grained
tile with a face that is sharply
formed

CERAMIC TILES cont..

GLAZED WALL TILE
Not expected to withstand
excessive impact
• Not subject to freezing and
thawing conditions
• Not suitable for floors

Glazed Ceramic Tiles , Rukni Alam Mausoleum ,

Multan , Pakistan

CERAMIC TILES cont..

GLAZED TILE AND BRICK REVETMENTS,
LIME PLASTER PANELS, TERRA-COTTA
CERAMIC TILES

TERRACOTTA TILE

CERAMIC TILES cont..

 CERAMIC TILE APPLICATION
 Thinset Process (or thin-bed) :In the thinset process, ceramic tile is
bonded to a continuous , stable backing with a thin coat of dry-set
mortar

Lartex-portland cement mortar

Epoxy mortar
An organic adhesive

 Thickset Process(or thick-bed):: In the thickset process, ceramic tile is

applied over a bed of Portland cement mortar. This relatively thick bed
allows for accurate slopes and true planes in the finished work. The
mortar bed is also not affected by prolonged contact with water.
FINISHES
Thinset
Process
 FINISHES

Thickset
Process
Installation of tile using the thin-set method at an exterior
building entrance.
(a) Latex-modified portland cement mortar being spread on
a concrete slab using a notched trowel for a thin-set
application.
(b) A tile being set into the mortar bed. The purpose of
the notched trowel is so that the proper amount of
mortar will be applied—when the tile is pressed down
the mortar becomes evenly distributed.
(c) Grout being applied to the tile joints,
usually 24 h after tile has been set.
 6)TERRAZZO
Terrazzo is a mosaic floor or paving
composed of marble or other stone
chips, set in a cementitious or
resinous matrix and ground and
polished when dry. It provides dense,
extremely durable, smooth flooring
surface whose mottled colouring is
controlled by the size and colours of
the aggregate and the color of the
binder.
FINISHES
 TERRAZZO cont..
Metal or plastic-tipped divider strips are used:
To lacalize shrinkage cracking
To serve as a construction joints
To separate the different colours ofa floor pattern
To act as a decorative elements
TERRAZZO cont..

A section through
cementitious terrazzo.
 7)WOOD FLOORING
 Wood flooring is valued in residential applications for the warmth and
beauty it brings to a room. It is also used extensively for athletic floors,
such as basketball, volleyball, and racquetball courts, as well as for
theater and dance floors, where durability, hardness, and resiliency are
highly desired.
 WOOD FLOORING cont..
Most commonly used species of wood
 Ash: White
 Beech: American and red
 Birch: Yellow
 Cherry: African, black, and Brazilian
 Hickory
 Maple: Black and hard
 Oak: Northern red, red Southern, and white
 Pecan
 Pine: Eastern white, Southern yellow, and heart
 Walnut: African, black, Brazilian, and Peruvian
 WOOD FLOORING cont..
 Unlike the other floor coverings controlling the moisture content of
wood flooring during fabrication and installation is imperative as it is a
hygroscopic material.

 Historically, strips and planks were installed over wood sleepers

 Today, strips, planks, and parquet can be installed over a plywood

subbase, or directly to the subfloor. Nails, staples, and water-based
adhesives are used to attach to wood subfloors, whereas adhesives are
required for concrete.
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 8)STONE TILES
 Stone panels for flooring,
also known as dimension
stone, are natural stones that
have been selected and
fabricated (cut and trimmed)
to specific shapes and sizes,
with or without mechanical
dressing of one or more
surfaces
 STONE TILES cont..

 It is important to note that the properties of stone critical for selecting stone for
exterior cladding may not be important (or as important) for the stone used in floors.
For example, weatherability and flexural strength of stone (important for exterior
cladding) are less important for flooring, where stone’s compressive strength and
abrasion resistance are extremely important.
 Natural stone used for panel flooring include granite, marble, limestone,slate, and
other quartz-based stones such as sandstones, bluestones,and quartzities.
 Stone panels are uniformly fabricated on five faces, with the backs being left
ungauged (cut in a way that does not allow for uniform thicknesses).The panels are
actually slabs of stone and usually have large dimensions in one or both directions.
Because the panels are not uniformly thick, they must be installed over a thick-set
mortar bed.
Austin Hall at Harvard University
(1881–1884), designed by Henry
Hobson
Richardson, is a virtuoso
performance in stone masonry.
Notice the intricate carving
of the yellow Ohio sandstone
capitals and arch components.
The spandrels above the
arches are a mosaic of two colors
of Longmeadow sandstone
blocks. The depth of the
arches is intentionally
exaggerated to impart a feeling
of massiveness to the wall at
the entrance to the building.
(Photo by Steve Rosenthal )
STONE TILES
The tiles or slab may be laid
irregular or irregular patterns
over portland cement mortar
bed in a manner similar to the
installation of ceramic tile
flooring. Thin stone flooring may
also be applied using the thinset
process
 FLOOR WITH DIFFERENT TYPES
OF MARBLES

PINK MARBLE WALL

FINISHES
 9)CARPETING
• The most tactily comforting floor covering is carpet. With a
centuries-long history of exquisite rugs and carpets, carpet
continues to be the covering of choice due to its softness,
contribution to quietness, and emotional feeling of comfort.
Carpet is also used extensively for rooms where a quiet
environment is necessary or desired.
• Fibers, the basic component of carpet, are either natural or
synthetic. The most common fibers are made of Nylon,
Polypropylene or Wool
 CARPETING cont..

Carpeting provides floors with both visual and textural softness,

resilience , and warmth in a wide range of colours and patterns.
These qualities in turn , enable carpeting to absorb sound, reduce
impact noise, and provide a comfortable and safe surface to walk on.
As a group , carpeting is fairly easy to maintain.
Carpeting is normally installed wall to wall ,covering the entire floor
of a room. It can be laid directly over a subfloor and underlayment
pad, obviating the need for a finish floor. It can also be laid over an
existing floor
 CARPET CARPET FACE
CONSTRUCTION TYPES CONSTRUCTIONS

CARPETING cont.
 CARPETING cont..

• INSTALLATION
– Stretch-In
– Direct Glue-Down
– Double Glue-Down
– Other Methods

General characteristics of knitted and woven

carpets.
Carpet applied to floor of a
room

Carpet applied to the walls

of a room
10)GLASS TILES
 11) RESILIENT FLOORING
Resilient flooring materials provide an economical , relatively
dense, nonabsorbent flooring surface that is durable and easy
to maintain. Their degree of resistance enables them to resist
permanent indentation and contributes to their quietness and
comfort underfoot. How comfortable a resilient covering is ,
however depends not only on its resilience but also on its
backing and the hardness of the supporting substrate.
 RESILIENT FLOORING cont..
FORMS OF RESILIENT FLOORING
 There are two forms of resilient flooring: tiles and sheets. Resilient tiles
are uniformly sized after manufacturing, most commonly 12 in. square;
however, other sizes and shapes are available.
 Tiles are usually more economical and are used when joints are not
objectionable or there is a desire to create a particular pattern with
different color tiles.
 Resilient sheets are available in rolls of continuous length, which are
typically 6 or 12 ft in width. Sheets are used when there is either a desire
to cover as much of the floor as possible without joints or there is a desire
to create a larger pattern that cannot be accomplished by tiles.
 RESILIENT FLOORING cont..

TYPES OF RESILIENT FLOORING MATERIAL

• SOLID VINYL TILES
• VINYL COMPOSITION TILES (VCT)
• RUBBER TILES
• SHEET VINYL
• LINOLEUM TILES AND SHEETS
• CORK TILES
A high
performance
vinyl composite
floor tile
 12)OTHER FLOORING MATERIALS
• Brick
• Concrete Staining
• Specialty Floor Covering
• Clear Finished Concrete
 OTHER FLOORING MATERIALS cont..

BRICK
• Full-size brick or split-face brick can be used for interior and exterior floor
coverings. They can be thin-set or thick-set mortared for interior floors,
with or without grouted joints, generally following the same methods as
used for ceramic and stone tile flooring or stone panel flooring.
 OTHER FLOORING MATERIALS cont..

CONCRETE STAINING
• A popular finish is to apply an acid stain to concrete, which penetrates
down into the concrete surface and reduces visibility to wear. The finish
has a mottled appearance and can be left as is or can be covered with a
clear sealing product.
CONCRETE STAINING
 OTHER FLOORING MATERIALS cont..

CLEAR FINISHED
CONCRETE
Another popular finish is
the application of a clear
or tinted sealing product
that can be polished to a
high gloss finish
 OTHER FLOORING MATERIALS cont..

SPECIALTY FLOOR COVERING

• There are many floor-covering products that can be used for specialty
purposes. These include rubber mats around swimming pools and in
athletic locker rooms and elevated access flooring used in computer
equipment and television broadcast rooms where there is a considerable
amount of wiring on the floor. Also, increasingly popular in large office
buildings is elevated access flooring, which is combined with the heating-
cooling systems to distribute air below the flooring instead of through
overhead ducts.
THANK YOU