DIVISION 09

PLASTER
GENERIC TERM THAT REFERS TO ANY OF A
NUMBER OF CEMENT-LIKE SUBSTANCES THAT
ARE APPLIED TO A SURFACE IN PASTE FORM AND
THEN HARDEN INTO A SOLID MATERIAL
STUCCO
• CEMENT-BASED PLASTER
• USED FOR PLACES WITH
MOISTURE
• NOT AS EASY TO APPLY AS
GYPSUM PLASTER
• SHRINKS DURING CURING
 GYPSUM PLASTER
• DURABLE AND LIGHTWEIGHT
• GOOD ACOUSTICAL PROPERTIES
• SOLUBLE IN WATER
• FIRE RESISTANT
• INEXPENSIVE
GYPSUM PLASTER
LATHING
MADE FROM WOOD,
METAL OR GYPSUM
WHERE PLASTER SETS
GYPSUM PLASTER
VENEER PLASTER BASE
• PAPER-FACED GYPSUM
BOARD THAT COMES IN
SHEETS, SCREWED TO
WOOD OR STEEL STUDS
• LEAST EXPENSIVE
GYPSUM PLASTER
GYPSUM BOARD
• PREFABRICATED PLASTER SHEET
MATERIAL
• A.K.A. PLASTERBOARD,
DRYWALL
• LEAST EXPENSIVE OF ALL
INTERIOR FINISHING
MATERIALS FOR WALLS &
CEILING
• LESS LABOR-INTENSIVE
GYPSUM BOARD
TYPE X
REINFORCED WITH GLASS FIBERS
FOR FIRE-RATED ASSEMBLIES

MOISTURE-RESISTANT
WITH MOISTURE-RESISTANT CORE
FOR AREAS WITH MOISTURE
GYPSUM BOARD
ACCESSORIES
GYPSUM BOARD
JOINT
COMPOUND &
TAPE
USED FOR FILLING AND
FINISHING THE JOINTS
EXTERIOR INSULATION AND
FINISH SYSTEM (EIFS)
CLADDING SYSTEM CONSISTING OF A THIN
LAYER OF REINFORCED STUCCO APPLIED
DIRECTLY TO THE SURFACE OF AN INSULATING
PLASTIC FOAM BOARD
EXTERIOR INSULATION AND
FINISH SYSTEM (EIFS)
COMPONENTS:
• ADHESIVE
• INSULATION BOARD
• MECHANICAL FASTENERS
• BASE COAT
• FINISH COAT
EIFS
APPLICATION TYPES:
• BARRIER-WALL
RELIES ON COATING LAYERS AND JOINT
SEALANTS FOR PROTECTION AGAINST WATER
• DRAINAGE-WALL
HAS A DRAI NAGE PLANE BETWEEN THE
INSULATION AND SUBSTRATE
EIFS
APPLICATION TYPES:
CEILING TYPES
SUSPENDED CEILING
SECONDARY CEILING SUSPENDED BELOW THE
FLOOR OR ROOF, FORMED TO PROVIDE SPACE
FOR PIPING OR DUCTWORK (PLENUM)
CEILING TYPES
ACOUSTICAL CEILING
CEILING COMPOSED OF
ACOUSTICAL TILES OR OTHER
SOUND-ABSORBING
MATERIAL
CEILING TYPES
ACOUSTICAL CEILING
PARTS:
MAIN RUNNER
10 FT. / 12 FT.
CROSS TEE
2 FT. / 4 FT.
WALL ANGLE
8 FT. / 10 FT.
ACOUSTICAL TILE
60 x 60cm, 60 x 120cm
CEILING TYPES
ACOUSTICAL CEILING
CEILING TYPES
METAL PAN CEILING
CEILING COMPOSED OF
SHEET METAL PANS
CEILING TYPES
LINEAR METAL
CEILING
CEILING COMPOSED OF
LONG METAL STRIPS
CEILING TYPES
SUSPENDED WOOD
CEILING
MAY BE IN PANEL OR
LINEAR FORMS, MADE
FORM SOLID WOOD OR
OTHER MATERIALS WITH
VENEERED WOOD
CEILING TYPES
LOUVERED CEILING
SUSPENDED CEILING OF
MULTICELLULAR LOUVERS
CEILING TYPES
STRETCHED-FABRIC
CEILING
MADE WITH SYNTHETIC
FABRIC STRETCHED ACROSS
A MOUNTING SYSTEM
CEILING TYPES
INTEGRATED
CEILING
SUSPENDED CEILING
INCORPORATING
ACOUSTICAL, LIGHTING
AND AIR-HANDLING
COMPONENTS INTO A
UNIFIED WHOLE
CEILING TYPES
INTERSTITIAL
CEILING
• SUSPENDED CEILING
THAT ALLOWS
WORKERS TO TRAVEL
FREELY IN THE
PLENUM SPACE
• USED FOR HOSPITALS
AND LABORATORIES
FLOOR TYPES
CELLULAR DECKING
FLOOR TYPES
UNDERCARPET
WIRING SYSTEM
• WIRING CAN BE
DELIVERED WITHIN THE
FLOOR USING FLAT
CONDUCTORS
• USEFUL FOR RETROFIT
PROJECTS
FLOOR TYPES
RAISED FLOOR
SYSTEM
• ELEVATED STRUCTURAL
FLOOR (3” TO 4’) THAT
IS STABILIZED OVER A
SOLID SUBSTRATE
• IDEAL FOR RUNNING
ELECTRICAL WIRING
AND HVAC DUCTS
FLOOR FINISH MATERIALS
CONCRETE
• LOW INITIAL COST
• DURABLE
• REQUIRES GOOD
WORKMANSHIP TO IMPROVE
APPEARANCE
• USUALLY USED FOR GARAGES,
INDUSTRIAL & AGRICULTURAL
BUILDINGS
FLOOR FINISH MATERIALS
STONE
• VARIOUS KINDS
• EXPENSIVE
• REQUIRES REGULAR
SEALING TO BRING OUT
THE COLOR AND TO
PROTECT FROM STAINS
FLOOR FINISH MATERIALS
BRICKS / BRICK PAVER
• DURABLE
• INEXPENSIVE
• VARIOUS SIZES
• LIMITED COLORS
• REQUIRES SEALING
• NON-SLIP
FLOOR FINISH MATERIALS
TERRAZZO
• MADE BY GRINDING AND
POLISHING CONCRETE
WITH STONE CHIPS
• POLISHED AND SEALED
• DURABLE
• VARIOUS DESIGNS
• EXPENSIVE
• COMPLEX INSTALLATION
FLOOR FINISH MATERIALS
WOOD
• VARIOUS FORMS:
• STRIPS (40 to 60mm)
• PLANKS (75 to 200mm)
• SOLID OR ENGINEERED
• PARQUET
• PLASTIC LAMINATE
(FLOATING)
FLOOR FINISH MATERIALS
WOOD
• CAN BE RESANDED AND
RESEALED
• EASY TO INSTALL GOOD
ACOUSTICS
• EXPENSIVE
• PRONE TO PEST INFESTATION
• MAY EXPAND OR CONTRACT
FLOOR FINISH MATERIALS
BAMBOO
• HARDER AND MORE
DIMENSIONALLY
STABLE THAN WOOD
• NATURAL LIGHT
COLOR
• MAY BE IN STRIPS OR
LAMINATED
FLOOR FINISH MATERIALS
RESILIENT FLOORING
LINOLEUM
• MADE FROM RENEWABLE MATERIALS
(BIODEGRADABLE)
• VARIOUS DESIGNS
• DURABLE
• HOMOGENOUS
• LOW MAINTENANCE
• WEAK TO SHARP OBJECTS
• WEAK TO SUNLIGHT
• WATER-RESISTANT
FLOOR FINISH MATERIALS
RESILIENT FLOORING
VINYL
• PETROCHEMICAL BYPRODUCT (MAY
EMIT VOC)
• LOW INSTALLATION COST
• VARIOSU DESIGNS
• DURABLE
• PRINTED DESIGN LAYER
• LOW MAINTENANCE
• WEAK TO SHARP OBJECTS
• WEAK TO SUNLIGHT
• WATERPROOF
FLOOR FINISH MATERIALS
CARPET
• MAY BE IN TILE OR SHEET
FORMS
• INEXPENSIVE
• GOOD ACOUSTICS
• SOFT
• VARIOUS DESIGNS
• EASY TO INSTALL
• NOT AS DURABLE AS OTHERS
• REQUIRES MAINTENANCE
FLOOR FINISH MATERIALS
FLUID-APPLIED
• URETHANE AND EPOXY
FLOOR COATINGS ARE THE
MOST COMMON
• DURABLE
• EASY TO CLEAN
• VARIOUS DESIGNS
• REQUIRES ADDITIVES TO BE
NON-SLIP
• DIFFICULT TO INSTALL
FLOOR FINISH MATERIALS
SLIP RESISTANCE
COEFFICIENT OF FRICTION (COF)
• BETWEEN THE FLOOR AND SOME
REFERENCE MATERIAL
• LOW COF = MORE SLIPPERY
FLOOR FINISH MATERIALS
SLIP RESISTANCE
COEFFICIENT OF FRICTION (COF)
ANSI/NFSI STANDARD B101:
TEST OF COF ON WET SURFACES:
HIGH TRACTION: SCOF > 0.6
MODERATE TRACTION: SCOF = 0.4 to 0.6
LOW TRACTION: SCOF < 0.4
FLOOR FINISH MATERIALS
SLIP RESISTANCE
‘R’ RATING
BASED ON THE STANDARD RAMP TEST
FLOOR FINISH MATERIALS
SLIP RESISTANCE
‘R’ RATING
BASED ON THE STANDARD RAMP TEST
FLOOR FINISH MATERIALS
SLIP RESISTANCE
‘ABC’ RATING
BASED ON THE STANDARD RAMP TEST
FLOOR FINISH MATERIALS
SLIP RESISTANCE
• MINIMUM RATING IS R11
• R12 IS THE RECOMMENDED MINIMUM IN
WET ENVIRONMENTS AND ON SLOPES UP TO
7°
• ‘C’ RATING IS RECOMMENDED FOR
SWIMMING POOLS AND BATHROOM
PAINTS & COATINGS
A MIXTURE OF:
1. BINDER - NONVOLATILE PART THAT BONDS PIGMENT
INTO A FILM DURING DRYING
2. SOLVENT - VOLATILE PART, DISPERSES THE OTHER
COMPONENTS
3. PIGMENT - SOLIDS THAT ADD COLOR, OPACITY AND
GLOSS CONTROL
4. ADDITIVES – MODIFY PROPERTIES OF PAINT (MILDEW
RESISTANCE, TEXTURIZERS, UV STABILIZERS)
PAINTS & COATINGS
PAINT SHEEN:
PAINTS & COATINGS
WATER-BASED
• WATER AS THE SOLVENT
• BINDERS ARE USUALLY VINYL OR
ACRYLIC RESINS
• LOW OR NO VOC
• LOW ODOR
• DRIES FASTER
• EASY TO WASH
• RETAINS THEIR COLOR LONGER
• LESS DURABLE
PAINTS & COATINGS
SOLVENT-BASED
• MOST COMMON: ALKYD &
LINSEED
• CURING BY EVAPORATION OF THE
SOLVENT (LONGER DRY TIME)
• EMITS MORE VOC & STRONG
ODOR
• HARD TO WASH
• GOOD FOR HIGH MOISTURE
• EXTREMELY DURABLE
PAINTS & COATINGS
HIGH-PERFORMANCE
COATINGS
EPOXY
• COMPOSED OF EPOXY COMPOUNDS
THAT ARE MIXED PRIOR TO
APPLICATIONS
• PRODUCES A VERY HARD, CHEMICAL
AND MOISTURE RESISTANT FINISH
• USED FOR AREAS WITH MOISTURE
AND HIGH TRAFFIC
PAINTS & COATINGS
HIGH-PERFORMANCE
COATINGS
URETHANE
• SOFTER AND MORE FLEXIBLE THAN
EPOXY
• MORE RESISTANT TO HEAT AND UV
PAINTS & COATINGS
ENAMEL
ANY WATER-BASED OR
OIL-BASED PAINTS THAT
DRIES TO A HARD, GLASS-
LIKE SURFACE
PAINTS & COATINGS
LACQUER
• SOLVENT-BASED COATING
• PRODUCES A SOLID,
WATERPROOF AND DURABLE
FINISH
• DRIES QUICKLY
• MORE FLEXIBLE THAN PAINT
• HARD TO APPLY
PAINTS & COATINGS
ELASTOMERIC
PAINTS & COATINGS
INTUMESCENT
PAINTS & COATINGS
VARNISH
• CONSISTS OF A RESIN
DISSOLVED IN AN OIL OR
ALCOHOL
• W/O PIGMENT
• FORMS A HARD, LUSTROUS
AND USUALLY TRANSPARENT
COATING
PAINTS & COATINGS
STAIN
• SOLUTION OF DYE OR
SUSPENSION OF PIGMENT IN
A VEHICLE
• ABSORBED
• APPLIED TO PENETRATE AND
COLOR A WOOD SURFACE
WITHOUT OBSCURING THE
GRAIN
PAINT DEFECTS
BLISTERING
FORMATION OF BUBBLES
ON THE PAINTED SURFACE

CAUSE: WATER VAPOR

TRAPPED UNDER THE PAINT
PAINT DEFECTS
BLOOMING
FORMATION OF DULL
PATCHES

CAUSE: POOR QUALITY OF

PAINT AND POOR
VENTILATION
PAINT DEFECTS
CHALKING
POWDER FORMS ON THE
SURFACE

CAUSE: SUNLIGHT AND

MOISTURE EXPOSURE
DISINTEGRATES THE PAINT
BINDER
PAINT DEFECTS
CRACKING
RANDOM BREAKS OR
CREVICES IN THE PAINT FILM

CAUSE: DIFFERENT COATS

OF PAINTS CURES
DIFFERENTLY
PAINT DEFECTS
EFFLORESCENCE
FORMATION OF WHITE,
POWDERY DEPOSITS ON
THE SURFACE

CAUSE: PRESENCE OF
SALTS IN MORTAR,
CONCRETE, ETC.
PAINT DEFECTS
FADING
GRADUAL LOSS OF COLOR

CAUSE: SUNLIGHT
EXPOSURE
PAINT DEFECTS
FAT EDGES
HEAVY RIDGE OF PAINT
ALONG THE EDGES

CAUSE: TOO MUCH PAINT

ON THE BRUSH
PAINT DEFECTS
FLAKING
PAINT FILM DOES NOT
ADHERE PROPERLY WITH
THE SURFACE

CAUSE: SURFACE IS NOT

PREPARED PROPERLY
PAINT DEFECTS
FLASHING
PRESENCE OF GLOSSY
PATCHES

CAUSE: POOR
WORKMANSHIP, POOR
QUALITY OF PAINT
PAINT DEFECTS
GRINNING
THE SUBSTRATE OR ITS
COLOR CAN BE SEEN
CLEARLY

CAUSE: VERY THIN

APPLICATION OF COATING
PAINT DEFECTS
PATCHINESS
UNEVEN FINISH

CAUSE: HIGHLY ABSORBENT

SURFACE
PAINT DEFECTS
PEELING
SWELLING OF PAINT
SURFACE

CAUSE: POOR SURFACE

PREPARATION
PAINT DEFECTS
RUNNING
PAINT RUNS BACK AND
LEAVES SMALL AREAS
UNCOVERED

CAUSE: VERY SMOOTH

SURFACE
PAINT DEFECTS
SAGGING
PAINT DROOPS DOWNWARD

CAUSE: IMPROPER STIRRING

& STORING (PIGMENT
SETTLES AT THE BOTTOM)
PAINT DEFECTS
WRINKLING
PAINT FORMS FILM-LIKE
UNDULATING WAVES

CAUSE: TOO MUCH PAINT;

DRYING DURING HIGH
TEMPERATURE; UNDERCOAT
DRIES FIRST
 ESTIMATING PAINT
THINGS YOU MUST KNOW:
1. AREA FORMULA
2. VOLUME CONVERSION
1 pail / tin = 4 gal
1 gal = 4 L (3.8L)
1 gal = 4 quarts
1 quart = 2 pints
 ESTIMATING PAINT
EX.
A ROOM MEASURING 4m x 6m AT ITS
OUTERMOST FACES, HAVING 1 – 0.9m x
2.10m DOOR AND 2 – 1.2 x 1.2m
WINDOW OPENINGS, IS TO BE BUILT
USING 4” CHB WALLS 3m HIGH.
IT SHALL HAVE A ½” THK. GYPSUM BOARD
CEILING 2.70m HIGH.
ITS WALL SHALL HAVE 3-COATS LATEX
PAINT FINISH ON BOTH SIDES WHILE ITS
CEILING SHALL HAVE 2-COATS LATEX
PAINT FINISH.
ESTIMATE THE QTY. OF PAINT NEEDED
IN PAILS FOR THE (1) WALLS AND (2)
CEILING. ASSUME A PAINT COVERAGE
OF 20m2/ gal
 ESTIMATING PAINT
FOR THE EXTERIOR WALLS:
Area = P x H
Area = 2(4m + 6m) x 3m
= 20m x 3m
= 60m2
Openings = (2.1m x 0.9m) + 2(1.2m x 1.2m)
= 4.77m2
Net Area = 60 m2 - 4.77m2
= 55.23 m2 (PAINTABLE AREA)
 ESTIMATING PAINT
FOR THE INTERIOR WALLS:
Area = P x H
Area = 2(3.8m + 5.8m) x 2.70m
= 19.2m x 2.70m
= 51.84m2
Openings = (2.1m x 0.9m) + 2(1.2m x 1.2m)
= 4.77m2
Net Area = 51.84 m2 - 4.77m2
= 47.07 m2 (PAINTABLE AREA)
 ESTIMATING PAINT
FOR WALLS (OVERALL):

Total Area = 55.23 m2 + 47.07 m2

= 102.3 m2 x 3 coats
= 306.9 m2
PAINT:
QTY = AREA x COVERAGE
= 306.9 m2 x 1 gal / 20 m2
= 15.35 gal. x 1 pail / 4 gal
= 3.84 = 4 pails - ANSWER (1)
 ESTIMATING PAINT
FOR THE CEILING
Area = 3.8m x 5.8m
= 22.04 m2 x 2 coats
= 44.08 m2
PAINT:
QTY = AREA x COVERAGE
= 44.08 m2 x 1 gal / 20 m2
= 2.20 gal. x 1 pail / 4 gal
= 0.55 = 1 pail - ANSWER (2)