Cover Page

Internship Report on
Chemical use in farming and its health and environmental implications

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of

BACHELOR OF COMMERCE
of Bengaluru North University

BY
Mr. CHETHAN B C
REG: U19BC21C0057
UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF
SHABNAM RIZWAN
Associate Professor of Commerce
Vikram college of commerce & management studies
 VIKRAM COLLEGE OF MANAGEMENT STUDIES

Certificate of college
(IN THE COLLEGE LETTER HEAD)
VIKRAM COLLEGE OF COMMERCE & MANGEMENT STUDIES,

CHIKKABALAPUR, [D] CHINTHAMANI-563125

DATE:

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Mr. CHETHAN B C bearing Registered No.U19BC21C0057

UUCMS ID. is a student of VI SEM B COM of our College.

He has prepared Internship report entitled “A Study on Chemical use in

farming and its health and environmental implications, Chintamani,
From 06/03/2024 to 10/04/2024
towards the partial fulfilment of the requirement of Bachelors of

Commerce of Bengaluru North University.

Principal

[Seal & Signature]

 STUDENT DECLARATION

I the Mr. CHETHAN B C Reg. No. U19BC21C0057 UUCMS ID,

hereby declare that this report entitled “A Study on Chemical use in
farming and its health and environmental implications, Chintamani,
during the summer vacation between the period from
06/03/2024 to 10/04/2024, VEERABADRASWAMY TRADRS”
under the supervision and guidance of SHABNAM RIZWAN Associate
professor of Commerce, VIKRAM COLLEGE.

Date :
Place: Signature
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The successful completion of this internship report required significant
guidance and assistance from many individuals, and I am truly grateful
for their support throughout this journey.

Firstly, I would like to express my sincere appreciation to

Mr. MANJU Stores Head of VEERABADRASWAMY TEADERS,

Chintamani branch for providing me with the opportunity to intern at
their esteemed organization.

I am also deeply grateful to our faculty coordinator, SHABNAM

RIZWAN and our principal, Mr. BALASANJANNA S for their
unwavering support and for granting me the valuable opportunity to
intern, which has been instrumental in my learning and exposure to the
field of accountancy and finance.

I would like to extend my heartful thanks to my parents for their

permission and constant encouragement throughout this internship.
Additionally, I am thankful to my friends for their support whenever

I needed their assistance during this project.

Lastly, I would like to express my profound gratitude to all individuals

who directly or indirectly contributed to the completion of this report.
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. Executive Summary
2. Introduction
3. Description of the Organization
4. Experiential Learning
5. Internship Outcomes and Conclusion
6. Bibliography
7. Annexures
 Executive Summary
Inappropriate use, handling and disposal of agrochemicals could have adverse
health and environmental impact. This study was done in selected villages of a
rural developmental block areas with the main objectives of assessing the
knowledge and practices regarding storage, handling and disposal of routinely used
agrochemicals; exploring the farmers’ perceptions of agrochemical use and its
potential ill effects on health and to determine if commonly used agrochemicals
have reached the water consumed by the local population. Methodology involved
cross sectional survey, focus group discussions, key informant interviews and
water sample testing .of the 98 farmers interviewed 18.4% stored agrochemicals in
their homes prior to usage. Thirty nine percent used bare hands to mix the
chemicals, a third disposed empty sacs or tins of agrochemicals in the open and
43% reused containers/sacks to store materials at homes. Only 28% used adequate
personal protective equipment while applying agrochemicals. Focus group
discussion and key informant interviews revealed that awareness regarding health
effects of chemicals was poor among the farmers. Except for phosphorous, all
chemicals tested were below detectable levels in the ground water samples from
both the study villages. The practice of storing, mixing and applying agrochemicals
without personal protection and unsafe disposal of pesticide containers appears to
be widely prevalent in the study villages. A comprehensive program for creating
awareness for safe management, handling and disposal of pesticides among both
users and shop keepers is required to address this important health and
environmental problem Key words: agrochemicals, practices, pesticides, personal
protective equipments, water contamination.
 CHAPTER I

Introduction
Agriculture remains the principal source of livelihood for majority of the
population in India.1 The increased use of synthetic fertilizers and chemical
pesticides in agriculture started in India since 1960s as part of the Green
Revolution.2 Over the past five decades synthetic fertilizers' consumption has
drastically increased several folds and India is now one of the leading producers of
agrochemicals in the world.3,4 Many of the chemical pesticides can have harmful
effects on human beings either as acute or chronic toxicity.5Acute exposure to
pesticides can lead to death or serious illnesses.6About 355,000 people die globally
each year due to unintentional acute poisonings.7 Two-thirds of these deaths occur
in developing countries where such poisonings are associated with excessive
exposure and or inappropriate use of toxic chemicals and pesticides present in
occupational and domestic environments.8,9 The cumulative health impacts of
human exposures to various agrochemicals can be a factor in a range of chronic
health conditions and diseases like cancer, reproductive, endocrine,
immunological, congenital and developmental disorders.10-13 Groundwater is the
major source of drinking water in India.14 Besides, it is an important source of
water for the agricultural and the industrial sector. The continued use of chemicals
in agriculture has revealed its potential to percolate and reach the
groundwater.15,16 There are four major routes through which pesticides reach the
ground water. They may drift outside the intended area when sprayed, may
percolate, leach or seep through the soil, may be carried to surface water as
runoff.17 Factors that affect a pesticide's ability to contaminate water include its
water solubility and half life, the distance from an application site to a body of
water, weather, type of soil, presence of a growing crop and the method used to
apply the chemical.18 Once in ground water, pesticides and their degradation
products can persist for years, depending upon the chemical structure of the
compounds and environmental conditions.
Good management, use, and disposal of agrochemicals is an important health and
environment issue in developing countries.20 Safe pesticide management is
essential to the well being of all those involved with using pesticides. The total
exposure of a person to pesticide is the sum of all exposures resulting during
different working situations like mixing, applying, storing or disposing the
chemicals.21 Exposure to pesticides and there by its health impacts can be
minimized at community level by appropriate and judicious use of agrochemicals,
adopting recommended methods of mixing, applying, storing, disposing and
practicing use of proper personal protective equipments (PPE).22,23 This study
was done in selected villages of Chintamani block of Chelur Circle to study the
knowledge and practices regarding storage, handling and disposal of routinely used
pesticides and fertilizers (agrochemicals). The farmers‟ perceptions of
agrochemical use and health effects were also explored. This study also intended to
determine whether the commonly used agrochemicals for agricultural purposes had
reached the ground water. This information was thought to be useful to make
informed policy decisions for bringing about changes in the agricultural practices
to reduce the risk of exposure to harmful agrochemicals..
 Methods

Manure is organic matter which is prepared by rotting animal dung, crop residues,
peels of fruits and vegetables etc. After decomposition, they provide a wide range
of nutrients to the plants. It is the most natural and chemical free substance to
increase the yield of crops and to improve the production efficiency of the soil. The
methods of this preparation are very old and popular among farmers. Today, where
earlier farmers were use chemical fertilizers to increase the maximum production
of their crops, but now they are giving more importance to natural fertilizers than
chemical fertilizers. In this generation, chemical fertilizers have so much adversely
effected on the land that the yield of the crop has increased but the outbreak
of diseases and pests has increased in the cereals, that is why most of the farmers
have now turned towards natural fertilizers instead of chemical fertilizers.
This study was done in two Areas Chintamani block of Chelur Road, selected
for its availability of water for farming or the lack of it. Chintamani has a
population of 2189 and most of the people depend on agriculture as their primary
source of income. The village has a natural and continuous water source because it
is located close to a river where rain water from the hills close by flows. Village is
another village which is on a higher ground and has a population of 1356 where
water supply is relatively scarce and hence agriculture is seasonal. Methodology
included a survey using a structured questionnaire among farmers from both the
villages, two focus group discussions (FGDs) and two key informant interviews.
Three liters of water samples from three bore wells which constituted the main
drinking water supply of these villages were collected; two from the agricultural
village, and one from the non-agricultural village and tested in an accredited
laboratory for presence of the commonly used agrochemicals in the study area
which included phosphorous (as phosphate), urea (as nitrate), hexaconazole,
carbendazim, lambda-chylothrin, monocrotophos, endosulfan (as alpha, beta and
sulfate). The questionnaire included basic demographic information, commonly
used pesticides and fertilizers, practice of mixing, storing and disposal of
chemicals, re-use of containers, sacks and use of personal protective equipments.
The questionnaire was translated into vernacular, back translated and piloted,
modifications made before use. Farmers from both villages were selected by
systematic random sampling from every third house, interviewed at their home
using the questionnaire. Data was entered using Epi-info 2002, version 3.5.1 and
was analyzed using software SPSS 12(SPSS Inc., 1989-2003) for windows. A
focus group guide was developed, the key themes for FGDs were identified as
commonly used agrochemicals in that region, reasons for using it, harmful effects
of these chemicals and ways to reduce the harmful effects. One FGD was
conducted in each village with farmers who were currently involved in agriculture.
The participants for FGD were selected with the help of the ‟Health Aide‟, who is
the village level trained worker. FGDs were held at the villages itself and the sites
were chosen according to ease of access for the participants. Both FGDs were
moderated by the same researcher, who ensured that each item on the agenda was
fully discussed and that all the respondents had sufficient opportunity to express
their views. The objectives of the study and implications of participation were
explained to the group at the start. Demographic characteristics such as age and
experience in agriculture were collected from the participants. After obtaining
consent from each participant, the discussions were videotaped.FGD was analyzed
on the same day in which it was conducted. The transcripts were translated to
English by two researchers separately and correlated with the video recording.
Themes were divided into common pesticides and fertilizers used, reason for using
it, harmful effects, precautions taken to minimize harmful effects and were coded
with different alphabets. Repeated themes were marked as important with a bold
alphabet in red font color. All the flagged statements were put together and
synthesized. Themes which evoked spontaneous discussions, themes which had
more time spent on them and those themes associated with strong emotional cues
were quoted verbatim. Key informant interviews were conducted with an
experienced farmer and with the inventory of the pesticide shop in the agricultural
village. The interview focused on commonly used agrochemicals in the villages
and trends in its usage over years.
 CHAPTER II:

Description of the Organization

Project Goal:
“To accelerate the growth of rural economy by providing timely quality agri-input
and consultancy to the farmers.”
Activities at Agro Centre:
 Resource centre for awareness on various development related issues.
 Facilitator for creation of SHGs and farmers’ clubs
 Moderator for smooth functioning of SHGs and farmers’ clubs
 Delivery of high quality Agri – inputs
 Information generation at grass root level for developing farmers’ and
area profile
 Capacity Building, training and field visits etc.
 Technology transfer through demonstration and training
 Arranging interaction between technical experts, local artisans and
farmers.
 Backward and forward linkages in value chain
 Facilitation in bank and insurance related activities
 Market and product related information dissemination through use of
Information Communication Technology (ICT)
 Contract production, agriculture and farm diversification
 Resources and activity planning with the help of customized software
  Crop specific consultancy and query redressal
 Farm equipment and machinery on lease and rental to the farmers
 Facilitation for various government schemes and programmes
 Implementation of government and development agencies supported
programmes

Responsibilities of Centre Incharge:

 Identification of a suitable location for setting up the Agri-Clinic and
Agribusiness Centre in the assigned territory.
 Identify the need of human resources and also recruit locally, including
Gram Panchayat level Project Officers.
 Establishing the network with the farmers, collecting the detailed socio-
economic and agricultural information and developing the profile of farmers
in digital form.
 Coordination of various programs like farmers’ training, technology
demonstration and market information.
 Meeting the targets for inputs supplies, training programs and other
developmental work as worked out.
 Providing market and farming system like better agronomic and crop
protection related information to the farmers and consulting on specific
problem.
 Farm resources and activity planning based on profile of farmer and local
agro-climatic conditions.
 Facilitation to the farmers’ in availing benefits of various government
schemes, loan from various banks, insurance and other services.
  Facilitation to the farmers’ in marketing of farm produce and forward
linkages for better market access to the farmers and contract farming on
production basis.
 Arranging the venue and other required facilities for various field and
training activity in assigned territory.
 Liasoning with the local government administration, bank officials, KVKs
and other related institutions
 Implementation of different plans and schemes in its assigned territory for
the growth of BAC and for benefits of rural community

Methods
Key informant interviews were conducted with an experienced farmer and with the
inventory of the pesticide shop in the agricultural village. The interview focused on
commonly used agrochemicals in the villages and trends in its usage over years.

Results
A total of 98 farmers were interviewed; 68 from Chelur and 30 from Village. The
demographic characteristics of the farmers interviewed are shown in Table I. Mean
age (SD) of the farmers interviewed was 47.3(12.1) years. Among them 18.7 %
(18/98) were illiterate and 47.9% (47/98) owned less than one acre of land. All
used synthetic fertilizers and chemical pesticides for cultivation. Of them 18.4%
(18/98) said they stored agrochemicals prior to use while a majority of them would
buy the chemicals only before use. Eight (8.2%) stored chemicals inside their
house. About 31.6% (31/98) of the farmers interviewed, mixed chemicals at their
household premises before taking it to the field for application. Among them,
38.8% (38/98) mixed chemicals with bare hands while 41.8% (41/98) used a stick
or ladle for mixing. Of those interviewed, 32.7% (32/98) threw away the empty
sacks or tins of pesticides or fertilizers once empty, while 42.8% (41/98) reused it
to store things; 12.2% (12/98) reported that they use empty sacks for storing grains.
The common practices on the use of chemicals are summarized in Table 2. A
majority 73.5% (72/98) would not bathe or clean themselves with water
immediately after applying pesticides. PPE were used by 27.6% (27/98) while
18.4% (18/98) did not use any personal protective equipment. Education of the
farmer for less than 8 years was identified as a risk factor for not using any PPE
with an adjusted odds ratio of 3.32 (95% CI 1.12-13.2). The results of analysis of
factors associated with use of PPE are presented in Table 3. The commonly used
pesticides in the study villages were monocrotophos, endosulfan, lambda-
chylothrin, diathone M45, hexaconazole, borate and carbendazim. The pesticides
were classified using the World Health Organization (WHO) classification of
pesticides based on hazard and is shown in Table IV. The major findings from the
two FGDs showed that the practice of using chemicals in agriculture started in both
the villages thirty years ago. Most of the people did not have adequate knowledge
regarding the recommended amount of pesticides or fertilizers to be used. The
local pesticide/fertilizer shop-keeper advised most of the farmers on the type and
quantity of the chemicals to be used. All agreed that crop production had definitely
increased since they started using chemical pesticides. Non availability of leaves
from the forest due to restricted entry into the forest was a reason stated for using
chemical fertilizers. Use of chemical pesticides for deliberate self-harm was
discussed and was pointed as a major reason for not storing chemicals in their
home along with the presence of children at homes The overall awareness
regarding the effects of chemicals in causing chronic toxicity was poor in both the
groups. Infertility among cattle was attributed to pesticide use which was agreed by
many. Soil fertility was thought to decrease by the use of chemicals. One group felt
that chemicals can reach ground water. Biological pesticides were considered as
being “very mild”, “not so effective” with “delayed effects. Organic farming and
simultaneous chemical use were considered as bad since pests from the chemical
farms would move to the organic farms. Avoiding spraying during rainy seasons,
not letting the cattle to graze immediately after spraying, not storing pesticides at
home were some of the ways by which the community suggested to reduce the
harmful effects of pesticides. Personal protective equipment were not considered as
being effective and a stated reason for not using it was they were not in the habit of
using it. Few verbatim accounts from the FGDs are shown in Box 1.

Discussion
The Insecticides Act, 1968 and Insecticides Rules, 1971 regulate the import,
registration process, manufacture, sale, transport, distribution and use of
insecticides and pesticides with a view to prevent risk to human beings or animals
and for all connected matters, throughout India.24 However, the various
act/welfare schemes applicable to agricultural workers have not been able to
adequately protect and safeguard the interests of the workers. The current study
revealed poor awareness regarding the harmful effects of agrochemicals among the
farmers. The practice of storing, mixing and applying agrochemicals without
personal protection and unsafe disposal of pesticide containers appears to be
widely prevalent in the study villages. The farmers mainly depend on the
information from the shop owner regarding the type and amount of agrochemicals
to be used. The use of PPE while handling pesticides was low in the study villages.
Only one in four farmers used to practice PPE adequately. Experience form
elsewhere in India has shown similar findings.25-27A comprehensive program for
creating awareness for safe management, handling and disposal of
pesticides/containers among both users and shop keepers is required to address this
important health and environmental problem. Education activities should focus on
increasing awareness regarding need for using proper personal protective measures
among farmers while handling agrochemicals and these activities need to be
continuous and ongoing. Block agriculture office should take an active
responsibility to monitor the use of PPE among farmers.

Social Impact of the Project:

Project is on a participatory approach where stakeholders list involves
entrepreneurs at grass root level, rural community, financial institutions, state and
central government and other developmental organization. This wide participation
ensures the greater impact on overall society on a sustainable basis. Being the role
of local community on priority in this project accountability will be ensured and
the implementation will be in efficient mode. Major impact of the project is listed
below:
 Development of a self reliant, self sustained well informed and aware
society
 Improved income in project area
 Better access to bank finances, leading to accelerated growth of rural
enterprises
 Enhanced entrepreneurial and managerial skills.
 Better job and self employment opportunities
 Advanced skills to improve productivity of human resource
 Access to information by latest Information Communication Technology
(ICT)
 Intervention of technology and technical orientation of community for better
acceptability of technology
 Improved farm income through scientific agriculture, better resources
planning based on information, improved marketing services, contract
farming and forward linkages
 Diversification of agriculture and reduced pressure on agriculture because of
training on alternative livelihood options
 Increased commercial activities in society with the increased actions of
corporate
 Penetration of services like insurance, bank loan, animal health and
agriculture extension .
 CHAPTER III:

Experiential Learning

Conventional farming makes use of pesticides to protect plants and fertilisers

to enhance their growth and fertility. In organic farming, their use is heavily
restricted. In both types of farming, the EU is working for safer products for
consumers.

Pesticides – also known as agricultural chemicals – are substances that are used to
protect plants against pests. They include herbicides to kill weeds, fungicides to get
rid of diseases and insecticides to kill bugs. Those chemicals are unfortunately not
only getting rid of the unwanted but can also cause harm to our health and the
environment. Pesticides or plant protection products contain at least one active
substance and are used to:
 protect plants against pests and diseases;
 influence how much the plants grow;
 preserve plant products;
 kill or prevent the growth of undesired plants;

What about organic farming?

One way of limiting the emission of pesticides into the environment and the
exposure to humans is to produce organic products. In organic farming, the use of
chemical pesticides as well as synthetic fertilisers, antibiotics and other substances
is heavily restricted. Organic farms have to follow some strict rules if they want to
call their products organic. Some of the important principles for the processing of
organic products are:

 very strict limits on the use of agricultural chemicals, pesticides, fertilisers,

antibiotics and food additives;
 not using genetically modified organisms (GMOs);
 using on-site resources;
 choosing plant and animal species that are resistant to diseases and adapted to local
conditions.
 Just think of nutrients in your food like carbohydrates, protein, fat and
fibre – they are made up of chemical compounds. There is no
“chemicals-free” food. For example, a strawberry contains many
chemicals:

We use a lot of products that are made of plastic. The screen you are reading this
on probably has some kind of plastic in it, we drink water from plastic bottles and
our children play with plastic toys. The two most important substances to watch
out for in plastics are bisphenol A (BPA), used in a variety of consumer products,
and certain phthalates, often found in toys.
Glyphosate
Glyphosate is one of the most widely used active substances in pesticides to
prevent unwanted plant growth around planted crops or to kill plants or parts
of plants. These substances are often called ‘herbicides' or ‘weedkillers'.

Glyphosate is used in agriculture and horticulture to combat weeds

before sowing. Where genetically modified plants with resistance to
glyphosate are grown, the substance is also used after sowing to kill
weeds growing amongst the crops.
Biocides

Biocides are products that act against pests and bacteria. To have this
effect, they often contain hazardous chemicals. If you want to know
what’s in the biocides you buy and to find the most environmentally
friendly options, try out our database on biocides.

We rely on biocides for many things. For example, we disinfect our

hands at hospitals to avoid spreading bacteria, and we use mosquito
repellents to avoid nasty bites.
 Disinfectants protect your skin and the surfaces in your home
from bacteria, yeasts, fungi and viruses.
 Preservatives protect products from bacteria, yeasts and fungi.
 Pest control products protect you and your home from pests.
 Other products, such as those that protect a boat from fouling.
The use of biocidal products is regulated in the EU. Authorities assess
the risks of using a biocide before deciding whether to allow the product
on the EU market.
While we rely on some biocides, we could do without others or use less
of them. Making informed choices about the biocides we buy and use
can help to limit their impact on our health and the environment.

Chemicals
Chemicals make your cleaning products work. It is important that you always
check the labels to use them in a safe way.

Laundry detergents, all-purpose cleaners, washing-up liquids – they all contain

substances called surfactants or surface active materials. They reduce the surface
tension between water and grease (liquid oil or solid fat) so that the two can mix,
water can get a hold of the grease and wash it away. That is why we wash dirty
clothes with detergent – the detergent can remove dirt in a solid or liquid form.
If you look at the ingredients of a cleaning product, you will see many other
chemicals, too. For example, biological detergents contain enzymes. These help to
break up and remove grease, but also food and other deposits. Different chemicals
are also used to provide scents or colour to a product or to help preserve it.

Chemicals and climate change

On a global scale, we are using more energy than ever before, and this is
having serious effects on the Earth’s climate. But, while the release of some
chemicals into the environment can accelerate climate change, chemicals are
also part of the solution.

Our need for energy has never been greater. Globally we use more energy than
ever before, and the demand is rapidly growing. Economic expansion of emerging
market economies, population growth and our increasing use of energy-consuming
devices are among the most important contributing factors.

The greenhouse effect

Solar radiation consists of visible light as well as of ultraviolet , infrared and other
types of radiation invisible to the human eye.
About one-third of the radiation hitting Earth's atmosphere is reflected back out
into space by clouds, ice, snow, sand and other reflective surfaces. The other two-
thirds is absorbed by the Earth’s surface and the atmosphere. As the land, oceans
and atmosphere heat up, they re-emit energy as infrared thermal radiation, which
passes through the atmosphere.
Heat-trapping gases like carbon dioxide (CO2) absorb this infrared radiation and
prevent it from dissipating into space, giving rise to what we know as the
greenhouse effect.
The accumulation of CO2 and other greenhouse gases in the atmosphere is the
dominating driver of recent climate change.

Man-made greenhouse gases

CO2 is estimated to be responsible for 64 % of man-made global warming. Other
greenhouse gases are released in much smaller amounts but still contribute
significantly to the overall warming effect, as they are much more potent heat-
trapping gases than CO2. This is the case with methane (CH4), which is responsible
for 17 % of man-made global warming, and with nitrous oxide (N2O), which
accounts for 6 % of the effect. The main man-made greenhouse gases and their
sources are:
  CO2 from the burning of fossil fuels (coal, oil and gas) – for use in electricity
generation, transportation, industry and households – and land-use changes
like deforestation;
 CH4 from agriculture and waste landfilling;
 fluorinated greenhouse gases – such as hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs),
perfluorocarbons (PFCs), sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) and nitrogen trifluoride
(NF3) – used in industry.

Agricultural pesticides – friends or foes to biosphere?

Highlights

 Synthetic pesticides are integral components of agricultural sector.

 Irrational application of pesticides contaminates soil, water, and air.
 Pesticides exert hazardous impacts on organisms of every taxa.
 Hazardous impacts on survival, fertility, and physiology are evident on non-
targets.
 Irrational application must be avoided to reduce unintentional exposure.

Pesticides are integral components of modern agricultural practices. The primary

benefit of pesticide application includes immediate gain in terms of quality and
quantity of food production. It further enhances the economic wealth and well-
being of any nation. Unfortunately, pesticides are extensively used while ignoring
their associated risks to the biosphere. Hence the present study aims to unravel
potential impacts of pesticides on agricultural lands and different taxa of
organisms. For this purpose, PRISMA guidelines were employed. Various search-
terms were used to screen literature on ScienceDirect and PubMed databases.
Original peer-reviewed articles published till January 2023 in English language
were selected and assessed for relevancy. Study of the literature has revealed
several cases of pesticide-induced mass mortality and sub-lethal impacts on
pollinators, earthworms, fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals. Residues
of pesticides have been reported in vegetables, grains, and dairy products that
might act as sources of pesticide exposure. Moreover, people dealing with
pesticides are directly exposed to these chemicals. Hence, the present work
provides an extensive review of the detrimental impacts of pesticides on biotic
components of the biosphere. It also illustrates the scope of IPM, organic-farming,
remote-sensing, and GPS in reducing the irrational use of pesticides and
subsequent negative impacts on biosphere

Graphical abstract

CHAPTER IV:
 Internship Outcomes and Conclusion

Summarizing
The chemicals, used in the agricultural sectors to produce surplus nutritious food
and fibre products to meet the daily requirement of ever-increasing world
population is referred as agrichemical or pesticides. The uses of pesticides is not
new, our many mythological books (Bible) shows evidences about the use copper
(inorganic substances), for controlling insects and diseases. Since production and
protection always go together, a need to protect the agricultural produce
particularly of those commodities that form the basis of man’s subsistence, was
felt. In view of these facts, evolution of pesticides occurs in three distinct phases.
First phase deals with the use of Natural pesticides, whereas second and third
phase develops with the use of Inorganic and organic synthetic pesticides
respectively.

Key words:
Pesticides, Toxic, Herbicides, Insecticides, Acaricides, Rodenticides, Nematicides.
Methodology and search criteria
A systematic review of the literature has been conducted following the guideline of
Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA)
(Moher et al., 2009). Various search terms were used to retrieve publications from
two scientific databases like ScienceDirect and PubMed. Original literatures
published till January 2023 were manually screened by all the co-authors based on
titles for removal of duplicate entries. Relevant articles were assessed based on
title, abstract, and keywords. Discrepancies were resolved after joint article review
and discussion. Non-original articles, seminar/conference abstracts, opinions,
perspectives, and encyclopedias were excluded from consideration. After
preliminary screening, the full texts of relevant original articles were assessed for
the qualitative synthesis of the present review. A schematic presentation of the
screening process has been depicted in Fig. 1. In addition, a description of search
terms has been provided as supplementary table S1
 conclusion
The agricultural sector greatly relies upon several pesticides since these chemicals
are extremely promising against pest outbreaks which are an essential step to
maximize agricultural yields. But unfortunately, the irrational application of
biocides imposes significant health risks to almost every taxon of the animal
kingdom. Uncontrolled use of such agrochemicals can be reduced if we consider
when and where necessary. Various IPM programs employing physical, cultural,
and biological pest control methods could reduce the reliability on agricultural
pesticides. Dependency on pesticide application is based on crop health, soil, and
weather conditions. Such physical parameters can be monitored by implementing
modern geospatial techniques such as remote sensing and global positioning
systems. Such technologies will help farmers to identify variations in the crop field
and to deal with alternative strategies to save better environmental health.
Moreover, organic agriculture should be promoted that can replace artificial
agrochemical inputs with natural inputs such as manure to incur pest control.
The practice of storing, mixing and applying agrochemicals without personal
protection and unsafe disposal of pesticide containers appears to be widely
prevalent in the study villages. A comprehensive program for creating awareness
for safe management, handling and disposal of pesticides among both users and
shop keepers is required to address this important health and environmental
problem Some issues raised in this paper, though not exhaustive, indicate the scope
for further research that is needed for the detailed analysis of pesticide use,
externalities and policies in India. The country needs to enact a policy and enforce
it, which promote safe pesticide practices among the farmers.
Findings
This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the
public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors

Declaration of Competing Interest

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or
personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in
this paper.

1. Overview of Indian Agriculture Sector

2. Indian Agriculture: Issues and Challenges.
3. Priority areas for Indian Agriculture and probable solutions.
4. Different Interventions adopted in different countries
and probablesolution for its revival
5. AgriBusiness opportunities as a component for gr
o w t h o f I n d i a n economy and unemployment solution.
6. Interim Findings & Observations of the report.
 Bibliography
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 Annexures
1.What are pesticides?

2.How do pesticides affect the environment?

3.How do pesticides affect human health?

4.What does the Strategy contain?

5.What other measures does the Strategy propose?

6. Can you mix two pesticides together if the label doesn’t specify they can be
mixed?

 Yes, your responsibility to make sure they retain their properties.

7. How can you tell two pesticides are not compatible?

 The mixture may curdle, gel or become sludge like.

8. How long is certification valid in Illinois, before an applicator/operator must

retest?

 P 44 Each exam is valid for a period of up to 3 years as long as annual

renewal forms are submitted.

9. The pre-harvest interval is the?

 Amount of time that a crop can be harvested after it has been sprayed.

10. Which of the following is on every label?

 Keep out of Reach of Children.