ODA BULTUM UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF NATURAL RESOURCES AND
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY
ASSESSMENT OF COUSE AND CONSEQUENCES OF PLANT BIODIVERSITY LOSS
IN NEJABAS KEBELE CHIRO WOREDA WEST HARARGE ZONE ETHIOPIA
BY AMADU SHEREFU ID No 2573/13
ADVISOR: MEKONNON BEYENE.(MSC)
MARCH, 2024
CHIRO ETHIOPHIA
1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACK GROUND
Biodiversity is the variety of all life on earth. Biodiversity also to every living thing including plants
bacteria animals and humans. Many scientists have estimated that there are around 8.7 million species
of plants and animals in existence. Plant diversity are kind of plant species Plant diversity has depend
on topography with environmental heterogeneous after suitable environment fore wide range of life
forms
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLE
In the study area there are many problem related to case of biodiversity loss, Such as community does
not have awareness for biodiversity how to conserve and the benefit of biodiversity. The local people
usually depend on the forest for different purposes, such as agricultural expansion, livestock forage,
charcoal and construction and making furniture. Therefore, the aim of this study was to know the
status of plant biodiversity loss in Nejabas kebele chiro woreda.
1.3 OBJECTIVE
1.3.1 GENERAL OBJECTIVE
The general objective of this study was to assess the cause and consequences plant
biodiversity loss in Nejabas kebele Chiro woreda west Hararghe zone .
1.3.2 Specific Objective
To identify cause of plant biodiversity loss.
To identify the consequences of plant biodiversity loss.
To identify the current plant biodiversity conservation methods.
1.4 Significant of the study
The output will be contribute a lot for community awareness through increasing about biodiversity
conservation system. It will be help to balance agro ecological zone by absorbing ultraviolet related
help to gases such as greenhouse gases example carbon dioxide (co2) and which lead to increase
health care by reducing global warming gases. It also other wide will be help to the community by
increasing soil quality to increasing the grass domestic production of the individual countries which
lead to the community to be weather like that.
3 Materials and MethodsP
3.1 Description of the study area
3.1.1 Geographical Location
The study area was found in Chiro woreda west Hararghe zone in Oromia region. It is located 326km
far from east of the Addis Ababa which is the capital city of Ethiopia. Geographical location of the
study area is between longitude and latitude of 10° 00'' N and 39°54''E with an elevation of 1280
meters above sea level. (Chiro woreda agricultural office 2013)
3.1.2 Topography and climate
Climate is one of the physical factors that affect human life style and the type of economic
activities people are engage in within an area. Of all climatic conditions, rainfall, temperature
and wind are discussed briefly to their planning implications.
Temperature: - The mean annual temperature, the mean annual maximum and mean annual
minimum temperatures of the town are reckoned to be about 18.87 0c, 23.760C& 10.670C,
respectively, which is the characteristic of a warm temperate climate and is locally called
Weina Degas.(chiro woreda agricultural office 2013).
3.1.4 Agriculture and Vegetation
The area was mainly dominated by farm land. Especially large area of the land is cover by farm land
the people of the area depended on agricultural productive system. The level LaHood of the
community is based on mixed subsistence farming crop production involves intensively managed
small farmers around the house and extensive shifting cultivation in the wood land. Dominant crop in
the study area are maize,, bean, onion, sorghum and chat etc. Most of the kebele area is associated
with exotic species for example Eucalyptus camadulensis, Cordia africana, and pod carpus. In the
area there are various vegetation type, but the most dominant are shrubs and bushes with sparse large
plants all these are native species.(chiro agricultural office 2013)
3.1.5 Population
The central statistical authority in its annual statistical abstract of 2022 projects chiro town
has the total population around 69793, whereas 3724 are males and 32589 are females, that
Land holding population of 11829 kilo meter square (Chiro town administration office)
3.2 Methodology
3.2.1 Sampling techniques and design
The sample house hold for this study was selected by using two stage sampling techniques. In the
first stages Nejabas kebele was selected purposively based on the presence of remnant indigenous
tree/ shrubs and plantation on farm land, accessibility and familiarity of the researcher to the area; and
the two villages were selected randomly for data collection. In the second stage the sample house hold
heads for interview were selected random. Lastly the sample size will be determined by depending the
size of total house hold 5% of total house hold will be selected from 800, households in the kebele.
Accordingly the number of house holds
n = 5/100×800 n = 40
3.3 Methods of data collection
Bothe primary and secondary data were used for this study include published and unpublished
material such as reports, research papers, and data files from internet or web pages and woreda forest
and environmental protection office reports or documents. The primary source of data will be used
for this study include house survey, focus group discussion, key informant interviews, and field
observation.
3.3.1 Focus group discussion
A focus group discussion were conducted with 10 respondents 5 male and 5 female of varies ages
who has lived in the study area for more than 18 years and were
Therefore familiar with the area and the changes that have occurred. The discussion enabled the
informant to freely speak on issues pertaining to socioeconomic factors affecting wood species
diversity and their farmer preference to the existence of the indigenous tree or shrubs.
3.3.2 Key informant interview
This interview was conducted with knowledgeable people in the study area. The priority to
select those informants were because they involved direct contact forest resources and
exposure is high.
3.3.3 House hold survey
In this study the household’s survey is contacted as on the selected households. For the survey, open and
close ended types of questionnaire will be are prepared using the information obtained from key informant
interview. The questionnaires consists different types which are related to the topics of research.
3.3.4 Field Observation
Field observation was conducted throughout the process of the research in order to ensure the validity
of information obtained. It was done for the purpose of getting guidance for development of formal
question and to be acquainted with the value of local people and to be implemented before house hold
survey.
3.4 Data Analysis
The collected data were analysed by using descriptive statistical tools such as frequencies, Shannon
index and percentages. The result were presented using table, graphs and qualitative statement and
descriptions.
4. RESULT AND DISCUSSIONSS
4.1. Biodiversity loss and its cause
In the study area the cause for plant biodiversity was high among them.
Table 1 Cause of biodiversity loss.
N o Couse of biodiversity loss Number of respondents Percentage (%)
1 Cutting for fire wood 1 8 4 5
2 For agricultural purpose 1 0 2 5
3 F o r h o u s i n g 8 2 0
4 For commercial purposes 4 1 0
T o t a l 4 0 1 0 0
I can observed from the table 1
45% of the households respondent said that the major cause of biodiversity loss was .25% respondent
said that there is no alternative source of energy and also the economic purpose the farmers in area do
not have own land that they can feed their family 20% respondent said that housing were cause for
biodiversity loss.10% of respondent said that for commercial purpose were cause for biodiversity loss.
4.3 Table 2 Effect of biodiversity loss
N o I t e m s Number of respondent Percentage (%)
1 Community awareness of species extinction
H i g h 5 1 2 . 5
M e d i u m 1 5 3 7 . 5
L o w 2 0 5 0
2 By species extinction who are more affected
C o m m u n i t y 2 8 7 0
G o v e r n m e n t 1 2 3 0
Fifty percent of respondents said that they were loss awareness to species extinction because they
focused on their day to day activities. As the above table described 70 percent of respondent said that
the community were more affected by species extinction because the community were extinct
shortage of water supply occurs and also result in reduction of yield because of the top soil eroded on
their age climate change result increase diseases return (malaria) family present of respondent said
that they had problem of fire wood. They mentioned that they live in source of energy the community
respond that as they depend on fire wood energy source. 30% of respondent said that they had
shortage of agricultural land they mentioned that over population cause shortage of agricultural land
and less society forced to qualitative forest land. In addition they use that slope land of supplementary
purpose another important aspects that the community use moving to that area because, that not tax
the community believed that these natural resource are common property for this matter any one can
use it for whatever they want and when all these community turn their fore to their common property
the natural resource change in to open resource some the community must improve by family
planning proper use of resource etc. 70% of respondent said that the land degradation problems on
productivity of land especially as the community mentioned soil erosion is the major problem or type
of land degradation. The cause for land degradation was proper use of land plugging grass lands mono
cultivation was un proper use of land plugging grass lands mono cropping. So the society must also
use the land property grazing less livestock on land they must also use rational grazing.
Table3 Biodiversity management and conservation practice
No I t e m s Y e s
N u m b e r o f r e s p o n d e n t Percent (%
1 A forestation plant of tree 1 0 2
2 Biodiversity protection 5 1 2 .
3 Implement regulation 3 7 .
4 Genetics in biodiversity conservation 2 5
T o t a l 2 0 5
25 percent of the respondent said that they take time for afforestation planting of trees and 5 percent
of respondent said that there were no afforestation plant of trees.12.5 percent of respondent said that
biodiversity protection or regulation was practiced and 5 percent of respondent said that there were no
practiced.7.5 of respondent said that as they implement the regulation. As the respondent mentioned
implementing the regulation is low some people who like near the guard house were implement the
policy or otherwise they conflict each other by live (sold) out their livestock to the guard house were
not implement the regulation property. 5% respondent said they practice in biodiversity protection.
27% of the respondent said that the e encourage biodiversity protection in the future. They mentioned
that as they want to protect biodiversity indifferent manner live adaptation of participatory forest
guarding strategy demarcation of area practice reforestation by indigenous tree. Plantation
conservation grass species using alternative source of energy of forest area.
4.5 Plant species diversity
Table 4
N o S p e c i e s n a m e F o u n d P i L n p i P i ( l n p i )
1 Eucalyptus globules 3 0 . 1 1 5 3 - 2 . 1 6 0 2 0 . 2 4 9 0
2 Junipers procera 2 0 . 0 7 6 9 - 2 . 5 6 5 3 0 . 1 9 7 2 6
3 P o d o c a r p u s 4 0 . 1 5 4 - 1 . 8 7 0 8 0 . 2 8 8
4 Cordiana Africana 3 0 . 1 1 5 3 - 2 . 1 6 0 . 2 4 9
5 Eucalyptus citrodora 4 0 . 1 5 4 - 1 8 7 0 8 0 . 2 8 8
6 Acacia species 3 0 . 1 1 5 3 - 2 . 1 6 0 . 2 4 9
7 V i c u s v a s t a 3 0 . 1 1 5 3 - 2 . 1 6 0 . 2 4 9
8 Gravila robusta 2 0 . 0 7 6 9 - 2 . 5 6 5 3 0 . 1 9 7 2 6
T o t a l 2 6 H 2.15912
I used the Shannon index formula to know plant species diversity as follows.
Shannon index = H
H = -∑pilnpi
5. CONCLUTION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1. CONCLUTION
The cause and Consequences of biodiversity loss in Nejabas kebele Chiro Woreda are the major
problem in the area. The study examined that environmental problem which cause biodiversity of land
were discussed more over those study examined various problems which visible in the surrounding
environment. The result indicate that the area would not well demarcation of community land and
forest. There were shortage of protection the environment because of various resource .Low socio
economic status of the society, lack of awareness .etc. These threats to the forest imply the need to
prepare management action to mention the species composition and structure of the forest so that the
forest can sustainable be utilized.
5.2. RECOMMENDATION
Government leader need to take action by addressing the underlying forces. Rather than merely
regulation the proximate cause in a broader sense. The government body at local national international
scale need to emphasize the following considering many if replaceable ecosystem services provided
by natural habitant (indigenous plant). Protecting remaining natural and biodiversity by using
alternative source of energy. Educating the public about importance of national habitant and
biodiversity. Developing family planning programs in area of rapid population growth. Finding ways
to increase agricultural output rather than simply increase the total land in production (promoting of
farm income generation activities) sustainable use of natural resource.
Environmental rehabilitation in order to increase income chapter agricultural in put better agricultural
techniques more agriculture income opportunities and skill trained are sound.
A further study has to be carried out on the ecological characteristics and re governments of the rarely
distributed tree species.
Forest grazing by cattle has controlled by devising alternative grain or fodder source.
Human interference should be minimized by initiating local wood plantation establishment and a sort
of silvicultural treatment like canopy opening has to be carried out to improve natural regeneration in
forest especially for light demanding species.
