Dance is a form of art using rhythmic bodily movements expressing ideas and emotions and

accompanied by music. As an art form, it may tell a story, set a mood, or express an emotion. It is a form
of exercise; a number of people who want to be physically fit turn to dancing. Obese people who want to
lose weight do the same. It is also a form of recreation; dances are almost always a part of parties and
other social activities. It is also a form of socialization; ballrooms and dance halls are venues where
people socialize, meet new friends, and form new associations.

The dancer is the most important element of dance. Since he is the performer, there won't be a
dance without him. He executes the steps, follows the instructions of the choreographer, wears
the costumes, and carries the props.

A choreographer is the dance director. He does the overall design of the dance, assigns the
steps to be executed by the dancer/s, selects the costumes and props that go with the dance,
and determines the set designed for the dance.

Design is the planned organization or pattern of movements in time and space. It involves the
movements and the positioning of the dancers, and the steps executed by them. An outstanding
dance performance is always dependent on the design of the dance. Thus, the dancers of a
dance troupe discuss the design of the dance, together with the choreographer, before they
start their rehearsal.

Subject is the message of the dance. Simply put, it tells what the dance is about. For example,
the theme of the Ifugao war dance is the rivalry between two tribes that leads to an armed
conflict. Subjects of the dances differ from one dance to another.

Movements are classified into steps, gestures, and facial expressions. Steps are the dancers'
movements from one point on stage to another; these include leaps, turns, rolls, and
somersaults. Gestures are the movements of their heads, hands, feet, and other body parts;
these include swaying, head shaking, foot stomping, and clapping. Facial expressions are the
movements of their facial parts, as exemplified by the raising of eyebrows, pouting of lips, and
crumpling of forehead.

Drama is a form of art that depicts life's experiences through the reenactment of events that take
place in the real world or happen in the mind of the writer. More often than not, it mirrors life.
Derived from the stage Greek word dram meaning to act or to do, drama is performed on or in
front of the camera by actors and actresses under the supervision of the director. Like music and
dance, drama serves to inform and entertain. Unlike the other two performing arts, it serves to
persuade because it can be used as propaganda. It still has other purposes: to help conserve a
country's or society's legends, to execute its laws, to explore its problems, to demonstrate its
codes, to ridicule its weaknesses, and to extend its knowledge. The elements of play production
vary from one medium to another. For instance, editing and cinematography do not apply to a
stage play.
The director is the overall in charge of the dramatic performance. He instructs the actors and all
the people involved in the production from the production assistants to the cameramen, props
men, effects men, designers, writers, editors, cinematographers, and so on. He is always present
from the pre-production stage to the post- production stage of the play.

The set designer does the layout of the set. He determines what to place as backdrop and what
to put on stage. For example, the design for the set of the play, "New Yorker in Tondo," is a
simulation of a living room of a middle-class family residing in Tondo, Manila. Set designs are
classified into realistic, abstract, suggestive, or functional.

Cinematography The cinematographer is the person who takes charge of the photography. He
looks for a location that fits the story and, with the aid of the cameramen, shoots the scenes
forming part of the drama. For example, some of the underwater scenes of the top-rated
television series "Dyesebel" were shot in Palawan.

Tragedy. A tragedy is a drama in which the hero fails to fulfill his goal or goals. His failure is attributed to
his tragic flaw, a fatal mistake. The protagonist cannot overcome an inevitable failure although he may
show courage along the way. The narrative ends unhappily for the hero with whom the viewers
sympathize; thus, it is regarded as a sad-ending story.

Farce. A farce is a drama written by an author whose intention is to poke fun at the hero, his subject. The
hero, oftentimes symbolizing a public official or a person of authority, is rendered ridiculous. The
dramatic tone is satirical.

Melodrama. A melodrama is a drama that focuses not on the protagonist, but on the action or the
situation. It is characterized by a sentimental love story, sensational actions, extravagant emotions, and a
happy ending. Most of Sharon Cuneta's films are melodramatic. Religious Play.

A religious play is a drama that serves to reenact a biblical event or to teach a truth or truths pertaining
to a certain religion. Examples of religious plays are mystery plays, miracle plays, morality plays, and
passion play (cenaculo). Mel Gibson's "The Passion of the Christ" is a good example of this type.

Historical Play. Just like a religious play, a historical play serves to reenact a historical event that plays an
important role on the lives of the viewers.

instrumental media pertain to the different instruments played by musicians. Most of these instruments
form part of the orchestra. Based on how their sounds are produced, they are classified into string or
stringed, wind, percussion, and keyboard instruments.

String or stringed instruments, as their name suggests, have strings which are either plucked or bowed.
The plucked strings are guitars, ukuleles, banjos, mandolins, harps, and the erstwhile lyres while the
bowed strings are violins, violas, violincellos or cellos, and double basses or contrabasses.

A stage play is a drama performed on stage; the actors perform live before an audience.
A radio play is a drama aired over the radio; the actors perform live in the studio but not before an
audience.

A television play is a drama shown on television; the play is taped days before it is presented to the
public.

During the ancient times, man's primary concern was survival. In the early stages of men's development
(hunting and food-gathering), his first encounters were with animals and plants. Because of this constant
contact with and their interest in these living organisms, it was inevitable for them to paint these things
they needed to survive. In fact, the earliest paintings discovered in several caves in Europe were those of
animals.

Oil painting is done with the use of ground pigments (from minerals, coal tar, vegetable matter, etc.)
mixed with linseed oil and turpentine or thinner. Many painters prefer oil as a medium because oil
paintings are long-lasting, slow in drying, easy to handle and manipulate texturally, and capable of being
corrected.

Oil paints are applied in either of two ways: the direct method, in which the paints are opaque and once
they are applied on the surface, they dry up and give the finished product its final appearance; and the
indirect method, in which the paints are transparent and they are applied in many thin layers or
coatings. Richness in the opacity of light and depth of shadow are some of its good effects.

Encaustic painting is done with the use of hot wax as a vehicle to bind pigments to a wooden panel or a
wall. Although it has the advantage of durability with its colors remaining vibrant and its surface
maintaining a hard luster, encaustic is not a popular medium among painters because it is difficult to
manipulate. The ancient Egyptians, Greeks, and Romans adorned their sculptures and walls with
encaustic paintings (Marcos, Subjects as Materials for Painting

Oil and fresco used to be the favorite mediums of great painters in the second half of the last
millennium. With recent developments, painters have turned to acrylic and poster colors, which are
readily available in book stores and department stores.

The mediums used in architecture are classified into light and heavy materials. Light materials include
paper, nipa, bamboo, and other light wood. All, except paper, form part of nipa huts and similar
dwellings in tropical countries. The advantage of these materials is that they allow for good ventilation,
but their disadvantage is that they are not resistant to fire and other natural elements. Thus, houses
made of light materials, especially those in squatter or slum areas, are described as fire hazards.

Methods of presenting the subjects

Symbolism
Symbolism is presenting the subject symbolically, that is, the artist show his subject as it appears in real
life, but he intends to let it represent something.
Realism
Also termed Naturalism, realism is the method of presenting subjects as they appear in real life. If an
apple is the subject, it is shown as with either red or green color.

Abstractionism
Abstract (verb) to draw away. Drawing away from realism. The product is a departure from what is
present in real life. Distortion, mangling, elongation, and cubism

Fauvism
It is presenting the real life subject with the use of bright colors suggesting comfort, joy and pleasure. Is
optimistic realism. The colors bright red, yellow, orange, purple and the like instead of blue, black, gray,
green and brown.

Dadaism
Shocking realism
It is presenting real life subject with the intention to shock the audience though the exposition of the evils
in society.
Derived from the French word dada meaning hobby horse.
Started as protest art movement composed of painters and writers whose desire was to revolutionize the
outworn art traditions.

Expressionism
Emotional realism. It is presenting the real-life subject with the intention to express emotions, pathos,
chaos, fear, violence, defeat, morbidity, and tragedy. Is a style of modern painting which puts stress on
intense color, agitated brushwork and violent imagery to express painful emotions.

Surrealism
Beyond realism. It is presenting the subject as if the subject does not form part of the real word, but
belongs to the world of dreams and fantasy. Influence by Sigmund Freud, the Father of Psychoanalysis