Dw™¢`weÁvb

Dw™¢` †kÖwYweb¨vm
(PLANT TAXONOMY)
BDwbU
1
f‚wgKv
RxeweÁv‡bi wk¶v_©x wn‡m‡e cÖwZwU Rxe ev Rxe‡Mvwôi ˆewkó¨, AvPiY, e¨envi BZ¨vw` Avgv‡`i Rvbv `iKvi| Avi G
Rb¨ PvB GKwU mnR c×wZ| AmsL¨ Ges wewPÎ Rxe cÖRvwZ‡K Kxfv‡e mn‡R Rvbv hvq Zvi Rb¨ GKwU mywPwšÍZ Ges
myweb¨¯Í c×wZ cÖ‡qvRb| G c×wZ‡KB ejv nq Rx‡ei †kÖwYweb¨vm| G BDwb‡U cÖavbZ Dw™¢` †kÖwYweb¨vm wb‡q we‡kl
K‡i gvi¸wjm Gi cÂRMr (dvBf wKsWg) †kÖwYweb¨vm m¤ú‡K© ms‡¶‡c Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡e|

Plantae Animalia

Fungi

Protoctista

Eukaryota

Monera

Prokaryota

Living world

Dr. Lynn Margulis

BDwbU mgvwßi mgq BDwbU mgvwßi m‡e©v”P mgq 01 mßvn

G BDwb‡Ui cvVmg~n
cvV 1.1 : Rxe RM‡Zi AvaywbK †kÖwYweb¨vm

BDwbU 1 c„ôv-1
GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

cvV 1.1 Rxe RM‡Zi AvaywbK †kÖwYweb¨vm

D‡Ïk¨
G cvV †k‡l Avcwb-
 Dw™¢` †kÖwYweb¨vm m¤ú‡K© ej‡Z cvi‡eb|
 Dw™¢` †kÖwYweb¨v‡mi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv D‡jøL Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 Dw™¢` †kÖwYweb¨v‡mi cÖKvi‡f` wjL‡Z cvi‡eb|
 Rxe RM‡Zi GKwU AvaywbK †kÖwYweb¨vm eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
cÖavb kã Monera, Protoctista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia

eZ©gv‡b c„w_ex‡Z Dw™¢` cÖRvwZi msL¨v cÖvq cuvP j¶ (A‡b‡Ki g‡Z Gi †P‡qI †ewk)| G cuvP j¶
cÖRvwZi Dw™¢` GKwU †_‡K Ab¨wU wfbœZi| ˆewk‡ó¨i Dci wbf©i K‡i G‡`i cÖwZwU cÖRvwZ‡K kbv³ Kiv
hvq| wfbœ wfbœ cÖRvwZi Dcw¯’wZ‡K ejv nq cÖRvwZMZ ˆewPΨ| wewfbœ cÖRvwZi g‡a¨ †hgb MVbMZ ˆewPΨ i‡q‡Q,
†Zgwb Kvh©MZ ˆewPΨI i‡q‡Q| m„wói cÖ_gw`‡K Dw™¢` wQj mij cÖK…wZi| mg‡qi weeZ©‡b Dw™¢‡`i MVbMZ,
Kvh©MZ I msL¨vMZ weeZ©bI n‡q‡Q| GKB cÖRvwZi g‡a¨ Avevi cÖKiYMZ wfbœZv †`Lv hvq| †hgb- avb ev Avg
Gi wewfbœ cÖKiY Gi GKwU D`vniY| wRbMZ cv_©‡K¨i Kvi‡Y GgbwU nq| G‡K wRbMZ ˆewPΨ ejv nq| wewfbœ
B‡Kvwm‡÷‡g bvbv ai‡bi Dw™¢`| G‡K cwi‡ekMZ ˆewPΨ ejv nq| ZvB Dw™¢‡`i wRbMZ ˆewPΨ, cÖRvwZMZ
ˆewPΨ I cwi‡ekMZ ˆewPΨ‡K GKmv‡_ Dw™¢` ˆewPΨ ejv nq| mvgwMÖKfv‡e Rx‡ei wRbMZ, cÖRvwZMZ I
cwi‡ekMZ ˆewPΨ‡K GKmv‡_ Rxe‰ewPΨ ejv nq| AmsL¨ I wewPÎ Dw™¢`ivwR‡K Kxfv‡e ZzjbvgyjKfv‡e Kg
mg‡q mn‡R Rvbv hvq Zvi Rb¨ PvB mywPwšÍZ Ges myweb¨¯Í GKwU c×wZ| G c×wZ‡KB ejv nq Dw™¢‡`i
†kÖwYweb¨vm|
Dw™¢‡`i AvKvi, AvK…wZ I wewfbœ ˆewkó¨vejxi cvi¯úwiK mv`„k¨ I ˆemv`„‡k¨i Dci wfwË K‡i G‡`i‡K wKsWg,
wefvM, †kÖYx, eM©, †MvÎ, MY I cÖRvwZ cÖf…wZ `j-Dc`‡j web¨¯Í Kivi c×wZ‡K ejv nq Dw™¢‡`i †kÖwYweb¨vm|
Dw™¢` †kÖwYweb¨v‡mi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv : Dw™¢` †kÖwYweb¨v‡mi bvbvwea cÖ‡qvRbxqZvi g‡a¨ wb‡P K‡qKwU D‡jøL Kiv
n‡jv-
1| Dw™¢` RM‡Zi ÁvbvR©‡b- Avgv‡`i `iKv‡i we‡k¦i me Dw™¢`‡K Rvbv Avek¨K| wKš‘ mviv we‡k¦i cÖvq cuvP j¶
cÖRvwZi cÖwZwU‡K c„_K c„_Kfv‡e Rvbv Am¤¢e, A_P Avgv‡`i‡K Zv Rvb‡Z n‡e| mnR Dcv‡q me Dw™¢`‡K
Rvb‡Z Dw™¢‡`i †kÖwYweb¨vm mvnvh¨ K‡i|
2| kbv³Ki‡Y- Dw™¢` †kÖwYweb¨vm Dw™¢‡`i mwVK kbv³KiY‡K mnRZi K‡i|
3| cvi¯úwiK m¤úK© wbY©‡q- Dw™¢` m¤úwK©Z Avgv‡`i Ávb‡K ms‡¶‡c cÖKvk Ki‡Z †kÖwYweb¨vm mnvqZv K‡i|
4| Avw`-DbœZ wba©viY Ges weeZ©‡b- AvaywbK †kÖwYweb¨vm Dw™¢‡`i Avw`-DbœZ wba©vi‡Y mvnvh¨ K‡i Ges weeZ©b
avivi wb‡`©k `vb K‡i|
5| AvšÍR©vwZK cwiwPwZ‡Z- c„w_exi mKj Dw™¢`‡K mn‡R AvšÍR©vwZK cwiwPwZ cÖ`v‡b †kÖwYweb¨v‡mi Ávb mnvqK
f~wgKv cvjb K‡i|
Dw™¢` †kÖwYweb¨v‡mi cÖKvi‡f` : Dw™¢`RMZ‡K wewfbœ mg‡q wewfbœ Dw™¢`we` wewfbœfv‡e †kÖwYweb¨vm K‡i‡Qb| G
mg¯Í †kÖwYweb¨vm‡K cÖavbZ wZb fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| h_v- (K) K…wÎg †kªwYweb¨vm c×wZ, (L) cÖvK…wZK
†kªwYweb¨vm c×wZ Ges (M) RvwZRwb †kªwYweb¨vm c×wZ|

BDwbU 1 c„ôv-2
 Dw™¢`weÁvb
K…wÎg †kªwYweb¨vm c×wZ : †Kvb GKwU ev we‡kl K‡qKwU ˆewk‡ó¨i Dci wbf©i K‡i Dw™¢`RM‡Zi †h †kÖwYweb¨vm
Kiv nq Zv‡K K…wÎg †kÖwYweb¨vm c×wZ ejv nq| w_‡qvd«v÷vm Ges wjwbqv‡mi †kÖwYweb¨vm c×wZ K…wÎg
†kÖwYweb¨vm c×wZi D`vniY|
cÖvK…wZK †kªwYweb¨vm c×wZ : wewfbœ Dw™¢` ev Dw™¢` †Mvôxi g‡a¨ mvgwMÖK A½ms¯’vwbK mv`„‡k¨i Dci wbf©i K‡i †h
†kÖwYweb¨vm Kiv nq Zv‡K cÖvK…wZK †kÖwYweb¨vm c×wZ ejv nq| †eb_vg-ûKvi Gi †kÖwYweb¨vm cÖvK…wZK
†kÖwYweb¨vm c×wZi D`vniY|
RvwZRwb †kªwYweb¨vm c×wZ : wewfbœ Dw™¢` ev Dw™¢` †Mvôx‡K Zv‡`i DrcwËMZ m¤ú‡K©i Dci wfwË K‡i weeZ©b
aviv Abyhvqx Avw` n‡Z AvaywbK µgavivq mvwR‡q †h †kÖwYweb¨vm Kiv nq Zv‡K RvwZRwb †kÖwYweb¨vm c×wZ ejv
nq| G½jvi-cÖv›Uj, nvwPbmb, †ewm, µbKzB÷, ZvLZvBqvb cÖgyL weÁvbxi †`qv †kÖwYweb¨vm RvwZRwb †kÖwYweb¨vm
c×wZi D`vniY|
†kÖwYweb¨v‡mi AvaywbKvqb
Dc‡i DwjøwLZ wZbwU †kªwYweb¨v‡mi †Kv_vI e¨vK‡Uwiqv‡K AšÍf©y³ Kiv nqwb| e¨vK‡Uwiqv I Ab¨vb¨ AYyRxe‡K
AšÍfy©³ K‡i cieZx©‡Z †ek wKQz †kªwYweb¨vm Kiv n‡q‡Q| Ebwesk kZvãx‡Z we¯Íi M‡elYvi d‡j Ggb wKQz Rxe
Avwe®‹…Z n‡q‡Q hv‡`i‡K Dw™¢` ev cÖvYxi †Kvb `‡jB AšÍf©y³ Kiv m¤¢e nqwb| wVK †mB mgq Earnst Haeckel
1866 wLª÷v‡ã GK‡Kvlx AYyRxemg~n‡K Dw™¢` I cÖvYx RMZ †_‡K c„_K K‡i Protista bvgK Avjv`v GKwU iv‡R¨
¯’vb †`b| wKš‘ fvBivm †Kvlxq bv nIqvq Protista ivR¨ †_‡KI ev` c‡o| Gfv‡eB †kªwYweb¨v‡mi AvaywbKvqb ïiy
nq|
cieZx©‡Z 1934 wLª÷v‡ã B‡jKUªb AYyex¶Yhš¿ Avwe®‹v‡ii d‡j Earnst Haeckel Gi †kªwYweb¨vmwUI weZwK©Z
n‡q c‡o| d‡j bZzb †kªwYweb¨v‡mi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv †`Lv †`q| GiB †cÖw¶‡Z ûB‡UKvi 1969 wLª÷v‡ã GKwU Five
Kingdom †kªwYweb¨vm c×wZi cÖ¯Íve K‡ib| wZwb mg¯Í †Kvlxq Rxe‡K cuvPwU wKsW‡g (Kingdom) G fvM K‡ib|
h_v-
wKsWg 1- Monera : G‡Z Avw`‡Kw›`ªK Rxe †hgb- e¨vK‡Uwiqv, mvqv‡bve¨vK‡Uwiqv‡K AšÍf©y³ Kiv n‡q‡Q|
wKsWg 2- Protista : G‡Z †cÖv‡Uv‡Rvqv, µvB‡mvdvBU&m&, BD‡MØb‡qW&m& BZ¨vw`‡K AšÍf©y³ Kiv n‡q‡Q|
wKsWg 3- Plantae : G‡Z meyR ˆkevj, ev`vgx ˆkevj, †jvwnZ ˆkevj, eªv‡qvdvBU&m& Ges Uª¨vwKIdvBU&m& BZ¨vw`‡K
AšÍf©y³ Kiv n‡q‡Q|
wKsWg 4- Fungi : G‡Z ¯øvBg †gvì, EgvBwmwUm, KvBwUªwWm Ges Uªy dvbRvB BZ¨vw`‡K ivLv n‡q‡Q|
wKsWg 5- Animalia : G‡Z mKj eû‡Kvlx cÖvYx‡K AšÍf©y³ Kiv n‡q‡Q|
ûB‡UKvi cÖ¯ÍvweZ cvuPwU wKsW‡gi g‡a¨ cÖ_gwU A_©vr g‡biv Avw`‡Kw›`ªK Ges evwK PviwU my‡Kw›`ªK| GwU †Kvb
we¯ÍvwiZ †kªwYweb¨vm bq| ZvB cieZx©Kv‡j Dr. Lynn Margulis ûB‡UKvi Gi †kªwYweb¨vmwU cwiewZ©Z I we¯ÍvwiZ
K‡ib| Dr. Lynn Margulis GKRb RxeweÁvbx whwb Av‡gwiKvi m‡ev©”P weÁvbxi c`KcÖvß| gvi¸wjm 1974
wLª÷v‡ã GKwU dvBf wKsWg †kªwYweb¨vm c×wZ Dc¯’vcb K‡ib hv RxeRM‡Zi GKwU AvaywbK †kÖwYweb¨vm|

BDwbU 1 c„ôv-3
GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
Rxe RM‡Zi GKwU AvaywbK †kÖwYweb¨vm
†Kvl, GgbwK Gi A½vYyi MVb I RxeweÁv‡bi Ab¨vb¨ kvLvi AvaywbK Z_¨ e¨envi K‡i ˆZwi †kªwYweb¨vm‡KB
AvaywbK †kªwYweb¨vm e‡j| gvi¸wjm Gi †kÖwYweb¨vmwU GKwU AvaywbK †kÖwYweb¨vm| Q‡Ki gva¨‡g Zvi
†kÖwYweb¨vmwU †`Lv‡bv n‡jv-
Rxe RMZ (Living world)

mycvi wKsWg 1 : Prokaryota (Avw`‡Kvlx Rxe) mycvi wKsWg-2 : Eukaryota (cÖK…Z‡Kvlx Rxe)

wKsWg 1 : Monera

wKsWg 1 : Protoctista wKsWg 2 : Fungi wKsWg 3 : Plantae wKsWg 4 : Animalia

QK 1.1.1 : Rxe RM‡Zi GKwU AvaywbK †kÖwYweb¨vm
wZwb mg¯Í Rxe RMZ‡K `ywU mycvi wKsW‡g wef³ K‡ib| h_v-
mycvi wKsWg 1 : Prokaryota Ges mycvi wKsWg 2 : Eukaryota|
mycvi wKsWg 1 : Prokaryota
†h mycvi wKsW‡g Avw`‡Kvlx Rxe Ges Gi wewfbœ welq wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kiv nq Zv‡K Prokaryota e‡j| G‡`i wKQz
we‡kl ‰ewkó¨ i‡q‡Q | †hgb-
 Giv AvYyex¶wYK Rxe
 Giv GK‡Kvlx|
 G‡`i wbDwK¬qvm myMwVZ bq A_©vr Giv Avw`‡Kw›`ªK|
 ivB‡ev‡mvg Qvov Ab¨ †Kvb mvB‡UvcøvRgxq A½vYy G‡`i †Kv‡l _v‡K bv|
wKsWg 1 : Monera
Prokaryota mycvi wKsWg‡K GKwU gvÎ wKsWg g‡biv‡Z (Monera) fvM Kiv n‡q‡Q| g‡biv GKwU Avw`‡Kw›`ªK
wKsWg †hLv‡b GK‡Kvlx AvYyex¶wYK Rxe‡K AšÍf©y³ Kiv n‡q‡Q| g‡biv wKsW‡gi m`m¨‡`i mvaviY ˆewkó¨
i‡q‡Q| h_v-
 Giv GK‡Kvlx, m~ÎvKvi, K‡jvwbqvj ev gvB‡mwjqvj|
 †Kv‡l wbDwK¬qvi c`v_© _vK‡jI wbDwK¬‡qvjvm Ges wbDwK¬qvi †gg‡eªb Abycw¯’Z|
 G‡`i †Kv‡l mvB‡UvcøvRwgK A½vYy †hgb- gvB‡UvKwÛ&ªqv, cøvw÷W, G‡ÛvcøvRwgK RvwjKv BZ¨vw` _v‡K bv|
 †Kvl cÖvPxi cwjm¨vKvivBW I Avwgl w`‡q ˆZwi|
 G‡`i AwaKvskB †kvlY cÖwµqvq Lv`¨ MÖnY K‡i, Z‡e wKQz d‡Uvwmb‡_wUK cÖwµqvq Ges wKQz
†K‡gvwmb‡_wUK cÖwµqvq Lv`¨ MÖnY K‡i|
 A¨vgvB‡Uvwmm cÖwµqvq †Kvl wefvRb N‡U|
 wØfvRb c×wZ‡Z Giv esk e„w× K‡i|
h_v- †cÖv‡K¬v‡ivdvBUv, wi‡KUwm, wg‡·ve¨vK‡Uwiqv, e¨vK‡Uwiqv Ges mvqv‡bve¨vK‡Uwiqv BZ¨vw`|
D`vniY- Coccus, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Nostoc linckia BZ¨vw`|

Coccus Bacillus subtilis Nostoc linckia

Escherichia coli

BDwbU 1 c„ôv-4
 Dw™¢`weÁvb
mycvi wKsWg 2 : Eukaryota
†h mycvi wKsW‡g cÖK…Z‡Kvlx Rxe Ges Gi wewfbœ welq wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kiv nq Zv‡K Eukaryota e‡j | G‡`iI
wKQz we‡kl ˆewkó¨ i‡q‡Q| h_v-
 G‡`i wbDwK¬qvm myMwVZ A_©vr Giv cÖK…Z‡Kvlx Rxe (G‡`i †Kv‡l mvB‡UvcøvRgxq A½vYy we`¨gvb)|
 Giv GK‡Kvlx ev eû‡Kvlx n‡Z cv‡i Ges
 Giv GKK ev K‡jvbx AvKv‡i `je× Rxeb hvcb K‡i|
wewfbœ ˆewk‡ó¨i Dci wfwË K‡i mycvi wKsWg Eukaryota †K Avevi PviwU wKsW‡g fvM Kiv n‡q‡Q| h_v-
wKsWg 1 : Protoctista, wKsWg 2 : Fungi, wKsWg 3 : Plantae Ges wKsWg 4 : Animalia|
wKsWg 1 : Protoctista- Protoctista wKsW‡gi AšÍf©y³ mKj m`m¨ cÖK…Z‡Kvlx wKš‘ mwZ¨Kv‡ii Dw™¢`, cÖvYx ev
QÎv‡Ki †KvbwUB bq| G‡`i wKQz we‡kl ˆewkó¨ i‡q‡Q| h_v-
 Giv GK‡Kvlx ev eû‡Kvlx|
 Giv GKKfv‡e ev K‡jvwbqvj Ae¯’vq evm K‡i|
 G‡`i cÖK…Z wbDwK¬qvm we`¨gvb A_v©r wbDwK¬qv‡m wbDwK¬qvi †gg‡eªb Ges wbDwK¬‡qvjvm we`¨gvb _v‡K|
 G‡`i †Kv‡l wewfbœ †Kvlxq A½vYy †hgb- gvB‡UvKwÛ&ªqv, cøvw÷W, G‡ÛvcøvRwgK RvwjKv BZ¨vw` _v‡K|
 †µvgvwUb ewW‡Z DNA, RNA Ges Protein Av‡Q|
 †kvlY, MÖnY ev mv‡jvKms‡kølY c×wZ‡Z Giv Lv`¨ MÖnY K‡i|
 mv‡jvKms‡kølY¶g cÖRvwZ‡Z wewfbœ ai‡bi mv‡jvKms‡kølYKvix eY© KwYKv †K¬v‡ivcøv‡ó we`¨gvb _v‡K|
 gvB‡Uvwm‡mi gva¨‡g G‡`i A‡hŠb Rbb , KbRy‡Mk‡bi gva¨‡g G‡`i †hŠb Rbb N‡U|
 Giv AwaKvskB RjR|
†hgb- wewfbœ ai‡bi A¨vwgev, ˆkevj, ¯øvBg †gvì, IqvUvi †gvì, KvBwUªWm, DIgvB‡KvUv QÎvK BZ¨vw`|
D`vniY- Amoeba proteus, Chlorella, Saprolegnia parasitica, Paramecium BZ¨vw`|

Amoeba proteus Chlorella Saprolegnia parasitica

Paramecium
wKsWg 2 : Fungi- G‡`i wKQy we‡kl ˆewkó¨ i‡q‡Q| h_v-
 Giv mvaviYZ eû‡Kvlx Ges †`n gvB‡mwjqv Øviv MwVZ|
 G‡`i †`n mvaviYZ kvLvwš^Z, wdjv‡g›U wm‡bvmvBwUK (e¨eavqK cÖvPxiwenxb)|
 G‡`i †Kvl cÖvPxi KvBwUb wbwg©Z|
 mv‡jvKms‡kølYKvix eY© KwYKv Abycw¯’Z ZvB Giv wb‡Riv wb‡R‡`i Lv`¨ ˆZwi Ki‡Z cv‡i bv e‡j Giv
g„ZRxwe ev ciRxwe wn‡m‡e evm K‡i|
 Giv †kvlY cÖwµqvq Lv`¨ MÖnY K‡i|
 G‡`i cwienb wUmy¨ †bB|
 n¨vcø‡qW †¯úv‡ii gva¨‡g G‡`i eske„w× N‡U|
 G‡`i AwaKvskB ¯’jR, Aí wKQz msL¨K RjR|

BDwbU 1 c„ôv-5
GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
D`vniY- Mucor, Penicillium, Agaricus BZ¨vw`|

Mucor Penicillium Agaricus

wKsWg 3 : Plantae- Plantae wKsWg Gi Aci bvg Metaphyta| G wKsW‡gi wKQz ‰ewkó¨ i‡q‡Q | h_v-
 Giv eû‡Kvlx Rxe|
 G‡`i cÖK…Z wbDwK¬qvm we`¨gvb|
 G‡`i mv‡jvKms‡kølYKvix eY©KwYKv †K¬v‡ivwdj-G I †K¬v‡ivwdj-we cÖavb|
 mv‡jvKms‡køl‡Yi gva¨‡g Giv wb‡Riv wb‡R‡`i Lv`¨ ˆZwi Ki‡Z cv‡i|
 †Kv‡l †Kvl cÖvPxi, cøvw÷W Ges eo Mnei i‡q‡Q|
 †Kvl cÖvPxi †mjy‡jvR wbwg©Z|
 åƒY ‡_‡K meyR Dw™¢‡`i Rxeb ïiy nq|
 G‡`i DbœZ wUmy¨ web¨vm we`¨gvb|
 †hŠb Rbb A¨vbvB‡mvM¨vgvm ev EIM¨vgvm cÖK…wZi|
 Rbb A½ I Rbb wUmy¨ _v‡K|
 Giv g~jZ ¯’jR, wKQz RjR cÖRvwZI i‡q‡Q|
†hgb- mKj gm&, dvY©, bMœexRx Ges Ave„ZexRx Dw™¢` G wKsW‡gi AšÍfy©³|
D`vniY- Riccia, Pteris, Cycas, Oryza sativa, Mangifera BZ¨vw`|

Riccia Pteris Cycas Oryza sativa Mangifera indica

wKsWg Plantae †K `ywU †MÖW G fvM Kiv n‡q‡Q| h_v- †MÖW 1 : Bryophyta Ges †MÖW 2 : Tracheophyta|
†MÖW 1 : Bryophyta- Bryophyta Dw™¢` M¨vwg‡UvdvBwUK Ges G‡`i cwienb wUmy¨ _v‡K bv|
†MÖW 2 : Tracheophyta- Tracheophyta Dw™¢` †¯úv‡ivdvBwUK Ges G‡`i cwienb wUmy¨ _v‡K|
wKsWg 4 : Animalia- Animalia wKsW‡gi Aci bvg Metazoa| G‡`i wKQz we‡kl ˆewkó¨ i‡q‡Q| h_v-
 G‡`i †Kv‡l †Kvl cÖvPxi, cøvw÷W Ges eo Mnei †bB|
 Giv eû‡Kvlx Rxe, BDK¨vwi‡qvwUK Ges n‡jvRwqK ai‡bi A_v©r RwUj ˆRe c`v_© Avnvi K‡i|
 †`‡n †K¬v‡ivwdj Abycw¯’Z ZvB mv‡jvKms‡kø‡Yi gva¨‡g wb‡R‡`i Lv`¨ wb‡Riv ˆZwi Ki‡Z cv‡i bv|
 Giv wfbœ‡fvRx ¯^fv‡ei|
 MjvatKiY (Engulfing) cÖwµqvq Giv Lv`¨ MÖnY K‡i|
 †hŠb Rb‡bi gva¨‡g G‡`i esk e„w× N‡U|
 G‡`i åƒY m„wó nq I åƒY weKvkKv‡j wUmy¨i AwfcÖqvY (Migration) Ges cybwe©b¨vm N‡U|
†hgb- gvbyl, evN, Bwjk gvQ, Miy, gwnl, nuvm, gyiMx BZ¨vw`|
D`vniY- Homo sapiens, Panthera tigris, Hilsa ilisha BZ¨vw`|

BDwbU 1 c„ôv-6
 Dw™¢`weÁvb

Panthera tigris Homo sapiens Hilsa ilisha

DcwiD³ Av‡jvPbv †_‡K Rxe RM‡Zi GKwU AvaywbK †kÖwYweb¨vm wn‡m‡e gvi¸wj‡mi Rxe RM‡Zi †kÖwYweb¨vm
m¤ú‡K© GKwU aviYv cvIqv †Mj|

wk¶v_©xi KvR wb‡Pi †KvbwU †Kvb wKsW‡gi m`m¨ ? D‡jøL Kiyb

dvY©
‰kevj
bxjvf meyR ˆkevj
wmsn
KuvVvj MvQ
wgDKi
gm

mvims‡¶c
Dw™¢‡`i AvKvi, AvK…wZ I wewfbœ ˆewkó¨vejxi cvi¯úwiK mv`„k¨ I ˆemv`„‡k¨i Dci wfwË K‡i G‡`i‡K wKsWg,
wefvM, †kÖYx, eM©, †MvÎ, MY I cÖRvwZ cÖf…wZ `j-Dc`‡j web¨¯Í Kivi c×wZ‡K ejv nq Dw™¢‡`i †kÖwbweb¨vm|
Dw™¢` †kÖwYweb¨vm‡K cÖavbZ wZb fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| h_v- 1| K…wÎg †kªwYweb¨vm c×wZ, 2| cÖvK…wZK
†kªwYweb¨vm c×wZ Ges 3| RvwZRwb †kªwYweb¨vm c×wZ| gvi¸wjm mg¯Í RxeRMZ‡K `ywU mycvi wKsW‡g wef³
K‡ib| h_v- mycvi wKsWg 1 : Prokaryota Ges mycvi wKsWg 2 : Eukaryota| wZwb Prokaryota †K GKwUgvÎ
wKsWg g‡biv‡Z fvM K‡ib Ges Eukaryota †K PviwU wKsWg G fvM K‡ib| †hgb- wKsWg 1 : Protoctista,
wKsWg 2 : Fungi, wKsWg 3 : Plantae Ges wKsWg 4 : Animalia|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-1.1
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b|
1| wb‡Pi †KvbwU wKsWg g‡biv Gi m`m¨ ?
(K) mvqv‡bve¨vK‡Uwiqv (L) ‰kevj (M) evN (N) QÎvK
2| Dw™¢` †kÖwYweb¨vm Gi avc-
i. wKsWg, wefvM ii. †kÖwY, eM© iii. †MÖvÎ, MY I cÖRvwZ
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK ?
(K) i I ii (L) i I iii (M) ii I iii (N) i, ii I iii
3| wKsWg dvbRvB Gi m`m¨iv-
i. †kvlY c×wZ‡Z Lv`¨ MÖnY K‡i ii. gvB‡mwjq¨vj iii. g„ZRxex ev ciRxexi~‡c evm K‡i
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK ?
(K) i I ii (L) i I iii (M) ii I iii (N) i, ii I iii

BDwbU 1 c„ôv-7
GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU c‡o 4 I 5 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi w`b-
wcw`g K‡qKwU Rx‡ei bgybv wb‡q M‡elYv Ki‡jb| wZwb ch©‡e¶‡Y †`L‡jb cÖ_g RxewU MjvatKiY cÖwµqvq Lv`¨
MÖnY K‡i| wØZxqwU †kvlY cÖwµqvq Ges Z…Zxq I PZz_©wU h_vµ‡g mv‡jvKms‡kølY I †K‡gvwmb‡_wmm cÖwµqvq
Lv`¨ ‰Zwi K‡i|
4| wgDKi †KvbwUi AšÍf©y³ n‡e ?
(K) cÖ_gwU (L) wØZxqwU (M) Z…ZxqwU (N) PZz_©wU
5| †K¬v‡ivcøv÷ Qvov Rxe-
i. cÖ_gwU ii. wØZxqwU iii. Z…ZxqwU
(K) i I ii (L) i I iii (M) ii I iii (N) i, ii I iii

P~ovšÍ g~j¨vqb
m„Rbkxj cÖk-œ 1 : wb‡Pi wPÎ `ywU †`Lyb Ges cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi w`b|

wPÎ 1 wPÎ 2
(K) gvi¸wjm Eukaryota mycvi wKsWg‡K KZwU wKsW‡g fvM K‡ib ?
(L) Dw™¢` †kÖwYweb¨vm ej‡Z Kx †ev‡Sb ?
(M) wPÎ 1 G cÖ`wk©Z RxewUi ˆewkó¨ wjLyb|
(N) wPÎ 1 I wPÎ 2 Gi Rxe `ywU wfbœ wKsW‡gi m`m¨- Dw³wU hyw³mn we‡kølY Kiyb|
DËigvjv
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 1.1 : 1| K 2| N 3| N 4| L 5| K

BDwbU 1 c„ôv-8