BDwbU

21

ev¯Ízms¯’vb
f‚wgKv
Rxe I R‡oi mgb¦‡qB M‡o I‡V cwi‡ek| H cwi‡e‡ki mv‡_ Rx‡ei m¤úK© wbweo| cÖwZwU Rx‡ei
wbw`©ó evm¯’vb Av‡Q| †m evm¯’vb‡K wN‡iB Zvi cwi‡ek M‡o I‡V| cwi‡e‡ki g~j Dcv`vb n‡jv gvwU,
cvwb I evqy| GB wZbwU Dcv`vb Rxe‡K Avkªq I Avnvi †hvMvb †`q|
c„w_exi mKj Dw™¢` I cÖvwYi Rxeb c×wZ g‡bv‡hv‡Mi mv‡_ jÿ Ki‡j †`Lv hvq, Zviv Ggb
A½vw½fv‡e cwi‡e‡ki mv‡_ Rwo‡q Av‡Q †h, GK cÖKvi Rxe eû wewPÎ c×wZ‡Z Ab¨ Rxe‡K mvnvh¨
K‡i _v‡K Ges eû wewPÎ c×wZ‡Z mvnvh¨ MÖnY K‡i|
c„w_exi wewfbœ Rxe ïay †h ci¯ú‡ii Dci wbf©i K‡i †eu‡P _v‡K ZvB bq, Zviv cwi‡e‡ki g~j Dcv`vb
gvwU, cvwb I evqyi Dci wbf©ikxj| GRb¨ Rxe I Zvi cwi‡ek‡K KLbI c„_K Kiv m¤¢e bq|
GKB cÖvK…wZK cwi‡e‡k †hme Rxe Rb¥vq Zv‡`i ¯^vZš¿¨ _v‡K| GiKg wewfbœ Rx‡ei (Dw™¢` I cÖvwYi)
msL¨vmgwó‡K Rxe-m¤úª`vq (Biotic community) e‡j| cÖvq mKj Rxe m¤úª`v‡qi g‡a¨ Dw™¢`, cÖvwY I
ÿz`ªvwZÿz`ª AYyRxe i‡q‡Q| Giv cvi¯úwiK mn‡hvwMZvq `je×fv‡e †eu‡P _v‡K| GKwU A‡ji Rjevqy
†Kgb n‡e, Zv cÖavbZ †m A‡ji Dw™¢`K‚‡ji Dci wbf©i K‡i; Z‡e †m A‡ji cÖvwYK‚j I
Dw™¢`K‚‡ji Dci wKQyUv cÖfve we¯Ívi K‡i| Ggwbfv‡e †Kv‡bv wbw`©ó A‡ji Ro cwi‡ek I Rxe-
m¤úª`v‡qi g‡a¨ Awe‡”Q`¨ m¤úK© M‡o I‡V|
cwi‡e‡ki Dci wbf©i K‡i Dw™¢` I cÖvwYi AvK…wZ I cÖK…wZMZ ˆewkó¨ M‡o I‡V| GKvi‡Y c„w_exi me
A‡ji Dw™¢` I cÖvwY GK iKg bq| GKB A‡ji Rxemg~‡ni g‡a¨ ¯^vZš¿¨Zv we`¨gvb| D`vniY
wn‡m‡e D‡jøL Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i my›`ie‡b my›`ix, †MIqv, evBb Gme Dw™¢` fv‡jv R‡b¥| ZvQvov GLv‡b
nwiY, i‡qj‡e½j UvBMvi evm K‡i| wKšÍz wm‡jU, gaycyi ev Ab¨ †Kv‡bv e‡b G‡`i‡K cvIqv hvq bv|
Ggwbfv‡e Rxe I Ro c`v‡_©i cvi¯úwiK AvšÍtwµqvi d‡j cwi‡e‡ki fvimvg¨ eRvq _v‡K|
 mvaviY weÁvb

cvV 21.1

ev¯Ízms¯’vb I cÖKvi‡f`

D‡Ïk¨
G cvV †k‡l Avcwb-
• ev¯Ízms¯’v‡bi msÁv wjL‡Z cvi‡eb;
• ev¯Ízms¯’v‡bi cÖKvi‡f`¸wj D‡jøL Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
• wewfbœ cÖKvi ev¯Ízms¯’vb eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

ev¯Ízms¯’vb (Ecosystem)
†Kv‡bv Rxe GKKfv‡e Zvi cwi‡ek Qvov euvP‡Z cv‡i bv| cÖwZwU RxweZ Dw™¢`, cÖvwY I Zv‡`i Ro
cwi‡ek G‡K A‡b¨i mv‡_ Awe‡”Q`¨fv‡e m¤úK©hy³ Ges Giv ci¯ú‡ii Dci wµqv K‡i| Rxe gvÎB
cwi‡ek †_‡K †hme Dcv`vb MÖnY K‡i Zv Avevi m¤ú~Y©fv‡e cwi‡e‡k wdwi‡q †`q| cwi‡e‡k Ro I
Rxe Dcv`v‡bi †Kv‡bv Afve NU‡j Zvi Dci wbf©ikxj Dw™¢` I cÖvwYi †eu‡P _vKv Am¤¢e n‡q c‡o|
c„w_ex‡Z wU‡K _vKvi Rb¨ †Kv‡bv wbw`©ó A‡ji Ro cwi‡ek I Rxe m¤úª`v‡qi g‡a¨ mycÖwZwôZ Giƒc
AvšÍtm¤úK©‡K ejv nq ev¯Ízms¯’vb| AZx‡Z gvbyl wb‡R‡K ev¯Ízms¯’v‡bi ewnf‚©Z g‡b Ki‡jI GLb Avi
†miƒc g‡b Kiv nq bv| †Kv‡bvv gvby‡li wewfbœ Kvh©KvwiZv ev¯Ízms¯’v‡bi wewfbœ Dcv`v‡bi Dci cÖfve
we¯Ívi K‡i| ev¯Ízms¯’vb‡K Avevi ev¯ÍzZš¿ ev cÖK…wZ e‡jI AvL¨vwqZ Kiv n‡q _v‡K| Z‡e ev¯Ízms¯’vb‡K
mPivPi cÖK…wZ ejv nq|
ev¯Ízms¯’v‡bi cÖKvi‡f`
cwi‡ek Abymv‡i ev¯Ízms¯’vb cÖavbZ `y'ai‡bi| h_v- ¯’jR ev¯Ízms¯’vb I RjR ev¯Ízms¯’vb
GQvov gvbyl K…wÎgfv‡e wewfbœ ai‡bi ev¯Ízms¯’v‡bi m„wó Ki‡Z cv‡i|
wb‡P D`vniYmn ¯’jR, RjR I K…wÎg ev¯Ízms¯’vb wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv|
¯’jR ev¯Ízms¯’vb (Terrestrial ecosyestem)
¯’jR ev¯Ízms¯’vb Avevi wewfbœ ai‡bi n‡Z cv‡i †hgb- Z…Yf‚wgi ev¯Ízms¯’vb, ebf‚wgi ev¯Ízms¯’vb,
giæf‚wgi ev¯Ízms¯’vb BZ¨vw`| GLv‡b ebf~wgi ev¯Ízms¯’vb wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv|
evsjv‡`‡ki cÖavb cÖavb ebf‚wgi g‡a¨ wm‡j‡Ui cvnvox ebvÂj, cve©Z¨ PÆMÖv‡gi cvnvox AÂj Ges
mgy`ª DcK‚jeZ©x g¨vb‡MÖvf Z_v my›`ieb AÂj|
my›`ieb AÂj ¯’jR ebv‡ji AšÍf©y³ n‡jI GLvbKvi cÖK…wZ Ab¨vb¨ ¯’jR ebvÂj †_‡K Avjv`v|
Lyjbv I cUzqvLvjx †Rjvi `wÿYv‡j Aew¯’Z mgy`ª DcK‚jeZ©x G ebvÂj e‡½vcmvMi †_‡K †fZ‡ii
w`‡K 112 wK‡jvwgUvi ch©šÍ we¯Í„Z| G e‡bi AvqZb cÖvq 6,060 eM© wK‡jvwgUvi| my›`ie‡bi gvwU
Gu‡Uj I K`©gv³| †Rvqvi fvUvi cÖfv‡ei Rb¨ G A‡ji gvwUi jeYv³Zv A‡bK †ewk| gvwUi
jeYv³Zv AwaK nIqvq G A‡j we‡kl ˆewkó¨ m¤úbœ Dw™¢` Rb¥vq| G Kvi‡Y my›`ie‡bi ebvÂj‡K
g¨vb‡MÖvf ebvÂj ejv nq|
my›`ie‡b mKvj I weKvj `yevi †Rvqv‡ii jeYv³ cvwb e‡bi gvwU‡K wm³ K‡i, Gi d‡j gvwUi
jeYv³Zv e„w× cvq Ges Gi cvkvcvwk cvwbi †mªv‡Z †hgb Dw™¢‡`i †Mvov †_‡K gvwU m‡i hvq
†Zgwbfv‡e cwjgvwU Mv‡Qi †Mvovq Rgv nq| e‡b cwjgvwU Rgv nIqvq Dw™¢‡`i k¦vm-cÖk¦v‡m Amyweav
nq| GRb¨ GmKj Dw™¢‡` cwiewZ©Z we‡kl g~j m„wó nq, G‡K k¦vmg~j ev wbD‡g‡Uv‡dvi
(Pneumetophore) e‡j| G Qvov Dw™¢‡` †Umg~j m„wó nq| my›`ie‡b Rb¥v‡bv cÖavb Dw™¢`¸wji g‡a¨
my›`ix, MivY, †MIqv, †KIov, †MvjcvZv, cïi, KuvKov, wn‡›`vj D‡jøL‡hvM¨| GLv‡b emevmKvix cÖavb
cÖvwY¸wj n‡jv nwiY, ïKi, i‡qj †e½j UvBMvi, K”Qc, Kzwgi, evbi, nbygvb cÖf…wZ Ges eK, mvim,
†gviM, gvQivOv BZ¨vw` cvwL| gvwUi jeYv³Zv †ewk Ges cvwb †mªvZhy³ nIqvq gvwU‡Z cwZZ Dw™¢`
exR bó n‡q hvq| GKvi‡Y G ebv‡j Dw™¢‡`i dj Mv‡Q _vKv Ae¯’vq exR A¼zwiZ nq Ges Pvivhy³
exR K`©gv³ gvwU‡Z c‡o AvU‡K hvq Ges †mLv‡bB bZzb MvQ m„wó K‡i| Gfv‡e dj Mv‡Q _vKv Ae¯’vq
A¼z‡iv`Mg †KejgvÎ my›`ieb A‡j †`Lv hvq| G ai‡bi e¨wZµgx A¼z‡iv`Mg‡K RivqyR A¼z‡iv`Mg
(Viviparous germination) e‡j|
ev¯Íyms¯’vb c„ôv 340
Gm.Gm.wm †cÖvMÖvg

wPÎ 21.1-1 : my›`i e‡bi wewfbœ ai‡bi Dw™¢`

e„ÿRvZxq Dw™¢`B G e‡bi cÖavb Drcv`K| GLv‡b my›`yix, Mivb, †MIqv, †KIov, †MvjcvZv I Ab¨vb¨
wewfbœ Dw™¢` Drcv`K wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| wewfbœ ai‡bi †cvKvgvKo, †gviM, gyiwM, nwiY, wewfbœ ai‡bi
cvwL cÖ_g †kªYxi Lv`K wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| wØZxq †kªYxi Lv`K wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i mvc, cvwL, wMiwMwU,
wkqvj, ebweovj BZ¨vw` cÖvwYiv| Ab¨w`‡K evN, Kzwgi n‡”Q Z…Zxq †kªYx Z_v Uviwmqvix Lv`K| Avevi
ï‡qvi, evbi, mvim, me©fzK cÖvwY| G ebv‡j we‡qvRK wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i wewfbœ ai‡bi AbyyRxe|
G¸‡jvi g‡a¨ e¨vK‡Uwiqv, QÎvK, A¨vKwU‡bvgvBwmwUm, †cÖv‡Uv‡Rvqv D‡jøL‡hvM¨|

RjR ev¯Ízms¯’vb (Aquatic ecosystem)

RjR ev¯Ízms¯’vb wewfbœ ai‡bi n‡Z cv‡i, h_v- cyKz‡ii ev¯Íms¯’vb, b`-b`x ev¯Ízms¯’vb I mgy‡`ªi
ev¯Ízms¯’vb| RjR ev¯Ízms¯’v‡bi Ávb jv‡f me‡P‡q Dc‡hvMx ¯’vb n‡jv cyKz‡ii ev¯Ízms¯’vb| †Kbbv RjR
ev¯Ízms¯’v‡bi cÖvq mKj Dcv`vbB cyKz‡ii cvwb I Zj‡`‡k _v‡K| †KejgvÎ evqexq AvKv‡i cvwbi
DcwifvM †_‡K wKQy c`v_© evB‡i P‡j hvq, Z‡e evB‡i †_‡K evqexq I e„wócv‡Zi d‡j wKQy cvwb‡Z
hy³ nq| Gi d‡j cyKz‡i emevmiZ Rxe I Ro c`v‡_©i g‡a¨ we`¨gvb wbweo m¤úK© myôzfv‡e Abyaveb
Kiv hvq| GRb¨ ev¯Ízms¯’v‡b cwieZ©b n‡j ev wKQy NU‡j Zv mn‡R Rvbv hvq, hv ¯’jR ev¯Ízms¯’v‡b cÖvq
Am¤¢e|
cyKz‡ii ev¯Ízms¯’vb n‡”Q RjR ev¯Ízms¯’v‡bi Av`k© D`vniY| GLv‡b cyKz‡i emevmiZ Rxe I Ro
c`v‡_©i wbweo m¤úK© fv‡jvfv‡e eySv hvq| GLv‡b Ro ev wbR©xe Dcv`vb¸wj n‡jv wewfbœ cÖKvi ˆRe I
A‰Re c`v_©, cvwb, m~h©v‡jvK, Kve©b WvB-A·vBW, Aw·‡Rb, K¨vjwmqvg, dmdivm BZ¨vw`| mRxe
Dcv`vb¸wji g‡a¨ Av‡Q Drcv`K, cÖ_g ¯Í‡ii Lv`K, wØZxq ¯Í‡ii Lv`K, Z…Zxq ¯Í‡ii Lv`K I wewfbœ
ai‡bi we‡qvRK Rxe|
Drcv`K : Drcv`K n‡”Q cyKz‡i emevmKvix mv‡jvKms‡kølYKvix wewfbœ cÖKvi fvmgvb I mÂvigvb ÿz`ª
Rxe| cvwb‡Z fvmgvb Rxe‡`i‡K cøv¼Ub (plankton) e‡j| cøv¼Ub RvZxq ÿz`ª Dw™¢`‡K Dw™¢` cøv¼Ub
ev dvB‡Uvcøv¼Ub (phytoplankton) e‡j| G Qvov cvwb‡Z Aew¯’Z meyR †kIjv I Ab¨vb¨ RjR Dw™¢`
mv‡jvKms‡kølY cÖwµqvq wb‡Ri Lv`¨ ˆZwi Ki‡Z cv‡i, G mg¯Í Dw™¢`‡K Drcv`K e‡j|
cÖ_g ¯Í‡ii Lv`K : cvwb‡Z fvmgvb wewfbœ ai‡bi ÿz`ªvKvi †cvKv, gkvi ïKKxU, cÖvwY cøv¼Ub (zoo
plankton) BZ¨vw` cÖ_g ¯Í‡ii Lv`K wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| G mg¯Í Lv`K wb‡R Lv`¨ ˆZwi Ki‡Z cv‡i bv
Ges mivmwi Drcv`K‡K Lv`¨ wn‡m‡e MÖnY K‡i|
wØZxq ¯Í‡ii Lv`K : Giv cÖ_g ¯Í‡ii Lv`K‡K Lv`¨ wn‡m‡e MÖnY K‡i| †QvU †QvU gvQ, RjR cZ½,
wPswo, e¨vO cÖf…wZ wØZxq ¯Í‡ii Lv`‡Ki AšÍf©y³|

BDwbU GKzk c„ôv 341

 mvaviY weÁvb

Z…Zxq ¯Í‡ii Lv`K : †kvj, †evqvj, †fUwK cÖf…wZ eo AvKv‡ii gvQ, eK, MvswPj cÖf…wZ Z…Zxq ¯Í‡ii
Lv`K| Giv wØZxq ¯Í‡ii Lv`K‡K Lv`¨
wn‡m‡e MÖnY K‡i|
we‡qvRK : cyKz‡ii cvwb‡Z fvmgvb
A_ev wb‡Pi Kv`vq wewfbœ ai‡bi
AbyRxe (†hgb : e¨vK‡Uwiqv, QÎvK,
A¨vKwU‡bvgvBwmwUm BZ¨vw`) evm K‡i,
G‡`i‡K we‡qvRK Rxe ejv nq| Giv
RxweZ ev g„Z Lv`K cÖvwY‡`i AvµgY
K‡i I cPb NUvq, d‡j Drcv`‡Ki
e¨envi Dc‡hvMx ˆRe I A‰Re
ivmvqwbK c`v‡_©i m„wó nq|
K…wÎg ev¯Ízms¯’vb (Artificial
ecosystem)
cÖK…wZ I cwi‡ek m¤úwK©Z Ávb‡K Kv‡R jvwM‡q gvbyl †h K…wÎg c×wZ‡Z Dw™¢` ev cÖvwY Pvlvev‡`i e¨e¯’v
K‡ib Zv‡K K…wÎg ev¯Ízms¯’vb e‡j| wPÎ 21.1-2 : GKwU cyKz‡ii ev¯‘ms¯’vb
K…wÎg ev¯Ízms¯’v‡bi Av`k© D`vniY
wn‡m‡e G¨v‡Kvwiqvg, P›`ªhvb BZ¨vw` D‡jøL Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| wkÿv cÖwZôvb ev M‡elYvMvi QvovI emZevwo I
Awdm-Av`vjZ G¨v‡Kvwiqv‡g †mŠ›`h© I g‡bvićbi Rb¨ we‡kl ai‡bi gvQ I Dw™¢` msiÿ‡Yi e¨e¯’v Kiv
nq| c„w_exi Ab¨vb¨ †`‡k wekvjKvi G¨v‡Kvwiqvg ˆZwi K‡i †mLv‡b wewfbœ ai‡bi †QvU I eo gvQ msiÿ‡Yi
e¨e¯’v Kiv nq|
G¨v‡Kvwiqvg mvaviYZ KvP wbwg©Z Ges G‡Z cvwb, we‡kl RvZxq RjR Dw™¢` I †cvKvgvKo QvovI wewfbœ
A‰Re Dcv`vb hy³ Kiv nq| GQvov Av‡jvK kw³, wbqwgZfv‡e evqyi mv‡_ Aw·‡Rb mieivn I cÖ‡qvRbxq
Lv`¨`ªe¨ mieivn K‡i gvQ Pvl Kiv nq| GRb¨ G‡Z cÖvK…wZK ev¯Ízms¯’v‡bi mKj Dcv`vb Abycw¯’Z| K…wÎg
ev¯Ízms¯’v‡b K…wÎgfv‡e ¯^í‡gqv`x gvQ Pvlvev` e¨e¯’v MÖnY m¤¢e n‡jI GLv‡b ¯^vfvweK ev¯Ízms¯’v‡bi b¨vq
e¯Ízi cybiRvZKiY, welwµqv `~ixKiY, cybtwe‡qvRb Ges kw³ cÖevn cÖf…wZ Abycw¯’Z|

mvims‡ÿc
◗ Ro cwi‡ek I Rxe-m¤úª`v‡qi g‡a¨ Dcw¯’Z mycÖwZwôZ AvšÍtm¤úK©‡K ejv nq ev¯Ízms¯’vb|
◗ cwi‡ek Abymv‡i ev¯Ízms¯’vb `y'ai‡bi, h_v- ¯’jR ev¯Ízms¯’vb I RjR ev¯Ízms¯’vb|
◗ gvbyl K…wÎgfv‡e ev¯Ízms¯’vb ˆZwi Ki‡Z mÿg| †hgb- G¨v‡Kvwiqvg, P›`ªhvb BZ¨vw`|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-1
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK (√) wPý w`b|
1. ev¯Ízms¯’v‡bi Dcv`vb¸wj‡K wb‡Pi †Kvb `y’fv‡M fvM Kiv nq?
K. Rjevqy I A‰Re L. RjR I ¯’jR M. Rxe I Ro N. ¯^‡fvRx I ci‡fvRx
2. RjR ev¯Ízms¯’v‡bi Drcv`K Kviv?
K. cÖvwY cøv¼Ub L. Dw™¢` cøv¼Ub M. QÎvK N. e¨vK‡Uwiqv
3. cyKz‡ii ev¯Ízms¯’v‡b †KvbwU wØZxq ¯Í‡ii Lv`K?

ev¯Íyms¯’vb c„ôv 342

Gm.Gm.wm †cÖvMÖvg

K. †QvU †QvU gvQ L. eo gvQ M. meyR Dw™¢` N. e¨vO

4. ev¯Ízmsm¯’v‡b AbyRx‡ei f‚wgKv wK?
K. cÖ_g †kªYxi Lv`K L. wØZxq †kªYxi Lv`K M. Drcv`K N. we‡qvRK wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i|
5. g¨vb‡MÖvf ebv‡j wb‡Pi †KvbwU Z…Zxq¯Í‡ii Lv`K?
K. nwiY L. evbi M. ebweovj N. evN|

BDwbU GKzk c„ôv 343

 mvaviY weÁvb

cvV 21.2

ev¯Ízms¯’v‡bi Dcv`vb I ev¯Ízms¯’v‡bi Kvh©c×wZ

D‡Ïk¨
G cvV †k‡l Avcwb-
• ev¯Ízms¯’v‡bi Dcv`vb m¤ú‡K© eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
• ev¯Ízms¯’v‡bi Kvh©c×wZ e¨vLv¨ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

ev¯Ízms¯’v‡bi Dcv`vb (Components of ecosystem)

c~e© cvV Aa¨qb †k‡l Avgiv wkLjvg †h ev¯Ízms¯’v‡bi Dcv`vb `y'ai‡Yi| h_v- Ro Dcv`vb I mRxe
Dcv`vb ev Rxe m¤úª`vq|
Ro Dcv`vb (Abiotic components)
cÖK…wZ‡Z Ro Dcv`vb¸wj Rxe m¤úª`vq‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i| Ro Dcv`vb‡K Avevi ˆRe, A‰Re I †fŠZ
Dcv`v‡b wef³ Kiv nq|
A‰Re Dcv`vb (Inorganic component): gvwU, cvwb I LwbR jeY (†hgb- K¨vjwmqvg, cUvwkqvg,
g¨vM‡bwkqvg, mvjdvi cÖf…wZ) n‡”Q ev¯Ízms¯’v‡bi A‰Re Dcv`vb| GQvov Av‡Q Aw·‡Rb (O2), Kve©b
WvB-A·vBW (CO2) I bvB‡Uªv‡Rb (N2) RvZxq evqexq c`v_©| Gme A‰Re Dcv`vb meyR Dw™¢`K‚‡ji
cÖv_wgK cywó Dcv`vb wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i|
ˆRe Dcv`vb (Organic components): Dw™¢` I cÖvwYi g„Z‡`n wewfbœ AYyRx‡ei wµqvq wewkøó n‡q
BDwiqv I wnDgvm ˆZwi nq| GmKj Dcv`vbB gvwUi ˆRe Dcv`vb| g„ZRxex QÎvK I e¨vK‡Uwiqv g„Z
Dw™¢` I cÖvwYi Dci wµqv NwU‡q ˆRe Dcv`v‡b cwiYZ K‡i| AYyRx‡ei Kvh©KvwiZvq Gme ˆRe
Dcv`v‡bi wKQy Ask Avevi A‰Re je‡Y cwiYZ nq| G A‰Re Dcv`vb¸wj‡K Dw™¢` cÖv_wgK cywó
Dcv`vb wn‡m‡e e¨envi K‡i| Kv‡RB †`Lv hv‡”Q, ˆRe Dcv`vb¸‡jv Rxe m¤úª`vq I Ro Dcv`vb¸‡jvi
g‡a¨ †hvMm~Î wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i|
†fŠZ Dcv`vb (Physical components): cwi‡e‡ki Ro Ae¯’v KZ¸wj †fŠZ Ae¯’vi Dci wbf©ikxj|
†fŠZ Ae¯’v¸‡jv wbæiƒc-
K. Rjevqy (climate) : †h †Kv‡bv cwi‡e‡ki AvenvIqv ej‡Z m~‡h©i Av‡jv, DòZv, evqyi Pvc, evqyi
cÖevn, evqyi Av`ª©Zv, evwl©K e„wócv‡Zi cwigvY, e„wócv‡Zi web¨vm, ZzlvicvZ cÖf…wZ‡K eySvq| Avi
AvenvIqvi `xN©‡gqv`x Mo Ae¯’vqB Rjevqy|
L. gvwUi ˆewkó¨ (soil factors) : †h †Kv‡bv ¯’v‡bi gvwUi ˆewkó¨ I Ae¯’v †m ¯’v‡b emevmKvix
Dw™¢`K‚j I cÖvwYK‚‡ji Dci cÖfve we¯Ívi K‡i|
M. wnDgvm I LwbR jeY (humus & mineral salts) : Dw™¢` I cÖvwYi g„Z‡`n AYyRx‡ei wµqvq wewkøó
n‡q wnDgvm Z_v ˆRe cPv mv‡i cwiYZ nq| wnDgv‡mi cÖavb Dcv`vb LwbR jeY| Dw™¢` gvwU †_‡K
g~j‡iv‡gi mvnv‡h¨ Gme LwbR jeY †kvlY K‡i| Gme LwbR jeY Dw™¢‡`i cywó Dcv`vb wn‡m‡e KvR
K‡i|
N. gvwU¯’ cvwbi cÖK…wZ (soil water condition) : gvwU‡Z Aew¯’Z cvwbi cwigvY, cvwbi Ae¯’v,
AwZwi³ cvwb wb®‹vlY e¨e¯’v, gvwUi wfZ‡i cvwbi AYycÖ‡ek (percolation), f‚Mf©¯’ cvwbi DcwiZj
cÖf…wZi Dci Dw™¢` I cÖvwY A‡bKUv wbf©i K‡i|
O. Ab¨vb¨ KviY (other factors) : †h †Kv‡bv ¯’v‡b Rx‡ei emevm †mLvbKvi gvwUi DòZvi cwiwa,

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gvwU¯’ evqy, gvwUi i‡mi cÖK…wZ Z_v gvwUi A¤øZ¡, ÿviZ¡ ev wbi‡cÿ Ae¯’v BZ¨vw`i Øviv cÖfvweZ nq|
P. f‚-cÖvK…wZK KviY (topographic factors) : †Kv‡bv wbw`©ó ¯’v‡bi fz-cÖK…wZ †mLv‡b Aew¯’Z Dw™¢` I
cÖvwYK‚‡ji Dci cÖfve †d‡j| †Kv‡bv ¯’v‡bi D”PZv, Xvj ev Lvov Ae¯’v, †m¯’v‡b Aew¯’Z RxeK‚j‡K
wbqš¿Y K‡i|
mRxe Dcv`vb (Biotic components)
cÖwZwU RxeB ev¯Ízms¯’v‡bi Dcv`vb| ev¯Ízms¯’v‡bi Ro I mRxe Dcv`vb¸wj Ggbfv‡e G‡K Ac‡ii
Dci wbf©ikxj †h, G‡`i †h †Kv‡bv GKwUi Abycw¯’wZ‡Z Ab¨wUi Amyweav nq| Dw™¢‡`i cÖK…wZ
ev¯Ízms¯’v‡bi cÖvwYi ˆewkó¨i Dci cÖfve †d‡j| cÖwZwU Rxe euvPvi Rb¨, ˆ`wnK e„w× I cÖRb‡bi Rb¨
Lv`¨ MÖnY K‡i, G Lv`¨B Rxe‡K Rxebxkw³ cÖ`vb K‡i| ev¯Ízms¯’v‡bi mKj mRxe Dcv`v‡bi g‡a¨ †h
kw³ cÖevwnZ nq Zvi g~j Drm m~h©| ev¯Ízms¯’v‡bi Av`k© D`vniY wn‡m‡e cyKzi‡K MÖnY Kiv hvq| GKwU
Av`k© ev¯Ízms¯’v‡bi MVb ˆewkó¨ m¤^‡Ü aviYv jv‡fi Rb¨ Gi Dcv`vb¸wj‡K wb‡Pi 21.2-1 cÖevn wP‡Îi
gva¨‡g †`Lv‡bv †h‡Z cv‡i|

ev¯‘ms¯’v‡bi Dcv`vb

mRxe Dcv`vb Ro Dcv`vb

¯^‡fvRx ci‡fvRx ‰Re Dcv`vb A‰Re Dcv`vb †fŠZ Dcv`vb

Rjevqy
Lv`K we‡qvRK
gvwUi ˆewkó¨
cÖ_g ¯Íi e¨vK‡Uwiqv
wnDgvm I LwbR jeY
wØZxq ¯Íi QÎvK
gvwU¯’ cvwbi cÖK…wZ
Z…Zxq ¯Íi G¨vKwU‡bvgvBwmwUm
f‚-cÖvK…wZK KviY

wPÎ 21.2-1 : GKwU Av`k© ev¯Ízms¯’v‡bi MVb ˆewkô¨

ev¯Ízms¯’v‡bi Kvh©c×wZ (Operations of Ecosystem)

ev¯Ízms¯’vb‡K mPj ivL‡Z msNwUZ cÖwµqv¸wj wb¤œiƒc :
● mv‡jvKms‡kølY cÖwµqvi Rb¨ m~h© n‡Z Av‡jvKkw³ †kvlY|

● Drcv`‡Ki mvnv‡h¨ gvwU n‡Z †kvwlZ cvwb, A‰Re jeY I evqy n‡Z M„wnZ Kve©b-WvB A·vB‡Wi

mvnv‡h¨ kK©iv, Avwgl I †Kv‡li Rb¨ AwZ cÖ‡qvRbxq wewfbœ ivmvqwbK `ªe¨ Drcv`b|
● wewfbœ ¯Í‡ii Lv`K KZ…©K Drcv`K I wbæ¯Í‡ii Lv`K‡K Lv`¨iƒ‡c MÖnY Kiv Ges M„nxZ e¯Ízi

AvËxKiY|
● wb¤œ¯Í‡ii Lv`K‡K Zvi D”P¯Í‡ii Lv`K‡`i Lv‡`¨ cwiYZ nIqv|

● Drcv`K I Lv`‡Ki g„Zz¨i ci RwUj ˆRe †hŠM¸wji ÿq mvab Ges Zv †_‡K Drcv`K Dw™¢‡`i

MÖnY‡hvM¨ Dcv`v‡b cwiYZ nIqv|

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wb‡P 21.2-2 cÖevn wP‡Îi gva¨‡g ev¯Ízms¯’v‡bi Kvh©c×wZi cÖavb avc¸‡jv Aej¤^‡b Lv`¨-k„sL‡ji
GKwU mvgwMÖK †iLvwPÎ D‡jøL Kiv n‡jv-

cywó jeY Lv`¨ Dcv`vb

m~h© CO2

we‡qvRK I cwieZ©K
Drcv`K (meyR Dw™¢`)
(QÎvK I e¨vK‡Uwiqv)

cÖ_g ¯Í‡ii Lv`K g„Zz¨ I ÿ‡qi ci

Li‡iMvm, cZ½ BZ¨vw`

wØZxq ¯Í‡ii Lv`K gvQ, m‡e©v”P ¯Í‡ii Lv`K

†bK‡o BZ¨vw` Kzwgi, evN BZ¨vw`

wPÎ 21.2-2 : ev¯Ízms¯’v‡bi Kvh©c×wZi cÖavb avc¸‡jv Aej¤^‡b Lv`¨ k„sL‡ji GKwU mvgMÖxK †iLvwPÎ

mvims‡ÿc
◗ ev¯Íms¯’v‡bi Dcv`vb cÖavbZ `y'ai‡bi h_v- Ro Dcv`vb I mRxe Dcv`vb ev Rxe m¤úª`vq|
◗ ev¯Ízms¯’v‡bi Ro Dcv`vb¸wj Avevi wZb ai‡bi h_v- A‰Re Dcv`vb, ˆRe Dcv`vb I †fŠZ
Dcv`vb|
◗ Drcv`K †_‡K ïiæ K‡i m‡e©v”P Lv`K ch©šÍ GKUv Pwµq m¤ú‡K©i gva¨‡g ev¯Ízms¯’vb mPj
_v‡K|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-2
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK (√) wPý w`b|
1. ev¯Ízms¯’v‡bi Dcv`vb¸wj cÖavbZ Kqfv‡M fvM Kiv hvq?
K. wZb fv‡M L. `yB fv‡M
M. Pvi fv‡M N. cuvP fv‡M
2. ev¯Ízms¯’v‡bi Ro Dcv`vb KZ ai‡bi?
K. wZb ai‡bi L. Pvi ai‡bi
M. `yB ai‡bi N. cvuP ai‡bi
3. wb‡Pi †KvbwU Av`k© ev¯Ízms¯’v‡bi D`vniY?
K. giæf‚wgi ev¯Ízms¯’vb L. Z…Yf‚wgi ev¯Ízms¯’vb
M. mgy‡`ªi ev¯Ízms¯’vb N. cyKz‡ii ev¯Ízms¯’vb|

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cvV 21.3

Lv`¨ k„•Lj

D‡Ïk¨
G cvV †k‡l Avcwb-
• Lv`¨ k„•L‡ji msÁv w`‡Z cvi‡eb;
• D`vniYmn Lv`¨ k„•Ljv eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
• Lv`¨ k„•L‡ji cÖKvi‡f` D‡jøL Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

Lv`¨ k„•Lj (Food Chain)

Avgiv mK‡jB Rvwb meyR Dw™¢` †mŠikw³‡K (m~h©v‡jvK) Kv‡R jvwM‡q Lv`¨ ˆZwi K‡i| meyR Dw™¢`
wb‡Ri Lv`¨ wb‡R ˆZwi Ki‡Z cv‡i e‡j G‡`i‡K ¯^‡fvRx e‡j| meyR Dw™¢` m~h©v‡jv‡Ki Dcw¯’wZ‡Z
A‰Re e¯Íz Z_v cvwb I Kve©b WvB-A·vB‡Wi mv‡_ wewµqv K‡i kK©iv RvZxq Lv`¨ cÖ¯ÍzZ K‡i|
Dw™¢`‡`n †mŠikw³‡K w¯’wZ kw³iƒ‡c mÂq K‡i| meyR Dw™¢` Zvi ˆZwiK…Z Lv‡`¨i wKQy Ask Zvi
cÖ‡qvR‡b e¨envi K‡i Ges evKx Ask wbR‡`‡n Rgv K‡i iv‡L| cÖ_g †kªYxi Lv`K Z_v Z…Y‡fvRx
cÖvwYiv Dw™¢`‡K Lv`¨ wn‡m‡e MÖnY K‡i| Z…Y‡fvRx cÖvwY‡`i‡K Avevi gvskvmx cÖvwYiv Lv`¨ wn‡m‡e
e¨envi K‡i| cwi‡k‡l Dw™¢`, Z…Y‡fvRx cÖvwY I gvskvmx cÖvwYiv g„Zz¨i ci wewfbœ AbyRxe G‡`i Lv`¨
wn‡m‡e MÖnY K‡i Ges we‡qvR‡bi gva¨‡g wewfbœ A‰Re e¯Íz‡Z iƒcvšÍwiZ K‡i| iƒcvšÍwiZ G A‰Re
e¯Íz‡K meyR Dw™¢` cybivq Lv`¨ ˆZwi‡Z e¨envi K‡i| Dc‡iv³ Av‡jvPbv †_‡K Avgiv Rvb‡Z cvijvg
Lv`¨ meyR Dw™¢` †_‡K ïiæ K‡i wewfbœ Lv`K ¯Í‡ii (cÖvwY) ga¨ w`‡q AwZµg K‡i †k‡l A‰Re e¯Íz‡Z
cwiYZ nq Ges cybivq meyR Dw™¢` KZ©„K Lv`¨ ˆZwi‡Z e¨eüZ nq| Ggwbfv‡e Lv‡`¨i Drcv`K †_‡K
ïiæ K‡i m‡e©v”P Lv`K ch©šÍ Lv`¨ I Lv`‡Ki †h mij avivevwnKZv †`Lv hvq, Zv‡K Lv`¨ k„sLj e‡j|

wPÎ 21.3-1 : Lv`¨ k„sLj

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kw³i g~j Drm m~h©| G †mŠikw³ wewfbœ cÖKvi Rx‡e w¯’wZ kw³ wn‡m‡e mwÂZ _v‡K, h_v- Drcv`K,
Lv`K, we‡qvRK I cwieZ©K| wb‡P G m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv-
Drcv`K (Producer) : mvaviYZ D”PZi Dw™¢` I †kIjv RvZxq meyR Dw™¢` †mŠikw³‡K Kv‡R jvwM‡q
cvwb I Kve©b WvB-A·vB‡Wi ivmvqwbK wewµqvi gva¨‡g kK©iv RvZxq Lv`¨ ˆZwi K‡i| G cÖwµqv‡K
mv‡jvKms‡kølY e‡j| G cÖwµqvq DcRvZ wn‡m‡e Aw·‡Rb ˆZwi nq, hv Rxe cwi‡e‡ki Rb¨
Acwinvh©| G‡ÿ‡Î Av‡jvKkw³ ivmvqwbK kw³‡Z iƒcvšÍwiZ nq Ges kK©iv Lv‡`¨ Ave× _v‡K|
†h mKj Dw™¢` mv‡jvKms‡kølY cÖwµqv msNU‡b mÿg Zv‡`i‡K cÖv_wgK Drcv`K (primary producer)
e‡j| wb‡R‡`i Lv`¨ wb‡Riv ˆZwi Ki‡Z cv‡i e‡j G‡`i‡K ¯^wbf©i I ¯^‡fvRx ejv nq|
Lv`K (Consumer) : ev¯Ízms¯’v‡bi ci‡fvRx Rxe¸wj‡K Lv`K ejv nq| Giv meyR Dw™¢` KZ…©K
ˆZwiK…Z kK©iv RvZxq Lv`¨‡K wb‡R‡`i Lv`¨ wn‡m‡e MÖnY K‡i| Lv`K wn‡m‡e cÖavbZ cÖvwY‡`i‡K
eySv‡bv n‡q _v‡K, †Kbbv cÖvwYiv mv‡jvKms‡kølY cÖwµqvq Lv`¨ ˆZwi‡Z Aÿg| d‡j Lv‡`¨i Rb¨
cÖZ¨ÿ I c‡ivÿfv‡e Dw™¢‡`i Dci wbf©ikxj| Lv`K‡K K‡qKwU ¯Í‡i fvM Kiv n‡q _v‡K, h_v-
K. cÖ_g ¯Í‡ii Lv`K ev cÖv_wgK Lv`K (Primary consumers) : †h mKj cÖvwYiv †KejgvÎ Dw™¢`‡K
Lv`¨ wn‡m‡e MÖnY K‡i Zv‡`i‡K cÖ_g ¯Í‡ii Lv`K ejv nq| wewfbœ †kªYxi Z…Y‡fvRx cÖvwY, †hgb-
cvwb‡Z fvmgvb cÖvwYKYv ev Ry‡qvcø¼Ub (zooplankton), KxUcZ½, Miæ, QvMj, nwiY, Nvmdwos,
cÖRvcwZ, BZ¨vw` cÖZ¨ÿfv‡e Lv‡`¨i Rb¨ Dw™¢‡`i Dci wbf©ikxj|
L. wØZxq ¯Í‡ii Lv`K ev †MŠY Lv`K (Secondary consumers) : †h mKj cÖvwYiv cÖ_g ¯Í‡ii
Lv`K‡K Lv`¨ wnmv‡e MÖnY K‡i Zv‡`i wØZxq ¯Í‡ii Lv`K ejv nq| e¨vO KxUcZ½ Lvq, evN, wmsn,
wkqvj cÖf…wZ cÖvwY Z…Y‡fvRx cÖvwY Lvq| GRb¨ Giv wØZxq ¯Í‡ii Lv`K| wØZxq ¯Í‡ii Lv`Kiv
c‡ivÿfv‡e Drcv`‡Ki (Dw™¢‡`i) Dci Lv‡`¨i Rb¨ wbf©i K‡i| gvQ, †`v‡qj, mvim, mvc, KvK,
KzKzi, †bK‡o, gvKomv, wUKwUwK BZ¨vw` cÖvwYiv wØZxq ¯Í‡ii Lv`K wn‡m‡e D‡jøL‡hvM¨|
M. Z…Zxq ¯Í‡ii Lv`K ev m‡e©v”P ¯Í‡ii Lv`K (Tertiary consumers): wØZxq ¯Í‡ii Lv`K‡`i‡K hviv
Lv`¨ wn‡m‡e MÖnY K‡i Zv‡`i‡K Z…Zxq ¯Í‡ii Lv`K ejv nq| Z…Zxq ¯Í‡ii Lv`K wn‡m‡e evRcvwL,
kKzb, nv½i, Kzwgi, evN, wmsn cÖf…wZ cÖvwYi bvg D‡jøL‡hvM¨| A‡bK mgq †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv cÖvwY
GKvwaK ¯Í‡ii Lv`K wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ nq| †hgb- gqyi Dw™¢`‡K Lv`¨ wn‡m‡e MÖnYKv‡j ÔcÖ_g ¯Í‡ii
Lv`K' Ges †QvU mvc‡K Lv`¨ wn‡m‡e MÖnYKv‡j Z…Zxq ¯Í‡ii Lv`K wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| †Zgwbfv‡e
gvbyl fvZ I Wvj †L‡j cÖ_g ¯Í‡ii Lv`K Ges gvsm, gvQ, `ya BZ¨vw` †L‡j wØZxq ¯Í‡ii Lv`K
wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ nq|
we‡qvRK ev cPbKvix
(Decomposer): †h mg¯Í Rxe,
Drcv`K I Lv`‡Ki g„Z‡`n‡K cywói
Drm wn‡m‡e e¨envi K‡i Zv‡`i‡K
we‡qvRK ev cPbKvix Rxe ejv nq|
wewfbœ AYyRxe (†hgb- QÎvK,
e¨vK‡Uwiqv BZ¨vw`); KxUcZ½,
gvwQ, KzKzi, kKzb cÖf…wZ cÖvwY Ab¨
Rx‡ei g„Z‡`n †_‡K wb‡R‡`i Lv`¨
msMÖn K‡i| d‡j H Rx‡ei g„Z‡`n
µgk we‡qvwRZ n‡q bvbvcÖKvi mim wPÎ 21.3-2 :ev¯‘ms¯’v‡b Lv`¨ Lv`K m¤úK©
A‰Re ev ˆRe c`v‡_© cwiYZ nq|
G‡KB Rxe‡`‡ni cPb e‡j| we‡qvRK‡`i‡KI Lv`K wn‡m‡e aiv n‡q _‡K, †Kbbv ˆRe c`v_©‡K mij

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c`v‡_© †f‡½ †djvi mgq G mKj RxevYy †mLvb †_‡K kw³ mievivn K‡i|
cwieZ©K ev iƒcvšÍiK (Transformer) : wKQy wKQy AYyRxe cwieZ©‡Ki f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i| G mg¯Í
AYyRxe we‡qvRK KZ…©K ˆZwiK…Z mij ˆRe †hŠM‡K A‰Re †hŠM (jeY) ev †gŠ‡j cwiYZ K‡i| G
cwiewZ©Z A‰Re jeY cybivq Drcv`‡Ki cywó Dcv`vb wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ nq|
AveR©bvfzK (Scavenger) : KwZcq gvsmvkx cÖvwY Av‡Q hviv ïaygvÎ Z…Y‡fvRx cÖvwY †L‡q †eu‡P _v‡K
bv, G‡`i cvkvcvwk gvsmvkx cÖvwYI Lvq| †hgb- nv‡qbv, KzKzi, wkqvj, ïKzb, KvK cÖf…wZ cÖvwY †h
†Kv‡bv cÖvwYi g„Z‡`n‡K Lv`¨ wn‡m‡e MÖnY K‡i| G Rb¨ G‡`i‡K ejv nq AveR©bvfzK| GivI Z…Zxq
¯Í‡ii Lv`K `‡ji AšÍf©y³|
Drcv`K I wewfbœ ¯Í‡ii Lv`‡Ki Dci wbf©i K‡i wb‡P K‡qKwU Lv`¨ k„sL‡ji D`vniY †`Iqv n‡jv
meyR Dw™¢` Z…Y‡fvRx cÖvwY gvsmvkx cÖvwY
Nvm Mevw` cï, Li‡Mvk evN
cvZv QvMj, †fov, nwiY wmsn
meyR KvÛ QvMj, †fov wkqvj

ev¯Ízms¯’vb Drcv`K Lv`K

cÖ_g ¯Íi wØZxq ¯Íi Z…Zxq ¯Íi m‡e©v”P ¯Íi
1. ¯’jR Dw™¢` gvbyl
2. Nvm Mevw` cï (Miæ, gvbyl
¯’jR QvMj, †fov)
3. km¨ Bu`yi mvc CMj
4. Nvm KxUcZ½ e¨vO mvc gq~i
1. RjR Dw™¢` RjR KxUcZ½ gvQ gvbyl
2. †kIjv gkvi ïKKxU e¨vO ev †QvU gvQ eK gvbyl
RjR
cvwbi †cvKv †QvU gvQ eo gvQ gvbyl
A¨vwgev RjR KxUcZ½ †QvU gvQ eo gvQ
3. dvB‡Uvcøv¼Ub Ry‡qvcøv½Ub KxUcZ½ †QvU gvQ eo gvQ(†hgb
nv½i)

c„w_ex‡Z G iKg AviI A‡bK ai‡bi Lv`¨-k„sLj Av‡Q| G me †_‡K mn‡RB Abygvb Kiv m¤¢e †h,
cÖwZwU Rxe Lv‡`¨i Rb¨ G‡K Ac‡ii Dci KZUv wbf©ikxj| GKwU Lv`¨ k„sL‡j GKwU Drcv`K I
mvaviYZ wZbwU ev PviwU Lv`K ¯Íi _v‡K| m‡e©v”P Lv`K‡K mvaviYZ Ab¨ †Kv‡bv cÖvwY Lv`¨ wn‡m‡e
MÖnY K‡i bv| †ivM I Ab¨vb¨ Kvi‡Y m‡e©v”P Lv`‡Ki g„Zz¨ N‡U|
GKB ev¯Ízms¯’v‡b wewfbœ ai‡bi Lv`¨k„sLj _vK‡Z cv‡i| cÖK…wZ‡Z wZb ai‡bi Lv`¨k„sLj †`Lv hvq|
†hgb- i) ci‡fvRx k„sLj
ii) ciRxex k„sLj
iii) g„ZRxex k„sLj

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 mvaviY weÁvb

i) ci‡fvRx k„s•Lj (Predator chain) : †h Lv`¨k„sLj Dw™¢` †_‡K ïiæ K‡i µgch©v‡q †QvU †_‡K
e„nr Rx‡e PvwjZ nq Zv‡K ci‡fvRx k„sLj e‡j| Dw™¢` Drm †_‡K µ‡g µ‡g eo cÖvwYi g‡a¨ G
k„•LjwU M‡o I‡V| †hgb- nwiY Nvm Lvq, evN nwiY‡K Lvq (Nvm→nwiY→evN), GKwU ci‡fvRx
k„•Lj|
ii) ciRxex k„•Lj (Parasitic chain) : †h Lv`¨k„•Lj eo Rxe †_‡K ïiæ K‡i µ‡g †QvU Rx‡ei g‡a¨
MwVZ nq Zv‡K ciRxex k„sLj e‡j| ciRxexiv wewfbœ Rx‡ei †Kvl †_‡K Lv`¨ MÖnY K‡i|
g¨v‡jwiqv †ivMRxevYy enYKvix gkv gvbyl‡K `skb Ki‡j †ivM Qovq, (gvbyl→gkv→g¨v‡jwiqv
RxevYy), GwU GKwU ciRxex k„sLj|
iii) g„ZRxex k„sLj (Saprophytic chain) : †h Lv`¨k„sLj Dw™¢` I cÖvwYi g„Z‡`n †_‡K wewfbœ
AYyRx‡ei (†hgb- e¨vK‡Uwiqv, QÎvK BZ¨vw`) w`‡K PvwjZ nq, Zv‡K g„ZRxex k„sLj e‡j| Dw™¢` I
cÖvwYi g„Z‡`‡ni m‡½ wewfbœ AYyRxe Ges cÖvwYi g‡a¨ G ai‡bi k„sLj M‡o I‡V| G‡ÿ‡Î
g„ZRxexiv wewfbœ Rx‡ei g„Z‡`n †_‡K Lv`¨ AvniY K‡i| D`vniY : g„Z‡`n→AYyRxe→†Ku‡Pv|

mvims‡ÿc
◗ Lv‡`¨i Drcv`K †_‡K ïiæ K‡i m‡e©v”P Lv`K ch©šÍ Lv`¨ I Lv`‡Ki †h mij avivevwnKZv †`Lv
hvq, Zv‡K Lv`¨ k„sLj e‡j|
◗ †mŠikw³; Drcv`K, Lv`K, we‡qvRK I cwieZ©K G Pvi cÖKvi Rx‡e w¯’wZkw³ wn‡m‡e mwÂZ
_v‡K|
◗ cÖK…wZ‡Z wZb ai‡bi Lv`¨k„sLj †`Lv hvq, h_v- ci‡fvRx k„sLj, ciRxex k„sLj, g„ZRxex
k„sLj|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-3
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK (√) wPý w`b|
1. kw³i g~j Drm †KvbwU?
K. Av‡jv L. Zvc M. †mŠikw³ N. we`y¨rkw³
2. wb‡Pi †KvbwU Drcv`K wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i?
K. †kIjv L. e¨vK‡Uwiqv M. QÎvK N. gvbyl
3. wb‡Pi †KvbwU cÖ_g ¯Í‡ii Lv`K?
K. e¨vK‡Uwiqv L. nwiY M. QÎvK N. evN
4. wb‡Pi †KvbwU AveR©bvfzK cÖvwY?
K. kvwjK L. NyNy M. †`v‡qj N. kKzb
5. wb‡Pi †KvbwU m‡e©v”P ¯Í‡ii Lv`K?
K. †QvU gvQ L. nv½i M. QvMj N. nwiY|

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cvV 21.4

ev‡qvg, Lv`¨Rvj, kw³i cÖevn I cwi‡e‡ki fvimvg¨

D‡Ïk¨
G cvV †k‡l Avcwb-
• ev‡qvg m¤ú‡K© eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
• D`vniYmn Lv`¨Rvj e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
• kw³i cÖevn m¤ú‡K© eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
• cwi‡e‡ki fvimvg¨ m¤ú‡K© aviYv w`‡Z cvi‡eb|

ev‡qvg (Biome)
ev¯Ízms¯’v‡bi mRxe Dcv`vb¸‡jv n‡”Q KZK¸‡jv ¯^Zš¿ Rxe ev GKB cÖRvwZi Rxe; †hgb-Dw™¢`, cÖvwY
I AbyRxe| G mg¯Í Rxe wewfbœ cwi‡e‡k wewfbœfv‡e msMwVZ n‡q mgwóe× Rxeb hvcb K‡i| GRb¨
ev‡qvg m¤ú‡K© aviYv jv‡fi c~‡e© cÖRvwZ mgwó I Rxe m¤úª`vq m¤ú‡K© Ávb jvf Kiv cÖ‡qvRb|
†Kv‡bv wbw`©ó evm¯’v‡b GKB cÖRvcwZi mKj Rxe GKwÎZfv‡e M‡o †Zv‡j GK GKwU cÖRvwZ mgwó
(population)| cÖRvwZ mgwó KLbI GKKfv‡e †Kv‡bv KvR m¤úbœ Ki‡Z cv‡i bv A_©vr ïaygvÎ Dw™¢`
mgwó ev cÖvwY mgwó GKKfv‡e †Kv‡bv KvR Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| Z‡e GKwU wbw`©ó evm¯’v‡b Dw™¢` cÖRvwZ-
mgwó I cÖvwY cÖRvwZ-mgwói g‡a¨ cvi¯úwiK Av`vb-cÖ`v‡bi gva¨‡g cÖwZwU ¯^Zš¿ cÖRvwZi cÖ‡Z¨KUv
m`‡m¨i g‡a¨ fvimvg¨ eRvq _v‡K|
†Kv‡bv wbw`©ó evm¯’v‡b mKj Dw™¢` cÖRvwZ-mgwó I cÖvwY cÖRvwZ-mgwó GKwÎZfv‡e M‡o †Zv‡j Rxe
m¤úª`vq (Community)| GKB m¤úª`v‡q emevmKvix Rxe mgwó cvi¯úwiK Av`vb-cÖ`v‡bi gva¨‡g G‡K
Aci‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i Ges cwi‡k‡l m„wó nq GKwU ev¯Ízms¯’vb| cÖwZwU Rxe ev¯Ízms¯’v‡bi †Kv‡bv GKwU
wbw`©ó ¯Í‡ii m‡½ Lvc LvB‡q †bq| †Kv‡bv Ro cwi‡e‡k wU‡K _vKvi †ÿ‡Î Rxe‡Mvôx mdj n‡j,
†mLv‡b cÖRvwZ msL¨v ch©vqµ‡g evo‡Z _v‡K| †Zgwb Ro cwi‡e‡ki e¨vcK cwieZ©‡b †m emevmKvix
Rxe‡Mvôxi msL¨v D‡jøL‡hvM¨ nv‡i n«vm cvq|
c„w_exi †Kv‡bv GKwU we‡kl A‡ji Rxe‡Mvôxi Rxe¸wj hLb µg cwieZ©‡bi wewfbœ ch©v‡q †_‡KI
mnbkxjfv‡e I k„sLjve×fv‡e emevm K‡i ZLb †m Rxe‡Mvôx‡K ev‡qvg e‡j| Ab¨fv‡e ejv hvq,
Rjevqy cÖfvweZ GK GKwU we‡kl ˆewk‡ó¨i Rxe-m¤úª`vq‡K ev‡qvg e‡j| ˆewkó¨MZ w`K †_‡K GKwU
ev‡qv‡gi Rxe‡Mvôx Ab¨ GKwU ev‡qv‡gi Rxe‡Mvôx †_‡K Avjv`v Ges cÖ‡Z¨‡KiB wfbœ I wbR¯^ ˆewkó¨
_v‡K| D`vniY wn‡m‡e D‡jøL Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i- my›`ieb A‡ji AvenvIqv I cwi‡ek wfbœ ai‡bi, †m
Kvi‡Y †mLv‡b M‡o D‡V‡Q GKwU ¯^Zš¿ ev‡qvg| Ggwbfv‡e c„w_exi wewfbœ A‡j wfbœ wfbœ Rjevqy I
gvwUi cÖfv‡e M‡o D‡V‡Q wfbœ wfbœ ev‡qvg| †hgb-AiY¨, giæf~wg, Z…Yf‚wg, †giæAÂj BZ¨vw`|

Lv`¨ Rvj (Food web)

GKwU ev¯Ízms¯’v‡b GKvwaK Lv`¨k„sLj _vK‡Z cv‡i| Z‡e G Lv`¨ k„sLj¸‡jv ci¯ú‡ii mv‡_ †hvMm~Î
eRvq †i‡L P‡j; A_©vr GKwU Lv`¨ k„sL‡ji mv‡_ Ab¨ GKwU Lv`¨ k„sLj m¤úK©hy³|
hLb GKwU ev¯ÍzZ‡š¿ GKvwaK Lv`¨k„sLj cwijwÿZ nq ZLb H cwi‡e‡ki Lv`¨k„sLj RwUj AvKvi
aviY K‡i Ges Giƒc †ÿ‡Î wewfbœ cÖKvi Lv`¨ k„sL‡ji m`m¨iv ci¯ú‡ii mv‡_ AvšÍtm¤úK©hy³ n‡q

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I‡V| G †ÿ‡Î GKB Drcv`K GKB m‡½ GKvwaK cÖ_g ¯Í‡ii Lv`‡Ki Lv`¨ wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ n‡Z cv‡i|
†Zgwbfv‡e GKB cÖ_g ¯Í‡ii Lv`K GKBm‡½ GKvwaK wØZxq ¯Í‡ii Lv`‡Ki Lv‡`¨ cwiYZ nq| d‡j
Rxem¤úª`v‡q wewfbœ Lv`¨ k„sLj wg‡j GKwU Lv`¨ Rvj ˆZwi K‡i| Kv‡RB wewfbœ cÖRvwZ Øviv
AvšÍtm¤úK©hy³ GKvwaK Lv`¨ k„sL‡ji mymse× web¨vm‡K GK‡Î Lv`¨ Rvj e‡j|

wPÎ 21.4-1 : Lv`¨ Rvj

ev¯Ízms¯’v‡b kw³i cÖevn (Energy Flow in Ecosystem)
G c„w_ex‡Z emevmKvix mKj Rxe m~h©iwk¥ †_‡K cÖv_wgKfv‡e kw³ cvq| m~h© †_‡K hZUzKz iwk¥ c„w_ex
c„‡ô †cuŠQvq, †ÿ·f‡` Zvi gvÎ kZKiv 1-2 fvM e¨envi K‡i meyR Dw™¢` mv‡jvKms‡kølY cÖwµqvq
kK©iv RvZxq Lv`¨ ˆZwi K‡i| †h mKj cÖvK…wZK cÖwµqv †mŠikw³‡K e¨envi Dc‡hvMx ivmvqwbK
kw³‡Z cwiYZ Ki‡Z cv‡i, mv‡jvKms‡kølY Zv‡`i ga¨ Ab¨Zg| mv‡jvKms‡køl‡Yi gva¨‡g Ro
RM‡Zi mv‡_ RxeRM‡Zi ms‡hvM N‡U|
meyR Dw™¢` †mŠikw³‡K ivmvqwbK kw³iƒ‡c a‡i iv‡L| Drcv`K Z_v Dw™¢`‡`n †_‡K G kw³ wewfbœ
Lv`¨ k„sLj I Lv`¨ Rv‡ji g‡a¨ w`‡q cÖevwnZ nq| Drcv`K †_‡K Avi¤¢ K‡i cÖwZwU Lv`¨ k„sLj
K‡qKwU av‡c

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wPÎ 21.4-2 : ev¯Ízms¯’v‡bi kw³i cÖevn

mvRv‡bv| Lv`¨ k„•L‡ji avc¸wj‡K Lv`¨¯Íi e‡j| Kv‡RB Lv`¨ k„•L‡ji cÖ_g ¯Íi Drcv`K Z_v Dw™¢`
Øviv m„wô| Drcv`‡Ki k¦mb I wecvK wµqvi mgq kK©iv wn‡m‡e Rgv _vKv w¯’wZkw³ MwZkw³‡Z cwiYZ
nq| G kw³ Drcv`K †_‡K Z…Y‡fvRx cÖvwY‡Z, Z…Y‡fvRx cÖvwY †_‡K gvsmvkx cÖvwY‡Z kw³iƒ‡c ev
ivmvqwbK †hŠMiƒ‡c cÖevwnZ nq| Drcv`K †_‡K m‡e©v”P Lv`K ch©šÍ kw³ ¯’vbvšÍ‡ii mgq kw³ µgk
ÿq n‡Z _v‡K| Drcv`K, Z…Y‡fvRx cÖvwY I gvsmvkx cÖvwY †_‡K we‡qvR‡K kw³ ¯’vbvšÍwiZ nevi mgq
cÖvq mg¯Í kw³B webó nq| †h Kvi‡Y we‡qvRK †_‡K A‰Re cywófvÛv‡i cywó Dcv`vb ¯’vbvšÍwiZ nevi
mgq †Kv‡bv kw³ ¯’vbvšÍwiZ nq bv| cywó fvÛvi †_‡K A‰Re cywó Dcv`vb cybivq Drcv`‡K ¯’vbvšÍwiZ
nq| Kv‡RB †`Lv hv‡”Q ev¯Ízms¯’v‡b kw³ cÖevn GKgyLx, PµKvi b‡n|
we‡qvRb I kw³ gy³KiY (Transformation of Energy): Avgiv Rvwb Rx‡ei kvixie„Ëxq cÖwµqv¸wji
g‡a¨ †iPb GKwU| cÖvwY Zvi †`‡ni Ae¨eüZ Lv`¨ I cvwbq †iPb cÖwµqvq †ei K‡i †`q| Gi d‡j
†`n †_‡K wKQy cwigvY †iPbRwbZ kw³ e¨q nq| G QvovI Rxe Zvi Ab¨vb¨ ˆRewbK Kvh©Kjv‡ci Rb¨
kw³ nvivq| Ae‡k‡l bvbv Kvi‡Y Rx‡ei g„Zz¨ N‡U I kw³i AcPq nq| G kw³‡K webó kw³ e‡j|
wewfbœ cwieZ©bKvix ev iæcvšÍiKvix Rxe A_ev we‡qvRK Z_v AYyRxeiv wewfbœ ai‡bi g„Z‡`n,
†iPbRwbZ c`v_© Lv`¨ wn‡m‡e MÖnY K‡i Ges kw³ AR©b K‡i| Gfv‡e kw³i ¯’vbvšÍi N‡U I Lv`¨
k„sLj Kvh©Ki _v‡K|
wewfbœ Lv`¨ P‡µi mv‡_ gvbyl RwoZ Ges Giv mvaviYZ †kl m`m¨ ev m‡e©v”P Lv`K| Z‡e gvby‡li Lv`¨
k„sLj †QvU ev eo n‡Z cv‡i| †hgb-
i) †kIjv → wPswo→ †QvU gvQ → †evqvj gvQ → gvbyl
ii) Nvm → Mvevw` cï → gvbyl
iii) avb → gvbyl

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GK Lv`¨¯Íi †_‡K Ab¨ Lv`¨¯Í‡i kw³ cÖevnKv‡j k¦mb, Zvc Drcv`b BZ¨vw` Kvi‡Y cÖPyi kw³ e¨q nq|
Z‡e Lv`¨ k„sLj †QvU n‡j kw³ Kg e¨q nq Ges Lv`¨ k„sLj eo n‡j †ewk kw³ e¨q nq| G wbqg
†_‡K eySv hvq, Drcv`K †_‡K hZB Dc‡ii w`‡K av‡c av‡c kw³i ¯’vbvšÍi N‡U, kw³i AbycvZ ZZB
K‡g †h‡Z _v‡K|

cwi‡e‡ki fvimvg¨
ev¯Ízms¯’v‡b kw³i cÖevn GKgyLx| kw³i Drm m~h©| G Drm †_‡K kw³ mv‡jvKms‡kølY cÖwµqvq
Drcv`K Z_v meyR Dw™¢‡` cÖevwnZ nq| Drcv`K †_‡K Zv ch©vqµ‡g D”P‡kªYxi Lv`‡Ki Kv‡Q hvq|
Lv`‡Ki †`n †_‡K kw³ cwi‡e‡k gy³ nq| kw³ cÖv_wgK Dr‡mi Kv‡Q Avi wd‡i hvq bv| A_©vr
ev¯Ízms¯’v‡b kw³i cÖevn GKgyLx|
ev¯Ízms¯’vb GKwU ¯^qsm¤ú~Y© GKK| Gi Drcv`K †_‡K ïiæ K‡i m‡e©v”P Lv`K ch©šÍ Drcv`K Ges
wewfbœ ¯Í‡ii Lv`‡Ki g‡a¨ GKwU msL¨vi AbycvZ eRvq _v‡K| d‡j ev¯Ízms¯’v‡bi wewfbœ c×wZ myôzfv‡e
P‡j| G‡K cwi‡e‡k fvimvg¨ e‡j|
ev¯Íms¯’v‡b Ro I mRxe Dcv`vb¸wji g‡a¨ m¤úK© AZ¨šÍ wbweo| Gi Dcv`vb¸‡jv G‡K Ac‡ii mv‡_
fvimvg¨ eRvq †i‡L P‡j| wKšÍz wewfbœ cÖKvi cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©vM, h_v- f‚wgK¤ú, R‡jv”Q¦vm, eb¨v, Liv
cÖf…wZ Kvi‡Y cwi‡e‡ki fvimvg¨ bó nq| Z‡e ¯^í mg‡q †m fvimvg¨ Avevi c~‡e©i Ae¯’vq wd‡i
Av‡m| †Kv‡bv cÖvK…wZK Kvi‡Y †Kv‡bv GjvKvq GKwU wbw`©ó cÖRvwZi Rx‡ei msL¨v n«vm †c‡j †m
ev¯Ízms¯’v‡bi Ab¨vb¨ cÖvwYi msL¨v Ggbfv‡e n«vm cv‡e hv‡Z evowZ Rx‡ei msL¨v n«vm cv‡e Ges mKj
Rx‡ei g‡a¨ GKUv mvg¨ve¯’v eRvq _v‡K|
D`vniY¯^iƒc my›`ie‡bi ev¯Ízms¯’v‡bi Ae¯’v D‡jøL Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| GLv‡b wewfbœ ai‡bi Lv`¨ k„sLj
Dcw¯’Z, G‡`i g‡a¨ GKwU nj-
meyR Dw™¢` → nwiY → evN
Avgiv jÿ¨ Ki‡j †`L‡Z cvB G Lv`¨ k„sL‡ji Drcv`K (meyR Dw™¢`) †_‡K ïiæ K‡i m‡e©v”P Lv`K
(evN) ch©šÍ GKUv mvg¨ve¯’v i‡q‡Q| †Kv‡bv Kvi‡Y ev‡Ni msL¨v e„w× †c‡j nwi‡Yi msL¨v evo‡e bv eis
Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e n«vm cv‡e| †Kbbv AwaK msL¨K evN AwaK nv‡i nwiY †L‡q †dj‡e| Ggwbfv‡e
GKmgq Lv`‡Ki (nwi‡Yi) Afv‡e evN gviv †h‡Z _vK‡e Ges nwi‡Yi msL¨vi mv‡_ mvg¨ve¯’vq wd‡i
Avm‡e| Avevi †Kv‡bv Kvi‡Y nwi‡Yi msL¨v e„w× †c‡j Lv‡`¨i (meyR Dw™¢`) Afv‡e nwiY g‡i †h‡Z
_vK‡e Ges GKmgq msL¨v c~e©ve¯’vq wd‡i Avm‡e| Ggwbfv‡e ev¯Ízms¯’v‡bi cÖwZUv Lv`¨ k„sL‡ji g‡a¨
fvimvg¨ eRvq _vKvq cwi‡e‡ki fvimvg¨ iÿv cvq|

cwi‡e‡ki Dci gvby‡li cÖfve

c„w_exi Rxe m¤úª`v‡qi g‡a¨ GKgvÎ gvby‡lB wbR¯^ eyw×e‡j cÖK…wZ †_‡K myL-¯^v”Q›`¨ Av`vq K‡i
wb‡”Q| gvbyl †ivM-e¨vwa‡K Rq K‡i µgvb¦‡q eqmKvj‡K e„w× Ki‡Q| d‡j RbmsL¨v e„w× cv‡”Q| Avi
µgvMZ G RbmsL¨v e„w×i ÿwZKi cÖfve co‡Q cwi‡e‡ki Dci|
G µgea©gvb RbmsL¨vi Lv`¨ Pvwn`v c~i‡Y Pvl‡hvM¨ Rwgi cwigvY evov‡Z n‡”Q, d‡j ebf‚wgi cwigvY
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w`b w`b n«vm cv‡”Q| Avevi dmj Drcv`b e„w×i Rb¨ Rwg‡Z ivmvqwbK mvi e¨envi Kiv nq, hv gvwU I
cvwb `~wlZ Ki‡Q Ges Gi djkªæwZ‡Z K…wl-ev¯Ízms¯’v‡bi fvimvg¨ bó n‡”Q| GKvi‡Y cwi‡e‡ki
fvimvg¨ iÿv‡_© Avgv‡`i m‡Pó nIqv AwZRiæwi| †Kbbv fwel¨r eskai‡`i Rb¨ GKwU my›`i I
evm‡hvM¨ c„w_ex †i‡L hvevi `vwqZ¡ Avcbvi Avgvi|

mvims‡ÿc
◗ Rjevqy cÖfvweZ GK GKwU we‡kl ˆewk‡ó¨i Rxe m¤úª`vq‡K ev‡qvg e‡j|
◗ wewfbœ cÖRvwZ Øviv AvšÍtm¤úK©hy³ GKvwaK Lv`¨k„sL‡ji mymse× web¨vm‡K GK‡Î Lv`¨Rvj e‡j|
◗ GK Lv`¨¯Íi †_‡K Ab¨ Lv`¨¯Í‡i kw³ cÖevnKv‡j k¦mb, Zvc Drcv`b BZ¨vw` Kvi‡Y cÖPyi
Lv`¨kw³ e¨q nq| Drcv`K †_‡K hZB Dc‡ii w`‡K av‡c av‡c kw³i ¯’vbvšÍi N‡U, kw³i
AYycvZ ZZB K‡g †h‡Z _v‡K|
◗ Lv`¨k„sL‡ji cÖwZUv Lv`¨¯Í‡ii g‡a¨ †hgb fvimvg¨ eRvq _v‡K, †Zgwbfv‡e cÖwZUv Lv`¨k„sLj
AvšÍtm¤úK©hy³| Gi d‡j cwi‡e‡ki fvivmvg¨ eRvq _v‡K|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-4
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK (√) wPý w`b|
1. wb‡Pi †KvbwU ev‡qv‡gi D`vniY bq?
K. my›`ieb L. Z…Yf‚wg M. avb‡ÿZ N. †giæ AÂj
2. wb‡Pi †KvbwU Lv`¨Rv‡ji Rb¨ cÖ‡hvR¨?
K. wewfbœ ¯Í‡ii cÖvwYi mgb¦‡q MwVZ| L. wewfbœ ¯Í‡ii Dw™¢‡`i mgb¦‡q MwVZ|
M. wewfbœ A‰Re Dcv`vb wb‡q MwVZ| N. wewfbœ Lv`¨k„sLj wb‡q MwVZ|
3. wb‡Pi †KvbwU Øviv Ro RM‡Zi mv‡_ Rxe RM‡Zi ms‡hvM N‡U?
K. mv‡jvKms‡kølY L. k¦mb M. m~h©kw³ N. †iPb
4. wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K. ev¯Ízms¯’v‡b kw³cÖevn Dfg~Lx| L. ev¯Ízms¯’v‡b kw³cÖevn GKgyLx|
M. ev¯Ízms¯’v‡b kw³cÖevn PµKvi| N. ev¯Ízms¯’v‡b kw³cÖevn Abycw¯’Z|

P~ovšÍ g~j¨vqb
mswÿß I iPbvg~jK cÖkœvewj
1. ev¯Ízms¯’vb Kv‡K e‡j? Gi cÖKvi‡f`¸wj D‡jøL Kiæb|
2. wewfbœ cÖKvi ev¯Ízms¯’v‡bi eY©bv w`b|
3. ev¯Íms¯’vb wK wK Dcv`vb wb‡q MwVZ eY©bv Kiæb|

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4. ev¯Ízms¯’v‡bi Kvh©c×wZ e¨vL¨v Kiæb|

5. Lv`¨ k„sL‡ji msÁv w`b| wewfbœ cÖKvi Lv`¨ k„sLj¸wj D‡jøL Kiæb|
6. D`vniYmn Lv`¨ k„sL‡ji eY©bv w`b|
7. kw³i cÖevn e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
8. cwi‡e‡ki fvimvg¨ m¤ú‡K© eY©bv Kiæb|
9. UxKv wjLyb- K) Lv`¨ k„sLj L) Lv`¨Rvj M) ev‡qvg N) ev¯Ízms¯’vb

DËigvjv
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-1 : 1. L 2. K 3. N 4. N 5. N
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-2 : 1. L 2. K 3. N
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-3 : 1. M 2. K 3. L 4. N 5. L
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-4 : 1. M 2. N 3. K 4. L|

ev¯Íyms¯’vb c„ôv 356