PURBANCHAL UNIVERSITY

FACULTY OF MEDICAL AND ALLIED SCIENCES

BACHELOR OF PUBLIC HEALTH

COURSE TITLE: - PUBLIC HEALTH PROJECT

MANAGEMENT

EIGHT SEMESTER COURSE CODE: BPH 408.3 PHPM

CREDIT HOURS: 3CR (48 HRS)
FULL MARKS: 100
PASS MARKS: 50

Prepared By: Dhanlal Pandey

General Medicine, BED, BPH, MPA
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 Unit 1: Introduction to public health project management 4 hours

1.1. Need for studying public health project management by public health practitioners
Studying public health project management is crucial for public health practitioners for several reasons:
1. Effective Implementation of Public Health Interventions: Public health projects often involve
complex interventions aimed at improving population health outcomes. Understanding project
management principles ensures that these interventions are implemented efficiently, on time, and
within budget, maximizing their impact.
2. Resource Optimization: Public health projects typically operate under resource constraints,
including funding, personnel, and time. Project management skills enable practitioners to
effectively allocate resources, prioritize activities, and streamline processes to achieve project
objectives despite limited resources.
3. Stakeholder Engagement and Collaboration: Public health initiatives involve multiple
stakeholders, including government agencies, non-profit organizations, community groups, and
healthcare providers. Project management techniques facilitate stakeholder engagement, fostering
collaboration, buy-in, and alignment of interests to enhance project success and sustainability.
4. Risk Management: Public health projects are often subject to various risks, including regulatory
changes, funding uncertainties, and unforeseen events such as natural disasters or disease
outbreaks. Studying project management equips practitioners with tools and strategies to identify,
assess, and mitigate risks, minimizing their impact on project outcomes.
5. Monitoring and Evaluation: Effective monitoring and evaluation are essential for assessing the
progress, outcomes, and impact of public health interventions. Project management
methodologies provide frameworks for setting clear objectives, establishing performance metrics,
and implementing monitoring and evaluation plans to track project progress and inform decision-
making.
6. Adaptability and Flexibility: Public health projects operate in dynamic and evolving
environments, characterized by shifting priorities, emerging health threats, and changing
community needs. Project management skills enable practitioners to adapt to changes effectively,
adjust project plans as needed, and maintain project momentum in response to evolving
circumstances.
7. Accountability and Transparency: Public health practitioners have a responsibility to
stakeholders, funders, and the communities they serve to ensure transparency, accountability, and
ethical conduct in project implementation. Studying project management promotes a culture of
accountability by establishing clear roles and responsibilities, promoting adherence to project
timelines and budgets, and fostering transparent communication and reporting.
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1.2. Concept of public health project: meaning, definition, characteristics, objectives and scope
The concept of a public health project involves the systematic planning, implementation, and evaluation
of interventions aimed at promoting and protecting the health of populations. Here's a breakdown of its
meaning, definition, characteristics, objectives, and scope:
Meaning and Definition
A public health project refers to a structured endeavor undertaken by public health practitioners,
organizations, or governments to address specific health issues or concerns within a defined population or
community. These projects encompass a wide range of activities, including health education, disease
prevention, healthcare delivery, policy advocacy, environmental interventions, and community
empowerment.
Characteristics
Population Focus: Public health projects target populations rather than individuals, aiming to improve
health outcomes at the community, regional, or national level.
Preventive Orientation: Projects often emphasize preventive measures to reduce the incidence and
burden of diseases, injuries, and other health problems.
Interdisciplinary Approach: Public health projects typically involve collaboration across multiple
disciplines, including epidemiology, biostatistics, environmental health, social sciences, and healthcare
delivery.
Community Engagement: Projects prioritize community involvement and participation, recognizing the
importance of local knowledge, culture, and resources in addressing health issues effectively.
Evidence-Based Practices: Interventions are guided by scientific evidence and best practices, with an
emphasis on evaluating effectiveness and adapting strategies based on empirical data.
Equity and Social Justice: Public health projects strive to address health disparities and promote equity
by ensuring access to healthcare services and addressing social determinants of health.
Sustainability: Projects aim for long-term impact and sustainability, integrating strategies for capacity
building, institutional strengthening, and policy advocacy.
Objectives
Public health projects have diverse objectives depending on the specific health issue or population needs.
Common objectives include:
1. Preventing the spread of infectious diseases

2. Promoting healthy behaviors and lifestyles

3. Improving access to healthcare services

4. Addressing environmental health hazards

5. Reducing health inequalities and disparities

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6. Strengthening health systems and infrastructure

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7. Enhancing emergency preparedness and response

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Scope
The scope of public health projects can vary widely based on factors such as the nature of the health
issue, the target population, available resources, and the socio-political context. Projects may range from
small-scale community-based interventions to large-scale national or international initiatives. Examples
of project scope include:
1) Immunization campaigns
2) Smoking cessation programs
3) Maternal and child health initiatives
4) Water and sanitation projects
5) Chronic disease prevention programs
6) Emergency response to natural disasters or pandemics
1.3. Types of public health projects (combining the thematic domain, core action domain and
intervention domain of public health)
Public health projects encompass a wide range of thematic, core action, and intervention domains,
reflecting the multifaceted nature of public health practice. Here are some types of public health projects
categorized based on these domains:
1. Thematic Domain
Infectious Disease Control: Projects focusing on preventing, detecting, and controlling infectious
diseases such as HIV/AIDS, malaria, tuberculosis, and emerging infectious diseases like COVID-19.
Chronic Disease Prevention: Projects aimed at reducing the burden of chronic diseases such as diabetes,
cardiovascular diseases, cancer, and respiratory conditions through health promotion, risk factor
reduction, and early detection programs.
Maternal and Child Health: Projects addressing maternal and child health issues, including prenatal
care, safe childbirth practices, immunization programs, nutrition interventions, and early childhood
development initiatives.
Environmental Health: Projects targeting environmental factors that impact health, including clean
water and sanitation initiatives, air pollution control, waste management, and occupational health and
safety programs.
Health Equity and Social Determinants: Projects focused on addressing health disparities, social
determinants of health, and promoting health equity among underserved populations, marginalized
communities, and vulnerable groups.
2. Core Action Domain
Health Promotion: Projects promoting healthy behaviors and lifestyles through education, awareness
campaigns, behavior change interventions, and community mobilization efforts.
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Disease Prevention and Control: Projects aimed at preventing the onset of diseases, reducing their
transmission, and controlling their spread through vaccination campaigns, screening programs, outbreak
investigations, and surveillance systems.
Health Protection: Projects focused on protecting individuals and communities from health hazards and
risks, including food safety programs, vector control initiatives, disaster preparedness, and emergency
response.
Health Systems Strengthening: Projects aimed at strengthening health systems and infrastructure,
improving healthcare delivery, capacity building for healthcare workers, health financing, and policy
development.
Research and Evaluation: Projects conducting research to generate evidence, evaluate program
effectiveness, and inform policy and practice in public health.
3. Intervention Domain
Behavioral Interventions: Projects targeting individual and community-level behaviors to promote
health and prevent diseases, such as smoking cessation programs, physical activity promotion, and
healthy eating initiatives.
Clinical Interventions: Projects focusing on clinical interventions and healthcare services delivery,
including primary healthcare, maternal and child health services, disease management programs, and
telemedicine initiatives.
Policy and Advocacy: Projects advocating for policy changes, legislation, and regulations to address
public health challenges, promote health equity, and create supportive environments for health.
Community-Based Interventions: Projects engaging communities in health promotion activities,
participatory decision-making processes, and capacity building initiatives to address local health priorities
and empower community members.
1.4. Distinction between public health project and medical project
While both public health projects and medical projects aim to improve health outcomes, they differ
significantly in their focus, scope, and approach. Here's a distinction between the two:
1. Focus
Public Health Project: Public health projects focus on improving the health of populations or
communities as a whole. They address broader health issues such as disease prevention, health promotion,
environmental health, and social determinants of health. Public health projects often target large
populations or specific communities and aim to address underlying factors that influence health at the
population level.
Medical Project: Medical projects, on the other hand, typically focus on individual patient care and
treatment within clinical settings. They involve diagnosing and treating individual patients' illnesses or
health conditions, often through medical interventions such as surgeries, medications, therapies, and
diagnostic procedures. Medical projects are centered around providing direct healthcare services to
patients to address their specific medical needs.
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 2. Scope
Public Health Project: Public health projects have a broader scope that extends beyond clinical care to
encompass preventive measures, health promotion, health education, policy advocacy, and population-
level interventions. These projects may involve collaboration across multiple sectors such as healthcare,
education, housing, transportation, and environmental agencies to address the social, economic, and
environmental determinants of health.
Medical Project: Medical projects have a narrower scope focused on providing clinical care and
treatment to individual patients. They typically operate within healthcare facilities such as hospitals,
clinics, and private practices and involve healthcare professionals such as physicians, nurses, pharmacists,
and allied health professionals delivering direct patient care.
3. Approach
Public Health Project: Public health projects employ a population-based approach, emphasizing
prevention, health promotion, and community engagement to improve health outcomes at the population
level. They often utilize epidemiological methods, health behavior theories, and public health strategies
such as surveillance, health education, community mobilization, and policy change to address health
issues.
Medical Project: Medical projects employ a clinical approach focused on diagnosing, treating, and
managing individual patients' health conditions. They rely on medical knowledge, clinical guidelines, and
evidence-based practices to provide patient-centered care tailored to the individual's medical needs and
preferences.
1.5. Distinction between regular public health program and time bound public health project

Aspect Regular Public Health Program Time-Bound Public Health Project

Duration Ongoing, with no predefined end date Fixed duration with clear start and end dates

Typically focused on addressing specific health

Often broad and comprehensive, covering issues or achieving predefined objectives within a
Scope multiple objectives and activities limited timeframe

Aim to address long-term health needs or

achieve sustained improvements in Aim to achieve specific, measurable objectives
Objective population health within a defined timeframe

Relatively flexible in terms of adapting to Limited flexibility due to fixed timelines and
Flexibility changing needs or priorities over time deliverables

Funding is typically secured for the duration of the

Funding may be allocated on an ongoing project and may be tied to specific deliverables or
Funding basis, with periodic reviews or adjustments milestones
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Monitoring and Continuous monitoring and evaluation to Monitoring and evaluation focus on tracking
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Evaluation assess program performance and impact over progress towards predefined project goals and
time objectives within the specified timeframe

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Aspect Regular Public Health Program Time-Bound Public Health Project

- National immunization program<br>-

Chronic disease prevention initiatives<br>- - Polio eradication campaign<br>- Disaster relief
Examples Health education campaigns efforts<br>- Maternal and child health project

1.6. Highlights of public health project life cycle: Conceptualization, analysis, proposal formulation,
agreement, planning, execution or implementation, evaluation, handover, review, feedback
The public health project life cycle involves several stages from conceptualization to completion. Here
are the highlights of each stage:
1. Conceptualization
 Identify health issues or concerns within a population or community.
 Define the goals, objectives, and scope of the project.
 Conduct needs assessments, stakeholder consultations, and feasibility studies to inform
project planning.
2. Analysis
 Analyze epidemiological data, health indicators, and risk factors related to the identified
health issue.
 Assess the socio-economic, cultural, and environmental determinants of health.
 Identify key stakeholders, resources, and potential barriers to project implementation.
3. Proposal Formulation
 Develop a project proposal outlining the rationale, objectives, activities, and expected
outcomes of the project.
 Define the project budget, timeline, and resource requirements.
 Present the proposal to funding agencies, donors, or stakeholders for consideration and
approval.
4. Agreement
 Negotiate agreements or contracts with funding agencies, partners, and stakeholders.
 Clarify roles, responsibilities, and expectations of all parties involved in the project.
 Ensure alignment with organizational policies, regulations, and ethical guidelines.
5. Planning
 Develop a detailed project plan outlining specific tasks, timelines, milestones, and
deliverables.
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 Allocate resources, including personnel, funding, and equipment, based on project needs.
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  Establish monitoring and evaluation mechanisms to track progress and measure
outcomes.
6. Execution or Implementation
 Implement project activities according to the established plan and timeline.
 Coordinate with project team members, partners, and stakeholders to ensure smooth
execution.
 Monitor project progress, address challenges, and make adjustments as necessary to
achieve project goals.
7. Evaluation
 Assess the effectiveness, efficiency, and impact of project interventions.
 Collect and analyze data to evaluate project outcomes and achievements.
 Identify lessons learned, best practices, and areas for improvement to inform future
projects.
8. Handover
 Transition project responsibilities and deliverables to relevant stakeholders or
organizations.
 Document project outcomes, processes, and recommendations for future reference.
 Ensure sustainability by transferring knowledge, skills, and resources to local partners or
communities.
9. Review
 Conduct a comprehensive review of the project to assess its overall performance and
compliance with objectives and guidelines.
 Review financial reports, monitoring data, and stakeholder feedback to identify strengths
and weaknesses.
 Document successes, challenges, and recommendations for future projects or
programmatic improvements.
10. Feedback
 Solicit feedback from project stakeholders, beneficiaries, and partners on their
experiences and perceptions of the project.
 Use feedback to inform decision-making, improve project implementation, and
strengthen community engagement.
 Foster a culture of continuous learning and improvement to enhance the effectiveness and
impact of future public health projects.
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1.7. The project manager: Role and responsibilities and qualities of a successful project manager
The project manager plays a pivotal role in ensuring the successful planning, execution, and completion
of a project. Their responsibilities encompass various aspects of project management, and they must
possess certain qualities to effectively fulfill their role. Here's an overview of the role and responsibilities,
as well as the qualities of a successful project manager:
Role and Responsibilities
1. Overall Project Leadership
 Provide overall leadership and direction to the project team.
 Set project goals, objectives, and priorities in alignment with organizational objectives.
2. Project Planning
 Develop a comprehensive project plan outlining scope, schedule, budget, resources, and
deliverables.
 Identify project risks and develop risk management strategies.
3. Stakeholder Management
 Identify project stakeholders and establish effective communication channels.
 Manage stakeholder expectations and ensure stakeholder engagement throughout the
project lifecycle.
4. Resource Management
 Allocate resources, including personnel, budget, and equipment, to achieve project
objectives.
 Monitor resource utilization and make adjustments as necessary to optimize efficiency.
5. Team Management
 Build and manage a cohesive project team, including defining roles and responsibilities.
 Motivate team members, foster collaboration, and resolve conflicts.
6. Project Execution
 Oversee project execution to ensure tasks are completed according to schedule and
quality standards.
 Monitor project progress, track milestones, and address issues or deviations from the
plan.
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7. Risk Management
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 Identify, assess, and manage project risks to minimize their impact on project objectives.

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  Develop contingency plans and mitigation strategies to address potential risks.

8. Quality Management
 Ensure that project deliverables meet quality standards and requirements.
 Implement quality assurance and quality control processes throughout the project
lifecycle.
9. Communication
 Communicate project status, progress, and issues to stakeholders, team members, and
management.
 Facilitate effective communication and collaboration among project stakeholders.
10. Project Closure
 Ensure the successful completion and handover of project deliverables to stakeholders.
 Conduct project evaluation and lessons learned sessions to identify successes and areas
for improvement.
Qualities of a Successful Project Manager
1. Leadership: Inspires and motivates the project team to achieve project objectives.
2. Communication Skills: Able to effectively communicate with stakeholders at all levels, both
verbally and in writing.
3. Problem-Solving Skills: Capable of identifying issues, analyzing root causes, and implementing
solutions.
4. Organizational Skills: Ability to manage multiple tasks, priorities, and deadlines effectively.
5. Adaptability: Flexible and able to adapt to changing project requirements and circumstances.
6. Decision-Making: Makes informed and timely decisions based on available information and
analysis.
7. Team Building: Builds and fosters a collaborative and high-performing project team.
8. Conflict Resolution: Skilled at resolving conflicts and managing interpersonal dynamics within
the team.
9. Attention to Detail: Pays attention to details while also maintaining focus on the big picture.
10. Risk Management: Proactive in identifying and mitigating project risks to minimize their
impact.
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1.8. Concept of Non-Governmental Organization (NGO), International NGO (INGO)
Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) and International NGOs (INGOs) are both types of
organizations that operate independently of government control and are driven by a mission to address
social, humanitarian, environmental, or developmental issues. Here's an overview of each concept:
Non-Governmental Organization (NGO)
1. Definition
 NGOs are private, non-profit organizations that operate independently of government
control.
 They are typically formed by individuals or groups of individuals who come together to
address a specific social, environmental, or developmental issue.
2. Mission and Objectives
 NGOs pursue a wide range of missions and objectives, including humanitarian aid,
human rights advocacy, environmental conservation, public health, education, poverty
alleviation, and community development.
 Their goals may vary depending on the specific needs of the communities they serve and
the expertise of their founders and members.
3. Funding
 NGOs rely on a variety of funding sources, including donations from individuals,
corporations, foundations, and governments, as well as grants, membership fees, and
income-generating activities.
 They may receive funding from both domestic and international sources.
4. Structure
 NGOs can vary in size, structure, and organizational form. Some may be small grassroots
organizations operating at the local level, while others may be large international
organizations with offices and programs in multiple countries.
 They may operate as registered charities, foundations, advocacy groups, or service
providers, among other forms.
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International Non-Governmental Organization (INGO)
1. Definition
 INGOs are NGOs that operate internationally, with programs and activities spanning
multiple countries or regions.
 They may have a global or regional focus and work to address transnational issues or
challenges that require international cooperation and collaboration.

2. Scope of Work
 INGOs typically focus on issues of global concern, such as humanitarian aid, disaster
relief, human rights, international development, peacebuilding, and environmental
conservation.
 They often work in partnership with local NGOs, governments, international
organizations, and other stakeholders to implement programs and initiatives.
3. Membership and Governance
 INGOs may have diverse membership bases, including individuals, organizations, and
other NGOs from different countries and regions.
 They often have governing bodies or boards of directors that provide oversight and
guidance on organizational strategy and decision-making.
4. Advocacy and Influence
 INGOs play a crucial role in advocating for policy change, raising awareness, and
mobilizing public support on issues of global significance.
 They may engage in lobbying, research, public campaigns, and other forms of advocacy
to advance their goals and objectives.
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 Unit 2: Conceptualization of public health project 2 hours

2.1 Generation of various project idea: Need, intervention and expected result
Generating project ideas involves identifying specific needs or challenges, designing appropriate
interventions, and envisioning the expected results or outcomes. Here's a structured approach to generate
various project ideas:
Step 1: Identify Needs or Challenges
1. Community Assessment
Conduct surveys, interviews, or focus groups to understand the needs and priorities of the target
community or population.
Identify prevalent health issues, social problems, environmental concerns, or economic challenges
affecting the community.
2. Gap Analysis
Review existing data, reports, and research studies to identify gaps in services, resources, or
infrastructure.
Determine areas where interventions are lacking or insufficient to meet the needs of the community.
3. Stakeholder Consultation
Engage with stakeholders, including community members, local organizations, government agencies, and
experts, to gather insights and perspectives on pressing issues and potential solutions.
Step 2: Design Interventions
1. Needs-Based Approach
Develop interventions tailored to address the identified needs and challenges of the community.
Consider evidence-based practices, best practices, and lessons learned from similar projects or
interventions.
2. Multi-sectoral Approach
Design interventions that involve multiple sectors and stakeholders to address complex issues
comprehensively.
Collaborate with relevant partners and organizations to leverage resources, expertise, and networks.
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3. Innovative Solutions
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Explore innovative approaches, technologies, or strategies to address needs more effectively or
efficiently.
Consider incorporating participatory methods, community empowerment, and culturally appropriate
practices into the intervention design.

Step 3: Envision Expected Results

1. Outcome Mapping
Define specific, measurable outcomes or indicators that demonstrate the impact or success of the
intervention.
Focus on both short-term and long-term outcomes to track progress and evaluate effectiveness.
2. Logic Model Development
Create a logic model or theory of change outlining the inputs, activities, outputs, outcomes, and impacts
of the project.
Clarify the causal pathways linking interventions to expected results and articulate the underlying
assumptions.
3. Monitoring and Evaluation Plan
Develop a monitoring and evaluation plan to track project implementation, measure outcomes, and assess
the achievement of expected results.
Define data collection methods, tools, timelines, and responsible parties for monitoring and evaluation
activities.
Example Project Ideas
1. Need: High prevalence of malnutrition among children in a rural community.
Intervention: Implement a nutrition education program for caregivers, provide micronutrient
supplements, and establish community kitchen gardens.
Expected Result: Decreased rates of malnutrition among children, improved dietary diversity and
knowledge among caregivers.
2. Need: Limited access to clean water and sanitation facilities in an urban slum.
Intervention: Install water purification systems, construct communal toilets, and conduct hygiene
education workshops.
Expected Result: Reduced incidence of waterborne diseases, improved hygiene practices, and enhanced
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quality of life for residents.

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3. Need: Youth unemployment and lack of vocational skills in a marginalized community.

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Intervention: Establish vocational training centers offering skills development courses in trades such as
carpentry, tailoring, and computer literacy.
Expected Result: Increased employment opportunities, higher incomes for youth, and improved socio-
economic prospects for the community.

2.2 Sources of project idea

a. External Factors
1. Public Health Themes or Issues
Identify prevalent health issues or challenges within communities, such as infectious diseases, chronic
conditions, maternal and child health, mental health, or environmental health concerns.
2. Policy, Plans, or Technologies
Explore new policies, plans, or technologies that could impact public health, such as healthcare reforms,
vaccination strategies, telemedicine, or digital health solutions.
3. Governance and Political Changes
Monitor changes in governance or political structures that may influence public health priorities, funding
allocations, or resource distribution.
4. National and International Treaties
Consider the implications of national and international treaties or agreements on public health issues, such
as trade agreements affecting access to medicines or climate accords impacting environmental health.
5. Disasters and Unrest
Respond to natural disasters, conflicts, or humanitarian crises by initiating emergency response projects
focused on disaster relief, healthcare provision, sanitation, or psychosocial support.
6. Unmet Demands or Needs
Identify unmet healthcare needs or demands within communities, such as underserved populations
lacking access to essential services, and develop projects to address these gaps.
7. Supply or Donor-Based Initiatives
Explore opportunities for supply-based projects, such as distributing essential medicines, medical
supplies, or nutritional supplements to communities in need, or donor-funded projects targeting specific
health issues.
b. Individual Interest and Innovation
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1. Area of Interest
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Generate project ideas based on individual interests or expertise, such as conducting research on emerging
public health topics, implementing pilot interventions, or advocating for policy changes in specialized
areas.
2. Innovation and Uniqueness
Develop innovative or unique project ideas that leverage novel approaches, technologies, or
methodologies to address public health challenges in creative ways.
c. Literature Review
1. Research and Evidence
 Conduct literature reviews to identify gaps in knowledge, areas for further investigation,
or evidence-based interventions with potential for implementation in real-world settings.
2. Best Practices and Lessons Learned
 Learn from existing research, case studies, and program evaluations to adapt successful
interventions or replicate best practices in new contexts.
3. Policy and Program Analysis
 Analyze existing policies, programs, or interventions to assess their effectiveness,
identify shortcomings, and propose recommendations for improvement or innovation.
2.3 Some examples of public health project
a. Wellness, Health Promotion, and Disease Prevention Projects
1. Smoking Cessation Program: Implementing smoking cessation interventions, including
counseling, nicotine replacement therapy, and community support groups, to promote tobacco
cessation and reduce the prevalence of smoking-related diseases.
2. Physical Activity Promotion Campaign: Launching initiatives to encourage regular physical
activity among community members through fitness challenges, group exercise classes, and the
creation of accessible recreational spaces.
b. Healthy Food Eating Project (Applicable in Various Settings)
3. Nutrition Education Workshops: Conducting workshops and cooking classes to educate
individuals and families on healthy eating habits, meal planning, and nutritious food choices.
4. Community Garden Initiative: Establishing community gardens in urban areas to increase
access to fresh fruits and vegetables, promote gardening skills, and foster community engagement
around healthy food production.
c. Restaurant Healthy Options Program
5. Menu Labeling Initiative: Partnering with restaurants to implement menu labeling policies,
providing calorie and nutritional information to help consumers make informed choices when
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dining out.
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 6. Healthy Kids Meals Campaign: Collaborating with restaurants to offer healthier options for
children's meals, such as replacing sugary drinks with water or milk and offering fruit or
vegetable sides.
d. Healthy Product Production and Marketing Project
7. Local Healthy Food Distribution Program: Supporting local farmers and producers to expand
access to locally grown, organic, and sustainable food products through farmer's markets,
community-supported agriculture (CSA) programs, and online platforms.
8. Healthy Snack Bar Initiative: Working with food manufacturers to develop and market
healthier snack options, such as low-sugar granola bars, whole-grain crackers, and fruit-based
snacks, for sale in schools, workplaces, and vending machines.
e. Health-Promoting School Project
9. School Wellness Policy Implementation: Assisting schools in developing and implementing
comprehensive wellness policies that promote healthy eating, physical activity, mental health
support, and tobacco-free environments.
10. School-Based Health Education Programs: Delivering interactive health education curricula
and workshops in schools to address topics such as nutrition, hygiene, puberty, mental health, and
substance abuse prevention.
f. Healthy Life Choices for Teens (Preventing Non-Communicable Disease Risk Factors)
11. Teen Wellness Program: Creating peer-led wellness programs in schools and communities that
empower teens to make healthy lifestyle choices, including nutrition education, physical activity
promotion, stress management techniques, and substance abuse prevention.
12. Social Media Health Campaigns: Launching social media campaigns targeting teens to raise
awareness about the risks of unhealthy behaviors such as smoking, excessive alcohol
consumption, poor diet, and physical inactivity, and promoting positive alternatives.
g. Physical Fitness Projects
13. Community Fitness Events: Organizing community-wide fitness events, such as walks, runs, or
bike rides, to promote physical activity, raise awareness of health issues, and foster social
connections.
14. Fitness Equipment Installation: Installing outdoor fitness equipment in parks and public spaces
to encourage individuals of all ages to engage in free, accessible physical activity.
h. Community-Based Health Education Projects
15. Health Fair: Hosting health fairs or wellness expos where community members can access
health screenings, educational workshops, and resources on topics such as preventive care,
chronic disease management, and healthy living.
16. Peer Health Education Program: Training community members as peer educators to deliver
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health education sessions and workshops on topics relevant to their communities, such as
nutrition, reproductive health, or infectious disease prevention.
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i. Public Health Research Projects

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 17. Program Evaluation Research: Evaluating the effectiveness and impact of a public health
intervention or program, using quantitative and qualitative methods to assess outcomes, identify
strengths and weaknesses, and inform future programmatic decisions.

Unit 3: Public health project formulation 10 hours

3.1 Identification of project: identifying what has triggered among the ideas
It seems like you're describing the need to identify which idea or trigger initiated a particular project. To
accomplish this, you can follow these steps:
1. Review Ideas: Gather all the ideas or potential triggers that could have led to the project's
initiation. This could include brainstorming sessions, feedback from stakeholders, market
analysis, etc.
2. Analyze Triggers: Evaluate each idea or trigger to understand its relevance and potential impact
on the project. Consider factors such as alignment with organizational goals, feasibility, resource
requirements, and potential benefits.
3. Identify Key Trigger(s): Determine which idea or trigger played the most significant role in
initiating the project. This might involve assessing the timing of when each idea was proposed,
discussions among stakeholders, or any formal decision-making processes.
4. Document Findings: Clearly document the identified trigger(s) along with supporting evidence
and rationale. This documentation will help provide clarity and context for stakeholders involved
in the project.
5. Communicate Results: Share the findings with relevant stakeholders, ensuring transparency and
understanding of why the project was initiated. This communication can help garner support and
alignment moving forward.
6. Monitor Progress: Continuously monitor the project's progress and assess whether the identified
trigger(s) continue to drive its direction. Adjustments may be necessary based on evolving
circumstances or new insights.
3.2 Analysis or need assessment: Situation analysis about the idea: Concept of need assessment,
importance, process, methods and tools as appropriate
a. Problem tree analysis/ cause effect diagram
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b. Beneficiary consultation through survey

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c. Stakeholder analysis

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Let's break down each component of the analysis or needs assessment, focusing on the situation analysis
regarding the concept of need assessment, its importance, process, methods, and tools:
Concept of Need Assessment
Need assessment involves identifying and analyzing the gap between the current situation and the desired
situation. It aims to understand the needs, challenges, and opportunities within a specific context to
inform decision-making and resource allocation.

Importance of Need Assessment

1. Informed Decision-Making: Helps in making informed decisions by understanding the
underlying needs and priorities.
2. Resource Allocation: Ensures efficient allocation of resources by targeting areas with the
greatest needs.
3. Stakeholder Engagement: Facilitates stakeholder engagement and buy-in by involving them in
the assessment process.
4. Impact Evaluation: Provides a basis for evaluating the impact of interventions or projects by
establishing baseline conditions.
Process of Need Assessment
1. Planning: Define the objectives, scope, and stakeholders involved in the assessment.
2. Data Collection: Gather relevant data through various methods such as surveys, interviews,
focus groups, and literature review.
3. Analysis: Analyze the collected data to identify key needs, challenges, and opportunities.
4. Prioritization: Prioritize the identified needs based on urgency, importance, and feasibility.
5. Reporting: Prepare a comprehensive report outlining the findings, recommendations, and action
plan.
Methods and Tools
a. Problem Tree Analysis/Cause-Effect Diagram
 Helps visualize the root causes of problems and their effects.
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 Facilitates understanding of the interrelationships between different factors contributing to the

problem.
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 Useful for identifying potential interventions or solutions.

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b. Beneficiary Consultation through Survey
 Conduct surveys among beneficiaries to gather insights into their needs, preferences, and
priorities.
 Allows for quantitative analysis of data to identify common trends and patterns.
 Ensures the voices of beneficiaries are incorporated into the assessment process.
c. Stakeholder Analysis
 Identify and analyze stakeholders involved or affected by the issue.
 Assess their interests, influence, and level of involvement in the assessment process.
 Helps in understanding potential barriers or facilitators to addressing the identified needs.

3.3 Project proposal development and justification

i. Concept of project proposal: meaning, definition, objectives, components and layout (some
examples of proposal format)
The concept of a project proposal refers to a formal document that outlines a plan for a specific project. It
typically includes details about the project's objectives, scope, methodology, resources required, timeline,
and budget. Here's a breakdown of its meaning, definition, objectives, components, and layout:
Meaning and Definition
A project proposal is a written document that presents a plan or idea for a project to stakeholders or
decision-makers. It serves as a comprehensive overview of the project's goals, approach, and expected
outcomes. The proposal is designed to convince the intended audience of the project's merit and secure
approval, funding, or support.
Objectives
1. Present the Project Idea: Clearly articulate the purpose and concept of the project.
2. Demonstrate Feasibility: Provide evidence of the project's feasibility in terms of resources,
timelines, and expected outcomes.
3. Secure Support: Convince stakeholders, such as funders or decision-makers, to approve and
support the project.
4. Serve as a Guiding Document: Serve as a reference point for project implementation, ensuring
alignment with the proposed plan.
Components
1. Title Page: Includes the project title, organization name, date, and contact information.
2. Executive Summary: Summarizes the key aspects of the project, including objectives,
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methodology, and expected outcomes.

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 3. Introduction: Provides background information on the problem or opportunity the project aims
to address.
4. Project Objectives: Clearly states the goals and objectives of the project, outlining what it aims
to achieve.
5. Methodology: Describes the approach, methods, and activities planned to accomplish the project
objectives.
6. Scope of Work: Defines the project scope, including deliverables, timelines, and milestones.
7. Resource Requirements: Outlines the resources needed for project implementation, such as
personnel, equipment, and budget.
8. Budget: Details the projected costs associated with the project, including expenses and funding
sources.
9. Risk Management Plan: Identifies potential risks to project success and outlines strategies for
mitigating them.
10. Monitoring and Evaluation: Describes how project progress will be monitored and evaluated to
ensure objectives are met.
11. Conclusion: Summarizes the key points of the proposal and reinforces the project's importance
and feasibility.
Layout
The layout of a project proposal typically follows a standardized format to ensure clarity and readability.
While there can be variations, a common layout includes:
1. Title Page
2. Table of Contents
3. Executive Summary
4. Introduction
5. Project Objectives
6. Methodology
7. Scope of Work
8. Resource Requirements
9. Budget
10. Risk Management Plan
11. Monitoring and Evaluation
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12. Conclusion
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13. Appendices (if necessary)

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Examples of Proposal Formats
Here are a few examples of project proposal formats:
 APA Style Proposal Format
 MLA Style Proposal Format
 Business Proposal Format
 Grant Proposal Format
Each format may have specific guidelines and requirements, but they generally adhere to the components
and layout mentioned above.
Overall, a well-structured project proposal effectively communicates the project's objectives,
methodology, and resource requirements, making a compelling case for its implementation and support.

ii. Types of project proposal

a. Technical proposal
b. Financial proposal
Project proposals can be categorized into various types based on their focus and content. Two common
types of project proposals are technical proposals and financial proposals:
a. Technical Proposal
A technical proposal focuses on the technical aspects of a project. It outlines the methodology, approach,
and technical requirements necessary for project implementation. Key components of a technical proposal
include:
1. Project Description: Provides an overview of the project, including its objectives, scope, and
significance.
2. Technical Approach: Describes the methodology and approach planned for project execution,
including any specialized techniques or technologies to be used.
3. Work Plan: Outlines the tasks, activities, and timelines for completing the project, typically
presented in a Gantt chart or timeline format.
4. Resource Requirements: Specifies the technical resources needed for project implementation,
such as equipment, materials, and personnel.
5. Quality Assurance Plan: Details how quality control and assurance will be maintained
throughout the project lifecycle.
6. Risk Management Plan: Identifies potential technical risks and outlines strategies for mitigating
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them.
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7. Technical Expertise: Highlights the qualifications and expertise of the project team members
relevant to the technical aspects of the project.

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b. Financial Proposal
A financial proposal focuses on the financial aspects of a project, including budgeting, funding sources,
and cost estimation. Key components of a financial proposal include:
1. Budget: Presents a detailed breakdown of project costs, including personnel expenses, equipment
costs, materials, travel expenses, and overhead costs.
2. Funding Sources: Specifies where funding for the project will come from, including grants,
sponsorships, donations, or internal funds.
3. Cost Estimation: Provides a realistic estimate of project costs based on market rates, historical
data, and expert judgment.
4. Financial Plan: Outlines how the project budget will be managed and monitored throughout the
project lifecycle, including any financial controls or reporting mechanisms.
5. Sustainability Plan: Describes how the project will be financially sustainable beyond its initial
funding period, including revenue generation strategies or ongoing funding sources.
6. Financial Risks: Identifies potential financial risks to project success and outlines strategies for
managing them.
7. Cost-Benefit Analysis: Evaluates the anticipated benefits of the project against its costs to assess
its financial viability and return on investment.
3.4 Project proposal appraisal: meaning, criteria and processing project appraisal (Project
proposal appraisal criteria: Relevance, feasibility, economic viability, sustainability, stakeholder
engagement and impact)
Project proposal appraisal refers to the evaluation and assessment of a project proposal to determine its
viability, effectiveness, and potential for success. This process involves analyzing various aspects of the
proposal against predefined criteria to make informed decisions about whether to approve, fund, or
support the project. Here's a breakdown of the meaning, criteria, and process of project proposal
appraisal, along with the criteria you mentioned:
Meaning:
Project proposal appraisal involves systematically reviewing and assessing a project proposal to
determine its alignment with organizational goals, feasibility, economic viability, sustainability,
stakeholder engagement, and potential impact. The goal is to identify strengths, weaknesses,
opportunities, and threats associated with the proposed project and make recommendations for decision-
making.
Criteria for Project Proposal Appraisal
1. Relevance
 Assess the extent to which the project addresses identified needs or problems.
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 Evaluate the alignment of the project with organizational objectives, priorities, and
strategic plans.
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  Consider the target population or beneficiaries and the significance of the project to their
well-being or development.
2. Feasibility
 Evaluate the technical, operational, and organizational feasibility of the project.
 Assess the availability of resources, including human, financial, and technical resources,
required for project implementation.
 Consider potential challenges, risks, and constraints that may impact project feasibility.
3. Economic Viability
 Analyze the financial aspects of the project, including budget estimates, funding sources,
and cost-benefit analysis.
 Assess the potential return on investment and economic benefits generated by the project.
 Consider the long-term financial sustainability of the project beyond its initial funding
period.

4. Sustainability
 Evaluate the sustainability of project outcomes and impacts over the long term.
 Assess the environmental, social, and economic implications of the project on the target
community or environment.
 Consider strategies for ensuring continued support, funding, and maintenance of project
interventions beyond the project lifespan.
5. Stakeholder Engagement
 Assess the level of stakeholder involvement and engagement in the project planning and
decision-making process.
 Evaluate the inclusiveness and effectiveness of stakeholder communication and
consultation strategies.
 Consider the potential for building partnerships and collaboration with relevant
stakeholders to enhance project effectiveness and sustainability.
6. Impact
 Evaluate the anticipated outcomes and impacts of the project on the target beneficiaries,
community, or environment.
 Assess the effectiveness of the project in achieving its stated objectives and addressing
identified needs or problems.
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 Consider both short-term and long-term impacts, including social, economic,

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environmental, and cultural dimensions.

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Processing Project Appraisal
The process of project proposal appraisal typically involves the following steps:
1. Documentation Review: Review the project proposal document to understand its objectives,
scope, methodology, and resource requirements.
2. Criteria Evaluation: Assess the project proposal against predefined criteria, such as relevance,
feasibility, economic viability, sustainability, stakeholder engagement, and impact.
3. Scoring and Ranking: Assign scores or ratings to each criterion based on the evaluation findings
and prioritize projects based on their overall performance.
4. Decision-Making: Use the results of the project appraisal to make informed decisions about
whether to approve, fund, or support the proposed project.
5. Feedback and Communication: Provide feedback to project proponents on the strengths,
weaknesses, and areas for improvement identified during the appraisal process.
6. Monitoring and Evaluation: Establish mechanisms for monitoring and evaluating project
implementation to ensure adherence to approved plans and achieve desired outcomes.

3.5 Process of getting project proposal approval

The process of getting project proposal approval typically involves several stages and steps. Below is a
general outline of the process:
1. Project Conceptualization and Development
 Identify a need or opportunity.
 Develop a project concept or idea.
 Conduct preliminary research and analysis to validate the feasibility and relevance of the
project.
2. Preparation of Project Proposal
 Develop a detailed project proposal outlining the objectives, scope, methodology,
resources required, budget, timeline, and expected outcomes.
 Ensure the proposal is aligned with organizational goals, priorities, and guidelines.
 Gather supporting documents, data, and evidence to strengthen the proposal.
3. Internal Review and Endorsement
 Review the project proposal internally within the organization.
 Seek input and feedback from relevant stakeholders, departments, or teams.
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 Obtain endorsements or approvals from senior management or decision-making bodies

within the organization.
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4. External Stakeholder Consultation (if applicable)

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  Consult with external stakeholders, such as partners, beneficiaries, community members,
or experts, to gather feedback and ensure their perspectives are incorporated into the
proposal.
 Address any concerns or suggestions raised during the consultation process.
5. Submission of Proposal
 Submit the finalized project proposal to the appropriate authority or funding agency
according to their guidelines and deadlines.
 Ensure all required documentation and forms are completed and included with the
proposal.
6. Evaluation and Review
 The proposal undergoes evaluation and review by the relevant stakeholders or evaluation
committee.
 The evaluation may include assessment against predefined criteria such as relevance,
feasibility, impact, sustainability, and alignment with funding priorities.

7. Decision-Making
 Decision-makers review the evaluation findings and recommendations.
 Based on the assessment, a decision is made regarding whether to approve, reject, or
request revisions to the proposal.
 If revisions are required, feedback is provided to the project proponents, and they may be
given an opportunity to resubmit an updated proposal.
8. Approval and Funding Allocation
 If the proposal is approved, necessary approvals are obtained, and funding is allocated for
project implementation.
 Contracts or agreements may be signed between the implementing organization and
funding agency or stakeholders.
9. Project Implementation Planning
 Develop a detailed project implementation plan, including timelines, milestones, roles
and responsibilities, and monitoring and evaluation mechanisms.
 Mobilize resources, recruit staff, and establish project management systems and
processes.
10. Project Implementation and Monitoring
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 Implement the project according to the approved plan.

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 Monitor progress, track expenditures, and address any issues or challenges that arise
during implementation.

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  Regularly communicate updates and progress reports to stakeholders and funding
agencies.
11. Evaluation and Reporting
 Conduct evaluations and assessments to measure the project's progress and impact.
 Prepare and submit periodic reports to funding agencies and stakeholders, as required.
 Use evaluation findings to make adjustments and improvements to project activities as
necessary.

Unit 4: Public health project planning and agreement on plan 10 hours

4.1 Concept of public health project planning: meaning of planning, definition, importance,
objectives
The concept of public health project planning involves the systematic process of defining goals,
identifying strategies, allocating resources, and establishing timelines to address public health issues or
challenges. Here's a breakdown of its meaning, definition, importance, and objectives:
Meaning of Planning
Planning in the context of public health projects refers to the process of setting goals, determining actions
to achieve those goals, and allocating resources efficiently to address public health concerns. It involves
assessing the current situation, identifying needs, and developing strategies to improve health outcomes
and well-being within a community or population.
Definition
Public health project planning can be defined as the process of developing a structured framework to
address public health issues through the identification of objectives, strategies, activities, and resources
needed to achieve desired health outcomes.
Importance
1. Goal Setting: Planning helps define clear and achievable goals for addressing public health
challenges.
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2. Resource Allocation: It enables efficient allocation of resources, including funding, personnel,

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and materials, to maximize impact.

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 3. Coordination: Planning facilitates coordination and collaboration among stakeholders,
organizations, and agencies involved in public health efforts.
4. Risk Management: It helps identify potential risks and challenges and develop strategies to
mitigate them.
5. Evaluation: Planning provides a basis for evaluating the effectiveness and impact of public
health interventions and programs.
6. Accountability: It enhances accountability by establishing clear objectives, timelines, and
responsibilities for achieving project goals.
7. Adaptability: Planning allows for flexibility and adaptation to changing circumstances and
emerging public health priorities.

Objectives
1. Identify Needs: Assess the health needs and priorities of the target population or community
through data collection, analysis, and stakeholder consultation.
2. Set Goals and Objectives: Define specific, measurable, achievable, relevant, and time-bound
(SMART) goals and objectives for addressing identified needs and priorities.
3. Develop Strategies: Determine evidence-based strategies and interventions to achieve the project
goals and objectives.
4. Allocate Resources: Identify and allocate resources, including funding, personnel, equipment,
and infrastructure, needed for project implementation.
5. Establish Timelines: Develop timelines and milestones to guide the implementation of project
activities and monitor progress.
6. Engage Stakeholders: Involve relevant stakeholders, including community members,
government agencies, non-profit organizations, healthcare providers, and other partners, in the
planning process to ensure buy-in and collaboration.
7. Monitor and Evaluate: Establish mechanisms for monitoring and evaluating project progress,
outcomes, and impact, and use findings to inform decision-making and program improvement.
4.2 Approaches of project planning
Project planning can be approached in various ways depending on the level of involvement of
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stakeholders, the hierarchical structure, and the decision-making process. Three common approaches to
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project planning are:

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a. Top-Down Planning
Top-down planning, also known as centralized planning, involves the formulation of project plans and
strategies by senior management or decision-makers at the top of the organizational hierarchy. Key
features of top-down planning include:
 Hierarchy: Decision-making authority resides at the top levels of the organization, and directives
are cascaded down to lower levels.
 Strategic Focus: Plans are developed based on organizational goals, priorities, and strategic
objectives.
 Efficiency: Can be efficient in rapidly setting goals and allocating resources across the
organization.
 Risk of Disconnect: There is a risk of a disconnect between top-level decisions and the realities
on the ground, leading to implementation challenges and lack of buy-in from lower-level
stakeholders.

b. Bottom-Up Planning
Bottom-up planning, also known as decentralized planning, involves the participation of lower-level
stakeholders, such as frontline staff, community members, or project beneficiaries, in the planning
process. Key features of bottom-up planning include:
 Participation: Involves active participation and input from stakeholders at various levels of the
organization or community.
 Local Context: Plans are developed based on local knowledge, needs, and priorities, ensuring
relevance and ownership.
 Empowerment: Empowers stakeholders by giving them a voice in decision-making and project
design.
 Complexity: Can be more time-consuming and complex due to the need for consensus-building
and coordination among diverse stakeholders.
c. Participatory Planning
Participatory planning combines elements of both top-down and bottom-up approaches by integrating the
perspectives and contributions of diverse stakeholders throughout the planning process. Key features of
participatory planning include:
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 Collaboration: Encourages collaboration and partnership among stakeholders, fostering a sense

of ownership and shared responsibility.
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  Inclusivity: Ensures the inclusion of marginalized or underrepresented groups in the planning
process, promoting equity and social justice.
 Capacity Building: Builds the capacity of stakeholders to participate meaningfully in decision-
making and project implementation.
 Holistic Approach: Takes into account social, economic, cultural, and environmental factors in
project planning and design.
4.3 Steps of project planning
Indeed, project planning involves a series of systematic steps to ensure the successful execution of a
project. Here are the steps typically involved:
a. Understand project goals/objectives:
1. Clarify Objectives: Clearly define the goals and objectives of the project, ensuring they are
specific, measurable, achievable, relevant, and time-bound (SMART).
2. Gather Requirements: Gather requirements from stakeholders to understand their expectations
and needs regarding the project outcomes.
b. Identify key project stages:
3. Breakdown into Phases: Divide the project into distinct phases or stages, each with its own set
of deliverables and milestones.
4. Define Deliverables: Identify the specific deliverables or outputs expected at the end of each
stage.
c. Prepare work breakdown structure (WBS)/Gantt Chart:
5. Create WBS: Develop a Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) that decomposes the project into
manageable tasks or activities.
6. Gantt Chart: Use a Gantt chart to visualize the timeline of activities, dependencies, and
milestones across the project phases.
d. Determine the logical sequence of activities:
7. Sequence Activities: Determine the logical sequence in which activities should be performed,
considering dependencies and constraints.
8. Define Milestones: Identify key milestones or checkpoints to track progress and ensure
alignment with project objectives.
e. Estimate time and resource requirements:
9. Time Estimation: Estimate the duration required for each activity based on historical data, expert
judgment, or project management tools.
10. Resource Estimation: Estimate the resources (e.g., personnel, equipment, materials) needed to
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complete each activity.

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f. Allocate responsibilities for each activity:

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 11. Assign Responsibilities: Assign responsibilities for each activity to project team members based
on their skills, expertise, and availability.
12. Clarify Roles: Clearly define roles and responsibilities to avoid confusion and ensure
accountability.
g. Prepare a logical framework of the project:
13. Develop Logical Framework: Develop a Logical Framework (Logframe) or Project
Management Plan that outlines the project's objectives, strategies, indicators, and means of
verification.
14. Risk Management: Identify potential risks and develop strategies for mitigating them to ensure
project success.
4.4 Tools and techniques of public health project planning
Let's delve into the tools and techniques commonly used in public health project planning:
a. Objective Tree Analysis based on Problem Tree Analysis
Objective Tree Analysis is a tool used to identify and structure project objectives based on the findings of
a Problem Tree Analysis conducted during the need assessment phase. Here's how it works:
1. Problem Tree Analysis
 Conducted during the need assessment phase to identify and analyze the root causes of
public health issues or challenges.
 Visualizes the relationship between the main problem (the "trunk") and its underlying
causes (the "branches").
2. Objective Tree Analysis
 Builds upon the results of the Problem Tree Analysis to develop a structured hierarchy of
project objectives.
 The main problem identified in the Problem Tree Analysis becomes the main objective at
the top of the "objective tree."
 Objectives are then disaggregated into sub-objectives, creating a logical hierarchy that
links project activities to overarching goals.
b. Logical Framework Analysis (LFA)
The Logical Framework Analysis (LFA), also known as the Logical Framework Approach (LFA), is a
systematic and participatory planning and management tool commonly used in public health project
planning. Here's how it works:
1. Identification of Key Components
 Defines the project's goals, objectives, strategies, activities, inputs, outputs, outcomes,
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and indicators.
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  Provides a structured framework for organizing project information and linking
components together.
2. Matrix Format
 Organizes project information into a matrix format known as the "Logframe" or "Logical
Framework Matrix."
 Divides the matrix into rows and columns, with each row representing a different
component of the project (e.g., goals, objectives) and each column representing specific
attributes or criteria (e.g., indicators, means of verification).
3. Four Key Components
 Objectively Verifiable Indicators (OVIs): Measurable indicators used to assess
progress and achievement of project objectives.
 Means of Verification (MoVs): Sources of information or evidence used to measure and
verify progress against indicators.
 Assumptions: External factors or conditions that may influence the project's success or
failure.
 Risks and Assumptions: Identifies potential risks and assumptions that may impact
project implementation and outcomes.
4. Participatory Approach
 Involves stakeholders in the development of the Logical Framework, ensuring their
perspectives and priorities are incorporated into the planning process.
 Facilitates consensus-building and enhances ownership and commitment to project goals
and objectives.
4.5 Development of project implementation plan (PIP)
The development of a Project Implementation Plan (PIP) is a crucial step in the project management
process, as it outlines how the project will be executed, monitored, and controlled to achieve its
objectives. Here's an overview of the key components and steps involved in developing a PIP:
1. Project Scope and Objectives
 Clearly define the scope of the project, including its goals, objectives, deliverables, and
outcomes.
 Ensure alignment with the project proposal and stakeholder expectations.
2. Work Breakdown Structure (WBS)
 Break down the project scope into smaller, manageable tasks or work packages.
 Organize these tasks hierarchically to create a structured framework for project execution.
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3. Schedule and Timeline

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 Develop a project schedule that specifies the start and end dates for each task or work package.

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  Use project management tools such as Gantt charts or network diagrams to visualize the project
timeline and dependencies.
4. Resource Planning
 Identify and allocate the resources required for project implementation, including personnel,
equipment, materials, and budget.
 Ensure that resources are sufficient and available when needed to avoid delays or bottlenecks.
5. Risk Management Plan
 Identify potential risks and uncertainties that could affect project outcomes.
 Develop strategies for mitigating and managing these risks, including contingency plans and risk
response strategies.
6. Communication Plan
 Define how communication will be managed throughout the project, including stakeholder
communication, reporting mechanisms, and meetings.
 Establish clear channels of communication and responsibilities for disseminating information and
updates.
7. Quality Management Plan
 Define the quality standards and criteria that will be used to measure project performance and
deliverables.
 Identify quality assurance and quality control processes to ensure that project outputs meet the
specified requirements.

8. Monitoring and Evaluation

 Establish mechanisms for monitoring and tracking project progress against the project plan and
schedule.
 Define key performance indicators (KPIs) and milestones to measure project performance and
success.
 Develop an evaluation plan to assess the effectiveness and impact of the project upon completion.
9. Stakeholder Engagement
 Identify key stakeholders and their roles in the project.
 Develop strategies for engaging stakeholders throughout the project lifecycle to ensure their
input, support, and participation.
10. Change Management
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 Develop a plan for managing changes to the project scope, schedule, or resources.
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  Define procedures for requesting, evaluating, and implementing changes, while minimizing
disruption to project activities.
11. Contingency Planning
 Identify potential risks or scenarios that could disrupt project progress.
 Develop contingency plans and alternative courses of action to address unforeseen events or
challenges.
12. Documentation and Reporting
 Establish procedures for documenting project activities, decisions, and outcomes.
 Define reporting requirements and frequency to keep stakeholders informed of project progress
and status.
4.6 Development of monitoring and evaluation plan (matrix) through the following tools and
techniques
To develop a monitoring and evaluation (M&E) plan matrix using the Strengths, Weaknesses,
Opportunities, and Threats (SWOT) analysis and the Political, Economic, Social, Technological, Legal,
and Environmental (PESTLE) analysis, follow these steps:
1. SWOT Analysis of Project Outputs/Outcomes
SWOT analysis helps identify internal strengths and weaknesses of the project, as well as external
opportunities and threats. Here's how to incorporate SWOT analysis into the M&E plan matrix:
 Strengths (Internal)
 List the strengths of the project outputs or outcomes, such as innovative interventions,
strong partnerships, or skilled project team members.
 Identify indicators to measure and monitor these strengths, such as high-quality
deliverables or positive stakeholder feedback.
 Weaknesses (Internal)
 Identify the weaknesses or limitations of the project outputs or outcomes, such as
resource constraints, technical challenges, or lack of expertise.
 Determine indicators to track and assess these weaknesses, such as delays in project
delivery or low participant satisfaction.
 Opportunities (External)
 Identify external opportunities that could positively impact the project outputs or
outcomes, such as favorable policy changes, funding opportunities, or emerging trends.
 Define indicators to monitor these opportunities, such as increased demand for project
services or expanded collaboration opportunities.
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 Threats (External)
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  Identify external threats or challenges that could negatively affect the project outputs or
outcomes, such as economic downturns, political instability, or regulatory changes.
 Develop indicators to monitor these threats, such as decreased funding availability or
changes in stakeholder priorities.
2. PESTLE Analysis of Project Outputs/Outcomes
PESTLE analysis helps identify external factors that could influence the project outputs or outcomes.
Here's how to integrate PESTLE analysis into the M&E plan matrix:
 Political Factors
 Identify political factors that could impact the project, such as government policies,
regulations, or political stability.
 Determine indicators to monitor political changes that may affect the project, such as
shifts in government priorities or policy reforms.
 Economic Factors
 Identify economic factors that could affect the project, such as inflation rates, currency
fluctuations, or changes in market conditions.
 Define indicators to track economic trends that may impact the project, such as changes
in funding availability or market demand.
 Social Factors
 Identify social factors that could influence the project, such as cultural norms,
demographic trends, or social attitudes.
 Develop indicators to monitor social changes that may affect the project, such as shifts in
public opinion or community engagement.

 Technological Factors
 Identify technological factors that could impact the project, such as advancements in
technology, digital infrastructure, or data security.
 Determine indicators to track technological developments that may impact the project,
such as changes in software or hardware requirements.
 Legal Factors
 Identify legal factors that could affect the project, such as regulations, laws, or legal
frameworks.
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 Define indicators to monitor legal changes that may impact the project, such as
compliance requirements or legal risks.
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 Environmental Factors

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  Identify environmental factors that could influence the project, such as climate change,
natural disasters, or environmental regulations.
 Develop indicators to track environmental changes that may affect the project, such as
changes in environmental conditions or resource availability.
3. Integration into M&E Plan Matrix
 Create a matrix that integrates the findings from the SWOT analysis and PESTLE analysis.
 Include columns for strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats identified through SWOT
analysis, as well as columns for political, economic, social, technological, legal, and
environmental factors identified through PESTLE analysis.
 Define specific indicators, data sources, measurement methods, and frequency of data collection
for each factor identified in the matrix.
 Use the matrix as a reference tool for monitoring and evaluating the project outputs or outcomes,
tracking changes over time, and informing decision-making.
4.7 Communicating project plans to concerned individual and agencies for building agreement

Communicating project plans to concerned individuals and agencies is crucial for building agreement,
ensuring alignment, and gaining support for the project. Here are steps to effectively communicate
project plans:

1. Develop a Communication Plan

 Define key stakeholders: Identify individuals, organizations, and agencies who are directly or
indirectly affected by the project.
 Determine communication channels: Choose appropriate channels for communicating project
plans, such as meetings, emails, presentations, or project management software.
 Establish frequency: Define how often project updates and progress reports will be shared with
stakeholders.
2. Tailor Messages to Audiences
 Customize communication: Adapt the message and level of detail based on the needs, interests,
and priorities of different stakeholders.
 Use clear language: Avoid jargon or technical terms that may be unfamiliar to some stakeholders,
and ensure that the message is easily understandable.
3. Provide Context and Rationale
 Explain the purpose: Clearly articulate the goals, objectives, and intended outcomes of the
project.
 Provide context: Describe the background, need, and significance of the project, including any
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relevant research, data, or analysis.

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4. Present Project Plans

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  Share project scope: Outline the scope, deliverables, and timeline of the project, highlighting key
milestones and deadlines.
 Review activities: Present an overview of the project activities, tasks, and responsibilities,
including resource allocation and budget considerations.
 Discuss risks and mitigation strategies: Identify potential risks or challenges and describe
strategies for managing them to reassure stakeholders.
5. Solicit Feedback and Input
 Encourage participation: Invite stakeholders to provide feedback, suggestions, and concerns
about the project plans.
 Address questions: Be prepared to answer questions and clarify any uncertainties to ensure
stakeholders have a clear understanding of the project.
6. Build Consensus and Agreement
 Facilitate discussion: Foster open dialogue and collaboration among stakeholders to build
consensus and agreement on the project plans.
 Address objections: Acknowledge and address any objections or concerns raised by stakeholders,
and work towards finding mutually acceptable solutions.
 Seek formal approval: Obtain formal approval or endorsement of the project plans from relevant
authorities or decision-makers to solidify agreement.
7. Document Agreements
 Record decisions: Document agreements, commitments, and action items resulting from project
plan discussions and approvals.
 Share documentation: Circulate meeting minutes, agreements, or formal resolutions to
stakeholders to ensure clarity and accountability.

Unit 5: Public health project Implementation/execution 8 hours

5.1 Project implementation phases preparation

Preparing for project implementation involves several phases to ensure that all necessary resources, plans,
and processes are in place to successfully execute the project. Here are the key phases involved in
preparing for project implementation:
1. Project Initiation
 Confirm project mandate: Ensure clarity on the project's objectives, scope, and expected
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outcomes.
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 Establish project governance: Define roles and responsibilities of project stakeholders, including
project sponsors, steering committee, and project manager.

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  Develop project charter: Create a formal document that authorizes the project, outlining its
purpose, objectives, scope, and high-level approach.
2. Planning
 Develop project management plan: Create a comprehensive plan that outlines how the project
will be executed, monitored, and controlled.
 Define scope: Clearly define the boundaries of the project and identify deliverables, milestones,
and acceptance criteria.
 Develop work breakdown structure (WBS): Break down the project scope into smaller,
manageable tasks or work packages.
 Establish project schedule: Create a timeline that outlines the sequence of project activities,
dependencies, and milestones.
 Allocate resources: Identify and secure the necessary resources, including personnel, equipment,
materials, and budget.
 Develop risk management plan: Identify potential risks, assess their likelihood and impact, and
develop strategies for mitigating or managing them.
3. Procurement
 Identify procurement needs: Determine which goods, services, or resources need to be procured
externally.
 Develop procurement plan: Define the procurement approach, including procurement methods,
evaluation criteria, and contract types.
 Issue procurement documents: Prepare and issue requests for proposals (RFPs), requests for
quotations (RFQs), or invitations to bid (ITBs) to potential suppliers or vendors.
 Evaluate proposals: Review and evaluate proposals received from suppliers or vendors based on
predetermined criteria.
 Award contracts: Select suppliers or vendors and negotiate contracts, ensuring adherence to
procurement policies and regulations.
4. Resource Mobilization
 Recruit project team: Identify and recruit qualified individuals to fill project roles and
responsibilities.
 Orient team members: Provide orientation and training to project team members to ensure they
understand their roles, responsibilities, and project objectives.
 Secure physical resources: Procure or secure physical resources, such as office space, equipment,
and materials, needed for project implementation.
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 Establish communication channels: Set up communication tools and channels to facilitate

collaboration and information sharing among project team members and stakeholders.
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5. Stakeholder Engagement

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  Identify stakeholders: Identify individuals, groups, or organizations that are affected by or have
an interest in the project.
 Analyze stakeholders: Assess stakeholders' interests, influence, and potential impact on the
project, and develop strategies for engaging them effectively.
 Develop stakeholder engagement plan: Define how stakeholders will be engaged throughout the
project lifecycle, including communication methods, frequency, and key messages.
 Establish feedback mechanisms: Set up mechanisms for soliciting and responding to stakeholder
feedback, concerns, and suggestions.
6. Quality Assurance
 Develop quality management plan: Define quality standards, criteria, and processes that will be
used to ensure that project deliverables meet requirements and expectations.
 Establish quality control measures: Implement processes for monitoring and controlling quality
throughout the project lifecycle, including inspections, reviews, and audits.
 Conduct quality assurance activities: Perform activities to verify that project processes and
deliverables adhere to established quality standards and requirements.
7. Finalize Implementation Plan
 Review and finalize project implementation plan: Ensure that all project plans, processes, and
procedures are complete, accurate, and aligned with project objectives.
 Obtain approvals: Seek formal approval or endorsement of the project implementation plan from
relevant stakeholders or decision-makers.
 Communicate implementation plan: Communicate the finalized implementation plan to project
team members, stakeholders, and other relevant parties to ensure alignment and understanding.

5.1 Before Project Implementation Phases Preparation

a. Initial Planning and Preparation
 Define project objectives: Clearly articulate the goals, objectives, and desired outcomes of the
project.
 Conduct feasibility study: Assess the feasibility of the project in terms of technical, financial,
operational, and legal aspects.
 Establish project governance: Define roles and responsibilities of key stakeholders, establish
decision-making processes, and set up project governance structures.
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 Secure funding and resources: Identify and secure the necessary funding, resources, and support
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for the project.

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  Conduct risk assessment: Identify potential risks and develop strategies for mitigating or
managing them.
 Develop project initiation documents: Create project charters, project management plans, and
other relevant documentation to initiate the project.
5. 2 During Project Implementation Phases Preparation
a. Detailed Planning and Coordination
 Develop project plans: Create detailed plans for project scope, schedule, budget, resources,
quality, communication, procurement, and risk management.
 Establish project teams: Recruit and onboard project team members, assign roles and
responsibilities, and establish communication channels and collaboration tools.
 Procure necessary resources: Procure equipment, materials, services, and other resources needed
for project implementation.
 Develop stakeholder engagement plan: Identify key stakeholders, assess their interests and
concerns, and develop strategies for engaging and communicating with them throughout the
project.
 Conduct training and orientation: Provide training and orientation to project team members and
stakeholders to ensure they understand their roles, responsibilities, and the project objectives.
 Finalize implementation plans: Review and finalize all project plans, processes, and procedures to
ensure they are aligned with project objectives and ready for execution.

5.3 After Project Implementation Phases Preparation

a. Transition and Handover
 Conduct project handover: Transfer project deliverables, documentation, and responsibilities to
the appropriate stakeholders or end-users.
 Evaluate project performance: Assess the project's success in achieving its objectives, delivering
intended benefits, and meeting stakeholder expectations.
 Document lessons learned: Capture insights, best practices, challenges, and areas for
improvement from the project implementation process.
 Close out project: Finalize all project documentation, contracts, and financial accounts, and
formally close the project.
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 Celebrate achievements: Recognize and celebrate the accomplishments of the project team and
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stakeholders and acknowledge their contributions to the project's success.

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5.2 Concept of monitoring: meaning, definition, objectives, characteristics, scope

Monitoring is a critical aspect of project management and involves systematically observing and
assessing project activities, processes, and outcomes to track progress, identify issues, and ensure that
the project stays on course to achieve its objectives. Here's an overview of the concept of monitoring,
including its meaning, definition, objectives, characteristics, scope, and different types of monitoring.

Meaning and Definition

Monitoring refers to the ongoing process of collecting, analyzing, and interpreting data and information to
assess project performance and progress against predefined goals, objectives, and benchmarks. It involves
regular observation and measurement of project activities, outputs, outcomes, and impacts to ensure that
the project is implemented effectively and efficiently.
Objectives of Monitoring
1. Track Progress: Monitor progress towards achieving project objectives, milestones, and
deliverables.
2. Identify Issues: Identify potential problems, challenges, or deviations from the project plan early
on to address them promptly.
3. Ensure Accountability: Hold project team members and stakeholders accountable for their roles
and responsibilities in project implementation.
4. Inform Decision-Making: Provide timely and accurate information to project managers and
stakeholders to support informed decision-making and course corrections.
5. Improve Performance: Use monitoring data and insights to improve project performance,
processes, and outcomes over time.

Characteristics of Monitoring
 Continuous: Monitoring is an ongoing and iterative process that occurs throughout the project
lifecycle.
 Systematic: Monitoring follows a structured and systematic approach, using predefined
indicators, metrics, and methods to assess project performance.
 Proactive: Monitoring is proactive in nature, focusing on identifying issues and potential risks
before they escalate.
 Data-driven: Monitoring relies on the collection and analysis of quantitative and qualitative data
to inform decision-making and action.
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 Feedback Loop: Monitoring provides feedback to project managers and stakeholders, enabling
them to adjust strategies, plans, and actions as needed.
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Scope of Monitoring

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  Objective and Results Monitoring: Focuses on tracking progress towards achieving project
objectives, outcomes, and results.
 Performance/Context Monitoring through Records and Reporting: Involves monitoring
performance indicators, contextual factors, and project documentation through regular reporting
and record-keeping.
 Performance Monitoring through Field Visits: Includes on-site visits to project sites or
locations to observe project activities, engage with stakeholders, and gather firsthand information.
 Differentiating between Monitoring, Evaluation, and Audit.
Differentiating between Monitoring, Evaluation, and Audit

Aspect Monitoring Evaluation Audit

Periodic, conducted at
Ongoing and continuous specific points in project Periodic, typically
throughout project lifecycle (e.g., mid-term, conducted annually
Timing lifecycle final) or as required

Assess effectiveness,
efficiency, relevance, and Examine and verify
Track progress, identify sustainability of project or accuracy, integrity,
issues, ensure program, provide and legality of
accountability, inform comprehensive insights project records,
decision-making during into outcomes, impacts, processes, and
Purpose project implementation and lessons learned financial transactions

Outcomes, impacts,
Performance and effectiveness, efficiency, Compliance with
progress against relevance, and established rules,
predefined goals and sustainability of project or regulations, and
Focus objectives program standards

Project activities, Project records,

processes, outputs, and Project outcomes, impacts, processes, and
Scope outcomes and lessons learned financial transactions

Independent
Systematic assessment and examination and
Use of predefined analysis using various verification using
indicators, metrics, and methods such as surveys, standardized
Methods and methods for data interviews, case studies, auditing procedures
Tools collection and analysis and data analysis and techniques

Periodic, conducted at Periodic, typically

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Frequency of Ongoing throughout specific intervals during conducted annually

Activity project implementation project lifecycle or as required
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 Aspect Monitoring Evaluation Audit

Internal or external
Project team members, Project stakeholders, auditors, project
Stakeholders stakeholders, and project evaluators, and external stakeholders, and
Involved managers experts oversight bodies

Conducting Review Meetings

Review meetings are structured gatherings of project stakeholders to review project progress, discuss key
issues and challenges, and make decisions to address them. These meetings provide an opportunity for
stakeholders to share updates, raise concerns, and collaborate on problem-solving. Key steps in
conducting review meetings include setting agendas, preparing materials, facilitating discussions,
documenting decisions and action items, and following up on agreed-upon actions.
5.3 Project report writing and reporting
Project report writing and reporting are essential aspects of project management, providing stakeholders
with valuable insights into project progress, performance, and outcomes. Here's how data recording,
management, sharing, and reporting are typically conducted in projects, including technical and financial
aspects:
a. Data Recording, Management, and Sharing
1. Data Collection: Collect relevant data and information related to project activities, outputs,
outcomes, and impacts. This may include quantitative data (e.g., project metrics, performance
indicators) and qualitative data (e.g., observations, feedback).
2. Data Recording: Record collected data systematically using appropriate tools and methods.
Ensure data is accurately documented, organized, and stored for future reference and analysis.
3. Data Management: Manage data efficiently throughout the project lifecycle. This involves
organizing data into a structured format, establishing data management protocols, and ensuring
data security and integrity.
4. Data Sharing: Share data and information with relevant stakeholders as needed. Use appropriate
communication channels and formats to disseminate data effectively, ensuring accessibility and
transparency.
5. Collaborative Platforms: Utilize collaborative platforms and tools for data sharing and
collaboration among project team members and stakeholders. This may include project
management software, cloud-based platforms, and online repositories.
b. Reporting Technical Activity and Financial Reporting and Sharing
1. Technical Activity Reporting
 Document technical activities, achievements, and progress made during project
implementation.
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 Report on key milestones, deliverables, and outcomes achieved in relation to project

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objectives.

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  Provide detailed descriptions of technical processes, methodologies, and results obtained.
2. Financial Reporting and Sharing
 Maintain accurate financial records and documentation throughout the project lifecycle.
 Prepare financial reports detailing project expenditures, budget allocations, and financial
performance.
 Share financial reports with relevant stakeholders, including project sponsors, donors,
and oversight bodies.
3. Integration of Technical and Financial Reporting
 Integrate technical and financial reporting to provide a comprehensive overview of
project performance.
 Highlight the relationship between technical activities and financial resources allocated,
demonstrating value for money and cost-effectiveness.
4. Compliance and Transparency
 Ensure compliance with financial regulations, accounting standards, and reporting
requirements.
 Foster transparency by providing clear and concise financial information to stakeholders,
including breakdowns of expenses and funding sources.
5. Timely Reporting
 Submit reports in a timely manner according to established reporting schedules and
deadlines.
 Communicate any deviations from planned activities or budgetary constraints promptly to
stakeholders.
6. Audience-Specific Reporting
 Tailor reports to the specific needs and interests of different audiences, providing relevant
technical and financial information accordingly.
 Use visual aids, charts, and graphs to enhance the clarity and accessibility of the
information presented.
5.4 Project control
Project control involves monitoring, evaluating, and regulating various aspects of a project to ensure that
it stays on track and achieves its objectives effectively and efficiently. Here's how different aspects of
project control are implemented:
a. Human Resource Control
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Human resource control involves managing and optimizing the utilization of human resources throughout
the project lifecycle. This includes:
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  Staffing: Ensuring that the project team is appropriately staffed with skilled and qualified
individuals to fulfill project roles and responsibilities.
 Performance Management: Monitoring and evaluating the performance of project team
members, providing feedback, coaching, and training as needed to enhance performance.
 Team Development: Facilitating team development and cohesion through team-building
activities, training programs, and professional development opportunities.
 Conflict Resolution: Addressing conflicts and disputes among team members promptly and
effectively to maintain a positive and productive work environment.
 Resource Allocation: Allocating human resources effectively based on project requirements,
workload, and skillsets to optimize productivity and performance.
b. Financial Control
Financial control involves managing and monitoring project finances to ensure that expenditures are
within budgetary constraints and aligned with project objectives. This includes:
 Budget Management: Developing and maintaining project budgets, tracking expenses, and
ensuring that expenditures remain within approved budget limits.
 Cost Control: Monitoring and controlling project costs throughout the project lifecycle,
identifying cost variances, and implementing corrective actions to address overruns.
 Financial Reporting: Preparing and sharing financial reports detailing project expenditures,
budget allocations, and financial performance with relevant stakeholders.
 Procurement Management: Ensuring compliance with procurement policies and procedures,
managing vendor contracts, and monitoring procurement activities to minimize financial risks.
 Risk Management: Identifying and managing financial risks associated with the project, such as
budget overruns, funding shortages, or unforeseen expenses.
c. Operation Control
Operation control involves monitoring and managing project operations and processes to ensure that they
are executed efficiently and effectively. This includes:
 Schedule Management: Monitoring project schedules, tracking progress against milestones and
deadlines, and adjusting schedules as needed to mitigate delays.
 Quality Control: Implementing quality assurance processes to ensure that project deliverables
meet established quality standards and requirements.
 Risk Management: Identifying, assessing, and mitigating operational risks that could impact
project performance or outcomes.
 Resource Management: Optimizing the allocation and utilization of project resources, including
personnel, equipment, materials, and facilities.
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 Change Management: Managing changes to project scope, schedule, or requirements, ensuring

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that changes are properly evaluated, approved, and implemented.

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d. Financial Audit
Financial audit involves an independent examination and verification of project financial records,
processes, and transactions to ensure compliance with established rules, regulations, and standards. This
includes:
 Auditing Processes: Reviewing financial processes and procedures to ensure compliance with
accounting principles, legal requirements, and organizational policies.
 Verification of Records: Examining financial records, invoices, receipts, and other
documentation to verify the accuracy and integrity of financial transactions.
 Internal Controls: Assessing the effectiveness of internal controls and risk management
processes to prevent fraud, errors, and misappropriation of funds.
 Reporting Findings: Documenting audit findings, recommendations, and corrective actions in
audit reports, and sharing them with relevant stakeholders for review and action.
 External Audit: Engaging external auditors or independent audit firms to conduct financial
audits periodically or as required by regulatory or funding requirements.

Unit 6: Public health project evaluation 5 hours

6.1 Concept of project evaluation: meaning, definition, objectives, scope

Project evaluation is a systematic process of assessing the effectiveness, efficiency, relevance,
sustainability, and impact of a project or program. It involves collecting, analyzing, and interpreting data
and information to determine the extent to which project objectives have been achieved and to identify
lessons learned and areas for improvement. Here's an overview of the concept of project evaluation,
including its meaning, definition, objectives, and scope:
Meaning and Definition
Project evaluation refers to the process of critically examining and assessing various aspects of a project
or program to determine its success, strengths, weaknesses, and overall performance. It involves
evaluating the extent to which project outcomes and impacts align with intended goals and objectives, as
well as assessing the effectiveness of project strategies, processes, and interventions.
Objectives of Project Evaluation
1. Assess Effectiveness: Determine the extent to which project objectives have been achieved and
whether desired outcomes and impacts have been realized.
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2. Measure Efficiency: Evaluate the efficiency of project implementation in terms of resource

utilization, time management, and cost-effectiveness.
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 3. Ensure Relevance: Assess the relevance of project interventions, strategies, and activities in
addressing identified needs, problems, or priorities.
4. Promote Sustainability: Identify factors that contribute to or hinder the sustainability of project
outcomes and impacts over the long term.
5. Inform Decision-Making: Provide evidence-based insights and recommendations to inform
future decision-making, resource allocation, and programmatic planning.
6. Facilitate Learning: Generate lessons learned and best practices from project experiences to
improve future project design, implementation, and management.
Scope of Project Evaluation
 Project Objectives and Goals: Assess the extent to which project objectives and goals have been
achieved, including the achievement of planned outputs, outcomes, and impacts.
 Project Strategies and Interventions: Evaluate the effectiveness of project strategies,
interventions, and activities in achieving desired results and addressing identified needs.
 Resource Utilization: Examine the efficiency of resource utilization, including financial
resources, human resources, materials, and facilities.
 Stakeholder Engagement: Assess the level of stakeholder participation, engagement, and
satisfaction with project processes and outcomes.
 Relevance and Sustainability: Determine the relevance of project interventions and strategies in
the context of evolving needs, priorities, and circumstances, as well as the potential for sustaining
project outcomes and impacts beyond the project duration.
 Contextual Factors: Consider contextual factors such as social, economic, political, and
environmental conditions that may influence project outcomes and effectiveness.
6.2 Phases of project evaluation
Project evaluation typically involves several phases, including midterm evaluation (formative evaluation)
and end-line/final evaluation (summative evaluation). Here's an overview of each phase:
a. Midterm Evaluation (Formative Evaluation):
Midterm evaluation, also known as formative evaluation, occurs during the middle stages of a project's
implementation. Its primary focus is on assessing progress, identifying challenges, and making
adjustments to improve project performance. Here are the key characteristics and activities of midterm
evaluation:
1. Assess Progress: Evaluate the progress made towards achieving project objectives, milestones,
and deliverables.
2. Identify Challenges: Identify obstacles, challenges, and issues that may impede project success
or hinder progress.
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3. Review Implementation: Assess the effectiveness of project strategies, interventions, and

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activities in achieving desired outcomes.

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 4. Provide Feedback: Provide feedback and recommendations to project managers and
stakeholders to address identified issues and improve project performance.
5. Adjust Strategies: Recommend adjustments or modifications to project plans, strategies, or
activities based on evaluation findings to enhance effectiveness and efficiency.
6. Support Learning: Facilitate learning and capacity building among project team members and
stakeholders by sharing insights, lessons learned, and best practices.
The midterm evaluation helps ensure that projects stay on track and make necessary adjustments to
achieve their objectives effectively.
b. End-line/Final Evaluation (Summative Evaluation):
End-line or final evaluation, also known as summative evaluation, takes place towards the end of a
project's implementation or after its completion. Its main objective is to assess the overall effectiveness,
impact, and sustainability of the project. Here are the key characteristics and activities of end-line/final
evaluation:
1. Assess Achievement: Evaluate the extent to which project objectives and intended outcomes
have been achieved.
2. Measure Impact: Assess the broader impacts and effects of the project on target beneficiaries,
communities, and stakeholders.
3. Review Sustainability: Determine the sustainability of project outcomes and impacts over the
long term, including the capacity of local stakeholders to continue project activities.
4. Document Lessons Learned: Capture lessons learned, best practices, and recommendations
from project experiences to inform future project design and implementation.
5. Generate Recommendations: Provide recommendations for future programming, policy
development, or strategic planning based on evaluation findings.
6. Accountability and Reporting: Ensure accountability to project stakeholders by reporting on
project performance, outcomes, and lessons learned transparently.
The end-line or final evaluation provides valuable insights into the overall success and impact of the
project, helping stakeholders assess its effectiveness and make informed decisions for future
programming.
6.3 Types of project evaluation
Project evaluations can be categorized into various types based on the source, perspective, and methods
used. Here are the types of project evaluation:
a. Internal Evaluation
Internal evaluation involves assessments conducted by individuals or teams directly affiliated with the
project organization or implementing agency. Here are some key characteristics:
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 Source: Conducted by project staff, managers, or internal evaluation teams.

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  Perspective: Focuses on assessing project performance, processes, and outcomes from an internal
organizational perspective.
 Objectivity: May face challenges related to bias or lack of objectivity due to organizational
affiliations.
 Benefits: Offers insights into internal project operations, strengths, weaknesses, and areas for
improvement.
b. External Evaluation
External evaluation involves assessments conducted by independent individuals, organizations, or
agencies that are external to the project organization or implementing agency. Key characteristics include:
 Source: Conducted by external evaluators, consultants, or evaluation firms.
 Perspective: Provides an impartial and objective assessment of project performance, impacts, and
outcomes.
 Objectivity: Generally considered more objective and credible due to the independence of the
evaluators.
 Benefits: Offers an external perspective, unbiased insights, and credible findings that can
enhance accountability and transparency.

c. Expert Evaluation
Expert evaluation involves assessments conducted by individuals or teams with specialized knowledge,
skills, or expertise relevant to the project domain or subject matter. Key characteristics include:
 Source: Conducted by subject matter experts, technical specialists, or domain-specific
professionals.
 Perspective: Focuses on in-depth analysis and evaluation of technical aspects, methodologies, or
specific components of the project.
 Objectivity: Relies on the expertise and professional judgment of evaluators, which may vary
based on their backgrounds and qualifications.
 Benefits: Offers specialized insights, technical expertise, and recommendations for improving
project effectiveness and performance.
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d. Community/Social/Beneficiary Evaluation
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Community, social, or beneficiary evaluation involves assessments conducted by or in collaboration with

project beneficiaries, communities, or stakeholders. Key characteristics include:

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  Source: Involves participation and input from project beneficiaries, community members, or
stakeholders.
 Perspective: Focuses on capturing the experiences, perceptions, and feedback of those directly
affected by the project.
 Objectivity: May vary based on the level of empowerment, inclusivity, and participation of
beneficiaries in the evaluation process.
 Benefits: Empowers communities, promotes ownership, and ensures that project evaluations
reflect the perspectives and priorities of those most impacted by the project.
System evaluation: Input - Process - Output -Outcome - Impact (IPO-OI) analysis
The Input-Process-Output-Outcome-Impact (IPO-OI) analysis is a framework used in system evaluation
to assess the effectiveness and impact of a system or intervention. Here's a breakdown of each
component:
1. Input
Inputs represent the resources, factors, or elements invested in the system or intervention to enable its
functioning. Inputs can include:
 Financial Resources: Budget allocated for the system or intervention.
 Human Resources: Personnel involved in implementing and managing the system.
 Material Resources: Equipment, infrastructure, and supplies required for system operation.
 Information: Data, knowledge, and information used to inform decision-making and activities.
 Time: Duration allocated for planning, implementation, and evaluation of the system.

2. Process
Processes refer to the activities, procedures, or operations undertaken within the system to convert inputs
into outputs. Process components include:
 Planning: Development of strategies, goals, and action plans for implementing the system.
 Implementation: Execution of planned activities and interventions to achieve system objectives.
 Monitoring: Regular tracking and assessment of system performance and progress.
 Coordination: Collaboration and communication among stakeholders involved in system
implementation.
 Adaptation: Flexibility and responsiveness to changes and challenges encountered during
implementation.
3. Output
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Outputs are the tangible products, services, or deliverables generated by the system as a result of its
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processes. Output components include:

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  Products: Goods or services produced by the system, such as reports, tools, or technologies.
 Services: Activities or interventions provided to beneficiaries or users of the system.
 Deliverables: Specific outcomes or milestones achieved during system implementation.
 Utilization: Degree to which outputs are utilized or accessed by intended beneficiaries or
stakeholders.
4. Outcome
Outcomes represent the immediate or intermediate changes, effects, or benefits resulting from the outputs
of the system. Outcome components include:
 Short-term Outcomes: Immediate changes or effects observed shortly after the implementation
of the system.
 Intermediate Outcomes: Progress or changes achieved over the medium term as a result of
sustained system activities.
 Behavioral Changes: Changes in knowledge, attitudes, behaviors, or practices of beneficiaries or
stakeholders.
 Capacity Building: Strengthening of skills, capacities, or resources among individuals or
organizations involved in the system.
5. Impact
Impact refers to the long-term, broader, and often more far-reaching effects or consequences of the
system on individuals, communities, or society as a whole. Impact components include:
 Societal Impact: Effects on social, economic, environmental, or political systems and structures.
 Sustainability: Maintenance of positive outcomes and benefits over the long term.
 Scale: Extent to which system effects are widespread, replicated, or scaled up beyond the initial
implementation.
 Equity: Distribution of benefits and impacts across different population groups or stakeholders.
6.4 Key consideration during project evaluation
During project evaluation, several key considerations are essential to ensure comprehensive and effective
assessment. Here's how each of the mentioned elements contributes to the evaluation process:
a. Monitoring and Evaluation Tools and Reports
 Purpose: Utilize appropriate monitoring and evaluation tools to systematically collect data and
assess project performance against objectives.
 Implementation: Ensure that monitoring and evaluation tools are implemented consistently and
effectively throughout the project lifecycle.
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 Analysis: Analyze monitoring and evaluation reports to identify trends, patterns, and areas for
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improvement.

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  Feedback Loop: Use findings from monitoring and evaluation to inform decision-making, adjust
strategies, and improve project outcomes.
b. Project Records and Reports
 Documentation: Maintain accurate and comprehensive project records and reports documenting
key activities, outputs, outcomes, and impacts.
 Transparency: Ensure transparency and accountability by providing stakeholders with access to
project records and reports.
 Analysis: Analyze project records and reports to assess progress, identify challenges, and
document lessons learned.
 Communication: Use project records and reports to communicate project achievements,
challenges, and lessons learned to stakeholders.
c. Review Meeting Minutes
 Documentation: Document discussions, decisions, and action points from review meetings
through detailed meeting minutes.
 Accountability: Hold stakeholders accountable by tracking progress on action points and
commitments made during review meetings.
 Follow-Up: Use review meeting minutes to follow up on action points, address concerns, and
ensure that decisions are implemented.
 Learning: Review meeting minutes to identify recurring issues, trends, and areas for
improvement, promoting organizational learning.

d. Case Study, Focus Group Discussions, Key Informant Interviews

 In-depth Understanding: Conduct case studies, focus group discussions, and key informant
interviews to gain deeper insights into specific aspects of the project.
 Qualitative Data: Collect qualitative data to complement quantitative data collected through
monitoring and evaluation.
 Stakeholder Perspectives: Capture diverse stakeholder perspectives, experiences, and
perceptions related to project implementation and outcomes.
 Contextual Understanding: Gain a better understanding of the contextual factors influencing
project performance and impact.
e. Beneficiary Satisfaction Survey
 Feedback: Gather feedback from beneficiaries to assess their satisfaction with project activities,
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services, and outcomes.

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  Quality Improvement: Use beneficiary satisfaction survey data to identify areas for
improvement and enhance service delivery.
 Empowerment: Empower beneficiaries by providing them with a platform to voice their
opinions, concerns, and suggestions.
 Accountability: Demonstrate accountability to beneficiaries by addressing their feedback and
concerns promptly and effectively.

Unit 7: Public health project completion and closure, handover, review and feedback 5 hours

7.1 Concept of project closure: meaning, definition, characteristics, and objectives

Project closure refers to the formal process of finalizing all activities, deliverables, and resources
associated with a project and formally ending its existence. It marks the completion of project execution
and signifies the transition to the next phase, whether it involves project handover, dissemination of
results, or project termination. Here's an overview of the concept of project closure, including its
meaning, definition, characteristics, and objectives:
Meaning and Definition
Project closure is the culmination of the project lifecycle, where all project activities, objectives, and
deliverables are completed, and the project is formally concluded. It involves wrapping up loose ends,
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documenting project outcomes, and ensuring that project objectives have been achieved.
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Characteristics of Project Closure

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 1. Completion of Deliverables: All project deliverables, milestones, and objectives are achieved as
per the project plan and schedule.
2. Formal Handover: Any necessary handover activities, such as transferring deliverables or
responsibilities to stakeholders or end-users, are completed.
3. Documentation: Project documentation, including reports, records, and lessons learned, is
finalized and archived for future reference.
4. Resource Release: Project resources, including personnel, equipment, and facilities, are released
or reassigned to other projects or activities.
5. Evaluation and Lessons Learned: A formal evaluation of project performance is conducted, and
lessons learned are documented to inform future projects.
6. Closure Ceremony or Celebration: Some projects may include a formal closure ceremony or
celebration to recognize the achievements of the project team and stakeholders.
Objectives of Project Closure
1. Ensure Completion: Ensure that all project activities and deliverables are completed as planned
and approved.
2. Confirm Deliverables: Confirm that project deliverables meet quality standards and satisfy
stakeholder requirements.
3. Formalize Handover: Formalize the handover of project outputs, responsibilities, and
documentation to stakeholders or end-users.
4. Document Outcomes: Document project outcomes, achievements, and lessons learned for future
reference and knowledge sharing.
5. Release Resources: Release project resources and ensure their proper disposition or reallocation.
6. Evaluate Performance: Evaluate project performance against objectives, budget, schedule, and
quality criteria to identify successes and areas for improvement.
7. Close Contracts: Close out contracts, agreements, or vendor relationships associated with the
project.
8. Provide Closure: Provide closure to project team members, stakeholders, and sponsors by
formally ending the project and recognizing their contributions.
7.2 Modes and process of project closure
Project closure can occur through various modes and processes, depending on the nature of the project
and its objectives. Here are the modes and processes of project closure:
a. Continuation after Previous Phase (Renewal)
In this mode of project closure, the project continues into a subsequent phase or iteration, building upon
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the achievements and outcomes of the previous phase. Characteristics of this process include:
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 Assessment of Progress: Evaluate the progress and achievements of the current phase against
predefined objectives and milestones.

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  Planning for Renewal: Plan and prepare for the continuation of the project into the next phase,
incorporating any necessary adjustments or enhancements based on lessons learned.
 Resource Allocation: Allocate resources, including personnel, funding, and equipment, to
support the continuation of the project.
 Review and Approval: Review and obtain approval from relevant stakeholders for the
continuation of the project into the next phase.
 Documentation: Document the outcomes, lessons learned, and decisions made during the
previous phase to inform the planning and execution of the renewal phase.
b. Starting New Phase Maintaining the Original Mission of the Project
In this mode of project closure, a new phase or iteration of the project is initiated while maintaining the
original mission, goals, and objectives. Characteristics of this process include:
 Mission Alignment: Ensure that the objectives and activities of the new phase align with the
original mission and goals of the project.
 Planning and Preparation: Develop a new project plan outlining the objectives, deliverables,
timeline, and resources required for the new phase.
 Transition Activities: Implement transition activities to smoothly transfer responsibilities,
knowledge, and resources from the previous phase to the new phase.
 Stakeholder Engagement: Engage relevant stakeholders to ensure alignment and support for the
new phase of the project.
 Communication: Communicate the initiation of the new phase to project team members,
stakeholders, and other relevant parties.

c. Project Handover
Project handover involves transferring project outputs, responsibilities, and documentation to
stakeholders or end-users upon project completion. Characteristics of this process include:
 Finalization of Deliverables: Ensure that all project deliverables are completed and meet quality
standards before handing them over to stakeholders.
 Documentation Transfer: Transfer project documentation, including reports, plans, and records,
to stakeholders for future reference and use.
 Training and Support: Provide training and support to stakeholders to ensure they can
effectively use and maintain project outputs.
 Formal Handover: Conduct a formal handover ceremony or meeting to mark the transfer of
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project deliverables and responsibilities to stakeholders.

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 Follow-Up: Follow up with stakeholders after the handover to address any questions, concerns,
or issues that may arise.

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d. Termination with Dismantling the Project Team
In this mode of project closure, the project is terminated, and the project team is disbanded or reassigned
to other projects or activities. Characteristics of this process include:
 Completion Activities: Complete any remaining project activities, tasks, or deliverables before
terminating the project.
 Resource Release: Release project resources, including personnel, equipment, and facilities, for
reassignment or reallocation.
 Closure Procedures: Follow established closure procedures, including documenting project
outcomes, conducting final evaluations, and archiving project documentation.
 Team Disbandment: Disband the project team and provide closure to team members, including
acknowledging their contributions and achievements.
 Knowledge Transfer: Facilitate knowledge transfer and handover of responsibilities to other
team members, departments, or stakeholders as needed.

7.3 Distinction between project closure and project termination

Project closure and project termination are both processes that mark the end of a project, but they involve
different activities and implications. Here's a distinction between project closure and project termination:
Project Closure
1. Definition
 Project closure refers to the formal process of finalizing all activities, deliverables, and
resources associated with a project and formally ending its existence.
2. Characteristics
 Completion of project deliverables and objectives.
 Formal handover of project outputs and responsibilities to stakeholders or end-users.
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 Documentation of project outcomes, lessons learned, and final reports.

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 Release of project resources, including personnel, equipment, and facilities.

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  Evaluation of project performance and achievements.
 Transition to the next phase, if applicable, or preparation for project handover or
termination.
3. Objectives
 Ensure that all project activities and deliverables are completed as planned and approved.
 Confirm that project outputs meet quality standards and satisfy stakeholder requirements.
 Document project outcomes, achievements, and lessons learned for future reference and
knowledge sharing.
 Formalize the handover of project outputs, responsibilities, and documentation to
stakeholders or end-users.
 Provide closure to project team members, stakeholders, and sponsors by formally ending
the project.
Project Termination
1. Definition
 Project termination refers to the premature ending of a project before its planned
completion, often due to various factors such as budget constraints, changes in priorities,
or inability to achieve project objectives.
2. Characteristics
 Abrupt cessation of project activities and deliverables.
 Discontinuation of project resources, including personnel, funding, and equipment.
 Assessment of the reasons for project termination and implications for stakeholders.
 Closure of contracts, agreements, or vendor relationships associated with the project.
 Evaluation of the project's performance and lessons learned from the termination process.
3. Objectives
 Determine the reasons for terminating the project and assess the implications for
stakeholders and the organization.
 Minimize financial losses and mitigate risks associated with project termination.
 Document lessons learned from the termination process to inform future project planning
and management.
 Communicate the decision to terminate the project to stakeholders and manage their
expectations effectively.
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 Ensure that all project-related activities, contracts, and obligations are appropriately
closed out.
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Key Difference

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  Closure vs. Termination: Project closure represents the planned and orderly conclusion of a
project upon its successful completion, while project termination involves the premature ending
of a project due to various reasons, often unplanned or unforeseen.
 Completion vs. Cessation: Closure involves completing all project activities, deliverables, and
documentation, while termination entails the abrupt cessation of project activities and the
disbandment of project resources.
 Outcome: Closure results in the formal handover of project outputs and responsibilities to
stakeholders or end-users, whereas termination results in the evaluation of reasons for termination
and the implications for stakeholders.
7.4 Project completion report: definition, purpose, components and sharing
A Project Completion Report (PCR) is a comprehensive document that summarizes the key aspects of a
project upon its conclusion. Here's an overview of the definition, purpose, components, and sharing of a
Project Completion Report:
Definition
A Project Completion Report (PCR) is a formal document prepared at the end of a project to provide a
detailed summary of its implementation, outcomes, achievements, challenges, and lessons learned.
Purpose
The purpose of a Project Completion Report includes:
1. Documentation: To document the overall implementation process, including milestones
achieved, challenges faced, and solutions applied.
2. Evaluation: To evaluate the project's performance against its objectives, budget, timeline, and
quality standards.
3. Learning: To capture lessons learned and best practices that can be applied to future projects.
4. Accountability: To provide stakeholders with a transparent account of project activities,
outcomes, and expenditures.
5. Decision-Making: To inform decision-making regarding future projects, resource allocation, and
organizational strategies.
6. Communication: To communicate project achievements and outcomes to stakeholders, sponsors,
donors, and beneficiaries.
Components
A Project Completion Report typically includes the following components:
1. Executive Summary: A brief overview of the project, highlighting key achievements, outcomes,
and recommendations.
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2. Project Background: Background information about the project, including its objectives, scope,
stakeholders, and duration.
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 3. Implementation Summary: Details of project implementation, including activities undertaken,
milestones achieved, challenges faced, and solutions applied.
4. Results and Outcomes: Presentation of project results and outcomes, including deliverables
produced, outputs achieved, and impacts realized.
5. Evaluation and Lessons Learned: Evaluation of project performance against objectives, budget,
timeline, and quality standards, along with lessons learned and best practices identified.
6. Financial Summary: Summary of project expenditures, budget utilization, cost variances, and
financial performance.
7. Recommendations: Recommendations for future projects, based on lessons learned, challenges
faced, and areas for improvement identified during project implementation.
8. Annexes/Appendices: Additional supporting documents, data, or information referenced in the
report, such as project plans, reports, and evaluations.
Sharing
Project Completion Reports are typically shared with various stakeholders, including:
1. Project Sponsors: Those who provided funding or resources for the project.
2. Project Team: Members who were involved in project implementation.
3. Stakeholders: Individuals or groups affected by or interested in the project outcomes.
4. Donors and Funding Agencies: Organizations or agencies that provided financial support for the
project.
5. Management: Organizational leadership or management responsible for project oversight and
decision-making.
6. Beneficiaries: Individuals or communities who directly benefited from the project outcomes.
7.5 Project result review and feedback
Project result review and feedback involve assessing the outcomes and outputs of a project and providing
feedback to stakeholders, project team members, and other relevant parties. Here's an overview of the
process:
1. Result Review
1. Gather Data: Collect data on project outcomes, outputs, and impacts through various sources
such as reports, evaluations, monitoring data, and stakeholder feedback.
2. Assess Performance: Evaluate the extent to which project objectives and targets have been
achieved, considering factors such as quality, timeliness, and cost-effectiveness.
3. Compare Against Plans: Compare actual project results with the planned targets and milestones
outlined in the project plan or proposal.
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4. Identify Successes and Challenges: Identify successes, achievements, strengths, and areas for
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improvement or challenges encountered during project implementation.

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 5. Analyze Trends: Analyze trends and patterns in project performance data to understand
underlying factors contributing to success or failure.
2. Feedback
1. Provide Constructive Feedback: Offer constructive feedback to project team members,
stakeholders, and sponsors regarding project performance, outcomes, and processes.
2. Recognition of Achievements: Acknowledge and recognize achievements, milestones, and
successes attained during project implementation.
3. Address Areas for Improvement: Address areas where performance fell short of expectations
and provide recommendations or suggestions for improvement.
4. Encourage Learning: Encourage a culture of learning and continuous improvement by
highlighting lessons learned, best practices, and opportunities for growth.
5. Engage Stakeholders: Engage stakeholders in discussions about project results, seeking their
input, perspectives, and feedback on project performance and outcomes.
6. Communicate Findings: Communicate review findings and feedback effectively to all relevant
parties through meetings, reports, presentations, or other appropriate channels.
3. Action Planning
1. Develop Action Plans: Collaboratively develop action plans to address identified areas for
improvement, capitalize on successes, and leverage lessons learned for future projects.
2. Assign Responsibilities: Assign responsibilities and timelines for implementing actions and
initiatives aimed at improving project performance and outcomes.
3. Monitor Progress: Monitor the implementation of action plans, track progress, and provide
ongoing support and guidance to ensure objectives are met.
4. Iterative Process: Recognize that result review and feedback are iterative processes that may
occur at various stages of the project lifecycle, allowing for continuous improvement and
adaptation.
4. Follow-Up
1. Follow-Up Mechanisms: Establish follow-up mechanisms to track the implementation of action
plans, assess progress, and address any emerging issues or challenges.
2. Review Progress: Regularly review progress against action plans and adjust strategies or
interventions as necessary to achieve desired outcomes.
3. Re-evaluate: Periodically re-evaluate project results and performance to ensure alignment with
project objectives and stakeholders' expectations.
4. Celebrate Successes: Celebrate successes and achievements resulting from the implementation
of action plans, reinforcing a culture of recognition and accountability.
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 Unit 8: Project management team 4 hours

8.1 Project management team formulation: Key considerations

a. Understanding Project Scope and Need for Team Members
This involves comprehensively defining the project's objectives, deliverables, timeline, and resources
required. Understanding the project scope helps in determining the specific skills, expertise, and roles
needed within the team to successfully execute the project. It's essential to consider factors such as project
complexity, scale, and required competencies when identifying team members.
b. Understanding Project Environment: Internal, External, Task Environment
Internal environment refers to organizational culture, structure, resources, and policies. External factors
encompass stakeholders, regulatory requirements, market conditions, and industry trends. Task
environment includes factors directly influencing the project execution, such as suppliers, technology, and
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competitors. Understanding these environments ensures alignment with organizational goals, regulatory
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compliance, and effective management of external influences impacting the project's success.

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c. Identifying Project Key Personnel and Their Terms of Reference (TOR)
Key personnel are individuals crucial for project success, typically including project manager,
stakeholders, subject matter experts, etc. Defining their roles, responsibilities, authority levels, and
communication channels in the Terms of Reference (TOR) document is essential.
d. Identifying Barriers and Plan to Mitigate/Manage
Barriers can include budget constraints, resource limitations, technical challenges, conflicts, and
unforeseen risks. Identifying potential barriers early allows for proactive planning and risk mitigation
strategies. This involves conducting risk assessments, developing contingency plans, and establishing
communication channels for issue escalation and resolution.
e. Development of Responsibility Matrix
A responsibility matrix, such as a RACI chart, assigns roles and responsibilities for each project task or
deliverable. It clarifies who is Responsible, Accountable, Consulted, and Informed for each activity,
minimizing ambiguity and ensuring accountability.
f. Team Building Process
Team building activities aim to foster trust, collaboration, and cohesion among team members. This
involves establishing shared goals and values, promoting open communication, and recognizing
individual strengths and contributions.
g. Managing Personalities in Team
Managing diverse personalities involves understanding individual strengths, communication styles, and
preferences. This requires effective leadership, conflict resolution skills, and fostering a culture of respect
and inclusivity. Strategies for managing personalities include promoting active listening, providing
constructive feedback, encouraging collaboration, and addressing conflicts promptly and impartially. By
leveraging diversity and addressing interpersonal dynamics, teams can maximize their potential and
achieve project success.

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