9 Key Principles of Town Planning  Improved quality of life for residents

 Comprehensive Planning  Increased economic prosperity

 Land-Use Planning  Reduced environmental impact
 Transportation Planning  Enhanced social equity and cohesion
 Environmental Planning To achieve these benefits, town planning must be based on a deep understanding of the
 Economic Development Planning community’s needs and aspirations.Town planning is an ongoing process, and there is no
 Housing Planning one-size-fits-all solution. However, by following the principles of sustainability and
 Urban Design and Architecture equity, town planners can help to create better places for people to live, work, and raise
 Historic Preservation families.
 Neighborhood Impact Analysis Ultimately, town planning is a collaborative process that requires the input of all
1. Comprehensive Planning stakeholders, including residents, businesses, and government agencies. By working
 A holistic approach to urban development. together, we can create towns that are truly livable and sustainable for future generations.
 Long-term vision for the entire city or region.
 Integration of various aspects, including land use, transportation, housing, and
PRINCIPLES OF SUCCESSFUL URBAN DESIGN -
sustainability.
 Often results in a comprehensive plan or master plan
Vancouver City Plan, Canada 1. People, place, planet: a truly diverse mix
 Balanced sustainability and housing affordability.  We need places that accommodate people of every age, race, family dynamic,
 Integration of public transportation and green spaces. income, and ability.
 Commitment to reducing carbon emissions.  Diversity and integration also support generational shifts. They provide places for the
2. Land Use Planning: children of today and the mixed activities of tomorrow, with space for
 Focus on the efficient allocation of land for different purposes. intergenerational living where extended families can be together. Site specificity is
 Zoning and regulations to determine land use categories. also crucial; designs need to respond to the nuances of culture, climate, and locus,
 Balancing residential, commercial, industrial, and green spaces. reinforcing a sense of relevance and identity, while celebrating the memory of place.
 Aims to control urban sprawl and promote density.
Portland’s Urban Growth Boundary, USA 2. Human-centric design and activity: people first
 Controlled urban sprawl with defined boundaries.  Great places create unique experiences; it is what keeps people rooted, contented, and
coming back for more. Because while people want to feel connected and secure, they
 Promoted urban density and preserved natural areas.
also want to experience fulfilment and joy. Experience-led urban design focuses on
3. Transportation Planning:
the key moments in people’s lives; enhancing and enriching their everyday; and
 Focus on creating efficient and sustainable transportation systems.
making urban living not only simpler, but more extraordinary.
 Development of road networks, public transit, cycling lanes, and pedestrian
 Customization and flexibility are also key. Design must adapt to meet people’s
infrastructure.
changing needs, providing options for personalisation in leisure, tech, and mobility.
 Goal of improving mobility, reducing congestion, and enhancing accessibility. The mitigation of unnecessary travel is particularly important, with people keen to
Bogotá’s TransMilenio BRT System, Colombia free up leisure time. In turn, design solutions that facilitate leisure activities should
 Dedicated bus lanes and integrated fare system. promote wellness and wellbeing, helping people connect to nature, space, and
 Promotion of cycling infrastructure. daylight even in dense urban areas.
 Reduced traffic congestion and improved air quality.
4. Environmental Planning: 3. Scaled urban density: mixed and middling.
 Emphasis on sustainability, conservation, and management of natural resources.  Not too tall, not too small. By taking a scaled approach to urban density, we believe
 Integration of green infrastructure, like parks and green buildings. designers can unlock potential and possibilities at the mid-rise level. Avoiding the
 Strategies for waste management, water resource management, and climate dizzying verticality of tall buildings, the mid-rise provides opportunities to reconnect
resilience. with the ground plane, enabling scaled development that is anchored in everyday
Singapore human experience.
 Green infrastructure with vertical gardens.  Urban design should facilitate a conversation between buildings and the ground
 Rooftop parks and gardens. plane, with architectural structures and the spaces between them conceived and
 Marina Barrage for sustainable water resource management. crafted simultaneously. This approach also allows for the development of
5. Economic Development Planning: interconnected blocks, shared amenities, and shelter, improving connectivity and
 Strategies to stimulate economic growth and create job opportunities. efficiencies on the ground.
 Incentives for business investment and job training programs.  Variety of block size is important too
 Promotion of entrepreneurship and innovation.
Chattanooga’s Gig City, USA 4. A return to squares and courtyards: good enclosures
 Investment in high-speed broadband infrastructure.  At ground, low- and mid-rise level, we are better able to control public and private
 Attraction of tech companies and entrepreneurs. space and ensure high-quality amenities. By creating good enclosures – squares and
 Revitalized local economy. courtyards –
Economic Development Planning of Chattanooga’s Gig City, USA  In the post-COVID world, we may see a reduced appetite for tall buildings, crowded
elevators, and entrance foyers.
6. Housing Planning
 Ensuring the availability, affordability, and quality of housing. 5. Legibility and layering: the practical and the unexpected
 Affordable housing initiatives and policies.  Good urban design should ensure that plot sizes and building shapes are not overly
 Addressing homelessness and housing crises. complex, with a clear hierarchy of streets, spaces, use and scale.
Vienna, Austria  Layering is achieved through clear demarcation of space assigned to pedestrians,
 Social housing programs for affordable housing. cyclists, public transport, vehicles and mass transit.
 Broad access to quality housing.  The ‘one-street-back principle’ also enables layering of streets and experience to
separate busy public areas from the calm of local space.
 A model for addressing housing crises.
Housing Planning of Vienna, Austria
6. A curated ground-floor experience: street life
7. Urban Design and Architecture
 By curating the ground-floor level, we can make street life work and make places
 Focus on the physical layout and aesthetics of urban areas.
successful through a multitude of different uses. A curated ground floor means
 Pedestrian-friendly streets and public spaces.
a careful balancing of priorities.
 Guidelines and regulations for building design and aesthetics.
 The ground floor also provides an opportunity to create visible, eye-level landmarks,
Copenhagen, Denmark
making districts and cities more navigable, and reinforcing a sense of place and
 “Copenhagenize” concept for cycling infrastructure. belonging. Greenery provides visual relief as well as natural drainage solutions and
 Pedestrian-friendly streets and public spaces. shade, while continuity of curation enhances connectivity between blocks.
 Aesthetic urban design for a bike-friendly city.
8. Historic Preservation 7. Parks, plazas and public realm: open space
 Protection and maintenance of historical and cultural heritage.  Open space is vital in an urban environment. Whether it is formal, informal,
 Zoning regulations to preserve historic buildings and districts. subterranean, big, small, public or private – open space provides opportunities for
 Conservation of landmarks and cultural assets. relaxion, leisure and play. It offers a chance to reconnect with nature and recharge,
Charleston, South Carolina, USA promoting mental and physical wellbeing; a place where people can be alone or
 Strict zoning regulations for preserving architectural heritage. connect with others.
 Maintenance of historic neighborhoods and landmarks.  Greenspace also mitigates pollution and noise, creating microclimates that encourage
 Attraction of tourists while preserving character. a variety of coexisting habitats, while strategic tree planting helps to facilitate carbon
9. Impact of town planning on neighbourhoods: sequestration.
Town planning has a broad impact on communities, cities, and regions. It influences
quality of life, economic growth, environmental sustainability, and more. Key impacts 8. Elevated life, amenity and greening: multiple ground floors
include:  Elevated gardens and green roofscapes provide additional respite and sanctuary,
In today’s rapidly changing world, it is more important than ever to have a clear vision for which is particularly important in very dense and polluted urban areas. Design should
the future of our towns. Town planning can provide this vision, and it can also help us to look to open up elevated levels to create meaningful and usable greenspace, utilising
achieve our goals in a way that is both sustainable and inclusive. loggias, balconies, galleries and other architectural features as biophilic platforms.
Here are some of the key benefits of effective town planning:

Town Planning 89
 There are also opportunities for ‘vertical farming’, whereby crops are grown in FORMS OF PLANNING:
stacked layers up the sides of buildings.
 ‘Streets in the sky’ is another idea whose time has come; already, in Southeast Asia, According to the Planning Authority, the planning
elevated walkways connect buildings at the upper levels. These raised pedestrian is divided into the following categories:
networks of bridges, lobbies, passages and tunnels mean people can navigate a dense  Local planning
metropolis without setting foot on the ground.  Country Planning
 Regional planning
9. First and last mile mobility: integrated walkability
 Integrated first and last-mile solutions are critical to the development of walkable  National planning
cities. They help people get from their front door to some form of mass transit or  International planning
public transport, on foot or by bicycle.
 we enable more people to exercise. And coupled with reduced car usage, this creates
a healthier, more sustainable urban environment. LOCAL PLANNING
• Largely influenced by the economic conditions for the development of the town.
10. Micro-climates and outdoor communities: living outside Keeping this in mind the development plan is prepared.
 Design can help to increase opportunities for outdoor time through the use of passive • The population is spread over the town uniformly keeping the density of the
technologies in buildings, and key architectural features such as courtyards, population as low as possible.
balconies, terraces, gardens, and good quality public space. • Zones are formed and traffic regulations are maintained.
 By responding to geographical location, climate and season, design can flex to • The development plan for the city or town aims at proper distribution of population
provide outdoor comfort conditions, using shade, shelter or ventilation as required. densities and regulation of green belts, suitable division of the area into various
Increasing exposure to sunlight in winter months. zones, etc.
 In crowded neighbourhoods especially, connectivity with nature enhances mental
health, which is where public space is essential.

TOWN PLANNING –

Town planning is an art of shaping and guiding the physical growth of the town
creating buildings and environments to meet the various needs of the public such as
social, cultural, economic and recreational etc. and to provide healthy conditions for
both rich and poor to live, to work and to play or relax

Town planning is the arrangement of various units or components of a town in such a

way that:
• It is healthy for its inhabitant to live in,
• Convenient for them to move about, COUNTRY PLANNING
• Beautiful for people to look at and • The planning aims at controlled development of the area surrounding a town.
• Its environment helps in striking a balance between one’s personal and • A town is surrounded by villages and rural planning becomes necessary for the
professional lives. proper functioning of the town.
• It also includes ways and means to be adopted for the improvement of the • For this surrounding villages should be linked up with suitable transport
existing towns or their extension. facilities.
• The knowledge of town planning helps in achieving the best possible • Encouragement should be given for the growth of small-scale industries such as
advantage of the situation of town with respect to its land and the surrounding dairy poultry farming, handlooms, etc.
environment. • Planning aims to achieve a proper balance between agriculture and industries.

THE OBJECTIVE OF TOWN PLANNING

REGIONAL PLANNING
• Regional planning helps in controlling and reshaping major towns in the region.
• The regional planning helps to develop the region in a coordinate manner.
• It deals with the planning of regional highways, regional transport, regional
water supply, drainage, etc.
• To create and promote HEALTHY CONDITIONS and environments for the
• It also takes into account the overall development of towns, and villages in the
public.
region and provides sites for new towns for rehabilitation for the displaced
• To MAKE RIGHT USE OF THE LAND for the right purpose of zoning.
persons from the main city.
• To ensure ORDERLY DEVELOPMENT.
• To avoid ENCROACHMENT OF ONE ZONE over the other.
NATIONAL PLANNING
• To preserve the INDIVIDUALITY of the town
• The planning process is done on a national level.
To preserve the AESTHETICS in the design of all the elements of a town or a city plan.
• It considered the resources, and potentialities in different fields of the nation as a
whole.
• It helps to utilize the national resources in the best possible way for the
development of the nation.
• Works of national importance such as railways, irrigation, heavy industries, and
hydroelectric works come under national planning.
• Our various Five Year Plans are the example of National Planning.

INTERNATIONAL PLANNING
• International planning came into existence with the establishment of the United
Nations Organization or UNO.
• It aims at promoting cooperation, and goodwill among different nations of the
world.
• UNO has appointed various agencies to conduct surveys in different fields of
human life, like health, housing, food, education, etc., and to provide suitable
solutions to these problems at the international level.

Town Planning 89
 ELEMENTS AND PLANNING PRINCIPAL OF CITY PLAN

LAND USES
Division of urban space into zones based on functions like residential, commercial,
industrial, recreational, etc.
• Importance:
• Prevents haphazard development.
• Enhances efficiency and convenience.
• Encourages mixed-use areas for a balanced environment.
• Examples: Residential zones, commercial districts, industrial areas, green

spaces.

TRANSPORT NETWORK

Efficient transport is the backbone of a well-planned city.

Layout and connectivity of roads, public transit, and pedestrian pathways.
• Importance:
• Reduces traffic congestion.
• Promotes accessibility and connectivity.
• Supports sustainable transportation modes.
• Examples: Roads, bike lanes, public transit routes, pedestrian walkways.

PUBLIC SPACES

Public spaces contribute to the social fabric and community well-being.

• Definition: Areas accessible to all members of the community for social,
cultural, and recreational activities.
• Importance:
• Fosters community interaction.
• Enhances mental and physical health.
• Adds aesthetic value to the city.
• Examples: Parks, plazas, community centers, waterfronts.

VISUAL ILLUSTRATIONS

Visual elements play a crucial role in conveying the city plan.

• Definition: Graphics, maps, and renderings used to represent the city plan
visually.
• Importance:
• Helps stakeholders understand the proposed layout.
• Aids in public engagement and feedback.
• Facilitates communication among planners, policymakers, and the
public.
• Examples: 3D renderings, site plans, aerial views.

INTEGRATION IMPORTANCE

Integration ensures a holistic and sustainable urban environment.

• Definition: Coordinated planning and execution of various elements for a
cohesive city.
• Importance:
• Creates a balanced urban environment.
• Enhances resilience to challenges like climate change.
• Facilitates economic, social, and environmental sustainability.
• Examples: Mixed-use developments, transit-oriented design, green
infrastructure.
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 SHAPES OF PLANS ACCORDING TO ROAD NETWORK

DANDAKA PLAN

1. Grid Layout: The defining feature is a grid of perpendicular streets, creating

well-defined blocks and easy navigation.
2. Centralized Public Spaces: The center often houses important buildings like
the temple, administrative offices, or a public square.
3. Separation of Functions: Different areas might be designated for residential,
commercial, and religious purposes.
4. Emphasis on Order and Symmetry: The layout is often balanced and
symmetrical, reflecting a desire for harmony and order.
5. Social Segregation: Different castes or social classes might occupy designated
areas within the plan.

2. Hierarchical Organization: The plan is organized hierarchically, with the

most important structures located at the center and less important ones
towards the periphery.
3. Symmetry and Balance: The layout is often symmetrical and balanced,
reflecting a desire for harmony and order.
4. Integration of Nature: The plan often incorporates natural elements like
SARVATOBHADRA PLAN water bodies and gardens into its design.
5. Symbolic Meaning: The lotus flower shape carries symbolic meanings
1. Concentric Rings: The plan often features concentric rings, with the most related to purity, enlightenment, and spiritual growth.
important structures like the temple located at the center.
2. Hierarchical Streets: Wider main roads radiate outwards from the center,
with smaller, connecting streets forming a grid within each ring.
3. Mixed-Use Development: Different functions like residential areas, markets,
and workshops are integrated within the plan, promoting a self-contained
community.
4. Gateways and Entrances: Entry points to the town might be marked by
gateways or specific structures, symbolizing boundaries and controlled
access.
5. Adaptability: The plan's modular structure allows for expansion and
adaptation based on the size and needs of the specific town.

SWASTIKA

1. Auspicious Symbol: The swastika is an ancient symbol considered

auspicious in many cultures, representing good luck, prosperity, and the sun.
2. Directional Orientation: The plan is often oriented to the cardinal directions,
with the arms of the swastika pointing north, south, east, and west.
3. Central Focus: A central point or structure, often a temple or public square,
serves as the focal point of the plan.
4. Division of Space: The plan might divide the town into different sectors
based on social, religious, or functional criteria.
5. Symbolic Meaning: The swastika symbol carries a variety of meanings in
different cultures, including Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism.
NANDYAVARTA

1. Swirling Pattern: The layout resembles a swirling pattern, often inspired by

natural forms like conch shells or whirlpools.
2. Central Focus: A central point or structure, often a temple or public
square, serves as the focal point of the plan.
3. Organic Growth: The plan allows for organic growth and expansion, with
new areas added as needed without disrupting the overall structure.
4. Emphasis on Connectivity: The swirling pattern facilitates easy movement
and connectivity between different parts of the town.
5. Symbolic Meaning: The plan's form might carry symbolic meanings related
to spiritual concepts or cosmological beliefs.

PADMAKA

1. Lotus Flower Shape: The layout is inspired by the shape of a lotus flower,
with a central core and radiating petals.

Town Planning 89
 CHATURMUKHA

1. Square or Rectangular Layout: The plan is typically square or rectangular,

with well-defined boundaries.
2. Four Main Entrances: Four main entrances or gates are located at the
cardinal directions (north, south, east, and west).
3. Central Focus: A central point or structure, often a temple or public square,
serves as the focal point of the plan.
4. Directional Symmetry: The layout is often organized symmetrically, with
the four main roads or gates positioned equidistantly.
5. Social Segregation: Different areas might be designated for different castes
or social groups within the plan.

PRASTARA

1. Rectangular Shape: The layout is rectangular or square, with a well-defined

boundary and grid-like pattern of streets.
2. Functional Zoning: The plan divides the town into different zones based on
function, such as residential, commercial, and industrial areas.
3. Public Spaces: The plan includes dedicated public spaces like parks, gardens,
and markets.
4. Defensive Features: The plan might include defensive features like walls,
gates, and forts to protect the town from invaders.
5. Planned Growth: The plan allows for future growth and expansion in a
controlled and organized manner.

KARMUKA

1. Bow-Shaped Layout: The layout resembles the shape of a bow, with a

central spine and two arms extending outwards.
2. Defensive Advantages: The bow-shape provides defensive advantages,
allowing for easy surveillance and defense of the town.
3. Efficient Movement: The layout facilitates efficient movement of people and
goods within the town.
4. Adaptability: The plan can be adapted to different terrains and geographic
conditions.
5. Symbolic Meaning: The bow shape might carry symbolic meanings related
to strength, protection, and victory.

Town Planning 89
  Security and Surveillance: Installation of CCTV cameras and enhanced security
measures in and around important tourist spots to ensure the safety of visitors.

Community Involvement:

 Stakeholder Engagement: Engaging local communities in tourism management and

decision-making processes to ensure that development benefits them and respects local
traditions and lifestyles.
 Employment Opportunities: Creating employment opportunities for locals in the
tourism sector, which include training programs in hospitality, tour guiding, and
conservation efforts.

Health and Safety:

 Medical Facilities: Ensuring adequate medical facilities are available, including

emergency services and first aid stations near major tourist spots.
 Information and Signage: Clear information and safety signages in multiple languages
to guide tourists effectively.

Modernization and Development:

 Heritage Conservation: Efforts are underway to preserve Dwarka's historical

character. Government initiatives and urban development plans focus on protecting
heritage buildings and traditional architectural styles.

Dwarka , located in the state of Gujarat, India, is one of the oldest and
 Focus on Pilgrimage Tourism: As a major pilgrimage destination, Dwarka caters to a
large influx of visitors. The planning incorporates facilities like pilgrim
accommodations, dharamshalas (rest houses), and infrastructure for religious
most significant pilgrimage centers in the country, famed for its deep-rooted connection to
Hindu mythology and as the ancient kingdom of Lord Krishna. Planning features in ceremonies.
Dwarka not only focus on managing the city's significant influx of pilgrims but also on  Improved Connectivity: Road and transportation networks are being upgraded to
preserving its rich cultural heritage, historical sites, and natural environment. Here are enhance accessibility for pilgrims and tourists. This includes improved connections to
some key aspects of the planning features in Dwarka, Gujarat: nearby cities and airports.

Historical Significance:
Challenges and Considerations:
 Centered around Dwarkadhish Temple: The city is built around the revered
Dwarkadhish Temple, dedicated to Lord Krishna. The temple complex itself is a
significant historical landmark, influencing the city's layout.  Balancing Heritage and Growth: The challenge lies in accommodating the needs of a
growing population while preserving Dwarka's unique heritage and architectural
 Narrow Streets and Traditional Housing: The older areas of Dwarka feature narrow character.
streets and closely built traditional houses. This design was likely influenced by factors  Sustainable Practices: Efforts are being made to incorporate sustainable practices,
like defense and creating a shaded environment. such as waste management and water conservation, into the city's development plans.

Tourism Infrastructure:
 Coastal Management: Located on the coast, Dwarka needs to consider coastal erosion
and sea level rise in its planning strategies.
 Accommodation: Enhanced infrastructure to accommodate the large number of pilgrims
and tourists, ranging from budget lodges to luxury hotels.
 Transportation: Improved connectivity with major cities through road, rail, and nearby
airports (e.g., Jamnagar and Rajkot airports). Local transportation improvements include
better roads, signages, and public transport facilities.
 Facilities: Adequate facilities such as clean toilets, drinking water, and food courts near
major tourist attractions to cater to visitors.

Heritage Conservation:

 Preservation of temples and ancient structures: The city includes significant historical
sites such as the Dwarkadhish Temple, believed to be over 2,500 years old. Efforts are
ongoing to preserve and restore these ancient structures while ensuring they can
accommodate modern-day visitors.
 Museum and Cultural Centers: Establishing museums and cultural centers to educate
visitors about Dwarka’s historical and mythological importance.

Environmental Sustainability:

 Coastal and Marine Conservation: Protection of coastal areas and marine life, especially
since Dwarka is located at the mouth of the Gomti River on the Arabian Sea. Initiatives
might include cleaning drives, regulated marine activities, and awareness programs
about marine biodiversity.
 Waste Management: Systems to efficiently manage the waste generated by tourists,
including recycling processes and proper disposal methods to minimize environmental
impact.

Urban Infrastructure:

 Flood Management: As a coastal city, Dwarka requires effective flood management

systems to deal with issues like high tides and flooding during the monsoon season.
 Public Spaces: Development of public spaces such as parks, gardens, and walking paths
that enhance the city’s aesthetic appeal and provide recreational areas for residents and
visitors.

Smart City Features: 1. Enhancement of sense of arrival of approach road road between Dwarka-Beyt
Dwarka & Dwarka-Nageshwar Jyotirling-Gopi Talav (Resurfacing, Edge Enhancement,
 Digital Initiatives: Implementing e-services for tourists for online bookings, virtual safety features such as shoulders, SOS booths, medians, reflectors & shyness, Signage,
tours, and digital information desks. Lighting, wayside amenities, halting points)

Town Planning 89
 2. Need and Intent – Expected Benefits
1. Enhanced Visitor Experience: The Samudra Narayan Temple precinct development
The enhancement of the sense of arrival in Dwarka through the improvement of the will offer a serene and spiritually uplifting experience for pilgrims and tourists,
approach road is essential to create a positive and memorable first impression for providing a space for introspection and devotion.
tourists. The intent behind this intervention is to provide visitors with a warm welcome, 2. Cultural Heritage Preservation: The program's focus on preserving heritage structures
a sense of anticipation, and a glimpse of the destination's uniqueness. This initiative and implementing edge protection measures will contribute to the conservation of the
aims to make the journey to Dwarka and other destinations an integral part of the temple's historical and cultural significance.
overall tourism experience while promoting a sense of place and cultural identity. 3. Tourism Promotion: The improved ambiance and facilities at the temple precinct will
attract more tourists, contributing to the promotion of Dwarka as a spiritual and
PROGRAM FEATURES culturally rich destination.
Sense of Arrival Enhancement: 4. Economic Growth: The increased tourist footfall is likely to boost local businesses,
• Gateways: Eye-catching gateways marking the entry points to Dwarka create a sense creating economic opportunities for the surrounding community.
of anticipation and arrival for visitors. 5. Spiritual Significance: The development will enhance the spiritual significance of the
• Wayside Amenities: Creating designated stopping points with amenities such as Samudra Narayan Temple, making it a sought-after destination for devotees seeking
restrooms, refreshment stalls, and seating areas to provide travelers with necessary spiritual experiences.
facilities.
• Tourist facilitation centre: The establishment of a Tourist Facilitation Centre is 3. Seafront Development, Cultural, Recreational and Eco Tourism Activities
essential for providing a centralized and organized source of information to enhance the
overall tourism experience in Dwarka and the Okha Mandal region. It will serve as a Need and Intent
one-stop destination for tourists to gather detailed information about various attractions,
historical sites, cultural events, accommodations, transportation, and local services. The need arises from the desire to provide visitors with a diverse range of experiences,
• Landscaping: Thoughtfully designed landscaping enhances the aesthetics of the including cultural immersion, recreational activities, and eco-tourism opportunities. The
approach road. intent is to develop a dynamic and sustainable destination that showcases the region's rich
• Public Wi-Fi and Connectivity: Provide free public Wi-Fi and improve connectivity cultural heritage, offers engaging recreational activities, and promotes eco-friendly tourism
in the area to enhance the digital experience of visitors. practices. As part of the development of Dwarka Seafront development and cultural and
• Road Resurfacing: Upgrading the road surface to ensure smooth and safe travel, eco-tourism activities in the town, following improvements are proposed to be taken up in
minimizing wear and tear on vehicles, and providing a more comfortable journey. the following components:
• Safety Features: Implementing safety measures such as well-marked shoulders, SOS • Sunset Point
booths, medians, reflectors, and road signs to enhance road safety for both tourists and • Cultural & Recreational Point
residents. • Saroj, Padmini and Ravla Lake Development
• Signage and Lighting: Installing clear and informative signage along the route to
guide travelers and improve navigation, along with proper lighting for safe driving Program Features
during nighttime. 1. Restoration of Existing Site: Restore and enhance the existing site, preserving its natural
•Implementation of smart traffic management system at major attractions. beauty and ensuring that it aligns with the overall development plan.
2. Edge Protection Work: Implement edge protection measures to ensure the safety of
EXPECTED BENEFITS visitors and prevent any damage to the shoreline and surrounding ecosystem.
3. Photo Booth: Set up photo booths with picturesque backdrops, allowing tourists to
• Enhanced Tourist Experience: The improved approach road and connectivity to capture memorable moments against the stunning sunset views.
attractions enhance the overall travel experience, making it more enjoyable and 4. Street Furniture and Other Public Infrastructure: Install comfortable street furniture,
comfortable. public rest areas, and other necessary infrastructure to enhance visitor comfort and
• Safety and Accessibility: Enhanced safety measures, well-lit roads, and proper convenience.
signage ensure safe travel for tourists. 5. Viewing Decks: Construct elevated viewing decks strategically placed along the
• Promotion of Tourism: Well-developed infrastructure attracts more tourists, boosting seafront to provide unobstructed views of the sunset and the surrounding landscape. 6.
the local economy and generating revenue. Sea-Front Road integrated with EVs / Shuttles: Develop a well-planned and eco-friendly
• Community Development: Loc l co un t es’ benef t fro increased tourism-related seafront road, integrated with electric vehicles and shuttles, to ensure smooth
economic opportunities, like hospitality and services. transportation for tourists along the coastal area.
• Sustainability: The intervention promotes sustainable tourism practices by providing 7. Plots for Sale to Hotels & Eco Resorts: Allocate plots for hotels and eco-resorts to
safe and ecofriendly travel options. encourage responsible tourism development and provide accommodation options near the
• Time and Resource Efficiency: Centralized information saves time for visitors who cultural and recreational hub.
may otherwise struggle to find reliable information from various sources. 8. Tent City: Set up a tent city, providing unique and eco-friendly lodging options for
• Promotion of Local Businesses: The center can promote local businesses, tourists seeking a closer connection with nature.
accommodations, restaurants, and services, contributing to the economic growth of the 9. Children Amenities Park: Create a dedicated park with amenities catering to children,
area. offering play areas, interactive installations, and educational activities.
• Cultural Exchange: By offering insights into local culture and traditions, the centre 10. Public Plazas and Engagement Points: Design public plazas and engagement points to
fosters cultural exchange and understanding between tourists and the local community. host cultural events, performances, and interactive sessions for visitors to experience the
Key Stakeholders The main stakeholders for this project are Government Authorities, local culture.
Gujarat Tourism, Architects, Transportation Department, Artisans, Tourists, and Local 11. Boating and Ferry Services and Activities with Community Engagement: Introduce
Communities. boating and ferry services, along with community engagement programs, to involve local
communities in promoting eco-tourism and preserving the marine ecosystem. 12. Tourist
2. Revamping of the Temple Precinct Area: Samudra Narayan Temple, Bhatkeshwar Interpretation Centre: Establish a tourist interpretation center to provide information about
Temple, Rukminidevi Temple & Nageshwar Jyotriling. the local culture, history, and natural surroundings.
13. Cultural Center, Exhibition Gallery, Multipurpose Hall, and Open-Air Theatre:
Need and Intent Construct cultural facilities like a cultural center, exhibition gallery, multipurpose hall, and
open-air theatre to promote local arts, performances, and events.
The need arises from the importance of revitalizing and beautifying this sacred site, 14. ITDC Restaurant and Cafeteria: Introduce a restaurant and cafeteria managed by ITDC
which holds significant religious importance and attracts pilgrims and tourists seeking (Indian Tourism Development Corporation) to offer tourists a taste of local cuisine and
spiritual solace. The intent is to develop the temple precinct and its surroundings in a culinary experiences.
way that provides a serene and spiritually uplifting ambiance, while also ensuring the 15. Souvenir and Shopping Shops: Set up souvenir and shopping shops featuring locally
preservation and conservation of the temple's heritage. made products and handicrafts, supporting the livelihoods of local artisans and
entrepreneurs.
Program Features 16. Lake Edge Development and Protection: Develop the lakefront area while ensuring the
1. Site & Surrounding Landscape Development: Beautify the temple site and its protection and preservation of the lakes' ecosystems and surrounding natural habitats.
surrounding landscape, including landscaping, thematic lighting, and the addition of 17. Recreational Activities around Lake: Offer a variety of recreational activities like
greenery to create a tranquil and aesthetically pleasing environment. boating, fishing, and other water-based activities to engage visitors and provide a unique
2. Edge Protection Work: Implement edge protection measures to ensure the safety of lakefront experience.
visitors and prevent any encroachment or damage to the temple's periphery. 18. Walking, Cycling Tracks, and Trails: Create well-maintained walking, cycling tracks,
3. Temple Precinct Development: Develop the temple precinct area, preserving heritage and nature trails around the lakes, allowing tourists to explore the picturesque
structures, and incorporating elements such as seating areas, information kiosks, and surroundings and enjoy outdoor activities.
thematic signage to enrich the visitor experience.
4. Connectivity Road: Develop a well-designed and well-maintained connectivity road Expected Benefits
leading to the Bhatkeshwar Temple precinct, providing easy access for visitors. 5. 1. Tourism Attraction: The Sunset Point as a Seafront Development, Cultural,
Restoration of Existing Site & Temple Precinct: Restore and revitalize the existing site Recreational, and EcoTourism Activities and The Saroj, Ravala, Padmini Lake Front
and temple precinct, including heritage structures, to preserve its historical and Development will become a major tourism attraction, drawing visitors seeking scenic
architectural significance. 6. Street Furniture and Other Public Infrastructure: Install beauty, cultural experiences, and leisure activities.
aesthetically pleasing street furniture, public rest areas, and other necessary 2. Cultural Immersion: By integrating cultural elements and organizing events around the
infrastructure to enhance visitor comfort and convenience. lakes, visitors can engage in cultural immersion and experience the local traditions.

Town Planning 89
 3. Eco-Tourism Promotion: The vibrant cultural and recreational hub will attract more
tourists, positioning Dwarka as an alluring and transformative destination while the Land Use Planning:
development's focuing on environmental conservation and sustainable practices will
promote eco-tourism and raise awareness about protecting the lakes and their
surroundings. • Mixed-use Development: Letchworth was designed to integrate residential, industrial, and
4. Recreational Opportunities: The availability of recreational activities will provide agricultural zones. This layout was intended to provide residents with proximity to both
visitors with various options for leisure and relaxation, enhancing their overall experience their workplaces and green spaces, reducing the need for long commutes and enhancing
in Dwarka. quality of life.
5. Diverse Experiences: The Cultural & Recreational Point will offer a diverse range of • Zoning: Specific areas were designated for different purposes, such as housing, industry,
cultural, recreational, and eco-tourism experiences, catering to the interests of different and agriculture, with careful attention to ensuring that industrial areas did not encroach on
types of tourists. residential zones.
6. Cultural Exchange: Cultural events and facilities will promote cultural exchange,
enabling visitors to learn about and appreciate the region's traditions and heritage. Green Spaces and Parklands:
7. Economic Growth: The development of accommodation options, dining, shopping, and
recreational activities will boost local businesses and contribute to economic growth in the • Green Belts: A defining feature of Letchworth is its extensive green belts that surround and
area. penetrate residential areas. These green belts serve as buffers, recreational areas, and
8. Environmental Conservation: The emphasis on eco-friendly practices and community wildlife corridors, promoting biodiversity and environmental sustainability.
engagement will promote environmental conservation and responsible tourism. • Public Parks and Gardens: The city includes numerous parks and gardens that are centrally
9. Tourism Promotion: The vibrant cultural and recreational hub will attract more tourists, located and easily accessible to all residents, fostering a sense of community and
positioning Dwarka as an alluring and transformative destination. wellbeing.
4. • Transportation:

_-_ • Walkability and Cycling Paths: Letchworth was designed to be pedestrian- and cyclist-
friendly, with comprehensive pathways and cycle routes that encourage walking and
biking as primary modes of transport.
• Road Layout: The city features a radial street pattern from the center, combined with a
hierarchical road system that includes main arterial roads and smaller residential streets,
reducing traffic congestion in living areas.
• Architectural Control:
• Building Codes: Strict building codes were implemented to maintain architectural
harmony and control urban sprawl. These codes ensured that buildings complemented
each other and the natural surroundings.
• Design Aesthetics: The Garden City movement emphasized aesthetics and human scale in
architecture, promoting designs that were both functional and beautiful, often featuring
Arts and Crafts or Tudor Revival styles.
• Community Facilities:
• Educational, Cultural, and Health Facilities: Letchworth provided for all aspects of
community life, including schools, libraries, museums, and hospitals, all strategically
placed to be accessible to every resident.
• Community Centers and Clubs: These were integral in Howard’s vision to foster a strong
community spirit and social cohesion within the garden city.
• Sustainable Practices:
• Local Food Production: Agricultural areas within and around the city were meant to

Letchworth Garden City , established in the

•
provide local food, reducing dependency on distant sources and promoting sustainability.
Energy Efficiency: Modern initiatives might include sustainable building practices,
early 20th century, is known for its innovative town planning principles. Here are some renewable energy installations, and community recycling programs.
key features that define Letchworth's unique planning:
• Economic Development:
• Local Employment: The original plan encouraged local employment opportunities with its
Garden City Principles: provision for industrial zones within the city limits, which helped in achieving a balanced
and self-sustaining economy.

 Balance between Town and Country: Letchworth aimed to combine the

• Support for Local Businesses: Small businesses and crafts were supported through local
economic policies, helping maintain a robust local economy and reduce the need for
benefits of urban living with access to nature. This is reflected in the presence
commuting to larger cities.
of green belts, parks, and allotments throughout the town.
 Separation of Uses: Residential areas are separated from industrial zones by
green buffers, ensuring a healthy environment for residents.
 Limited Densities: Letchworth was designed to avoid overcrowding. Lower
housing densities create a sense of spaciousness and promote a connection
with nature.
 Hierarchy of Roads: The town incorporates a network of roads with varying
speeds and purposes, prioritizing pedestrian and bicycle traffic in residential
areas.

Architectural Character:

 The "Letchworth Look": Housing in Letchworth is characterized by a distinct

architectural style. This style typically features red roof tiles, roughcast render cladding
over bricks, green details like drainpipes and doors, and elements like gables and dormer
windows. This style aimed for a harmonious and aesthetically pleasing built environment.
 Preservation of Character: Strict building codes and conservation efforts ensure that the
town's original architectural character is preserved.

Modern Considerations:

 Sustainable Practices: Efforts are underway to incorporate sustainable practices like

waste management, energy efficiency, and water conservation into the town's
infrastructure.
 Modern Amenities: While maintaining its historical charm, Letchworth also offers
modern amenities like shopping centers, schools, and recreational facilities.

Town Planning 89
Town Planning 89
Mathura , a city
steeped in mythology and religion,
presents a unique challenge for urban
planning and architectural features.
Here's a breakdown of the interesting
aspects to consider:

Respecting the Historic Core:

Mathura's heart lies in its ancient

temples, particularly those dedicated
to Lord Krishna. These temples, like
the Keshav Dev Temple, define the
city's architectural character. New
development should be sensitive to
this heritage, incorporating traditional
elements and materials.
Opens in a new window
www.tourmyindia.com
Keshav Dev Temple, Mathura

Accommodating Pilgrims:

Mathura is a major Hindu pilgrimage

center. This means the city needs
infrastructure to accommodate large
influxes of visitors during festivals.
This could include spacious public
spaces, dharamshalas (pilgrim rest
houses), and efficient transportation
systems.

Balancing Modernity and Tradition:

Mathura can embrace modern features

while preserving its cultural identity.
Sustainable building practices,
energy-efficient designs, and wide
pedestrian walkways can all be
incorporated while still using
traditional red sandstone and intricate
carvings.

Public Spaces and the Yamuna Riverfront:

The Yamuna River is a central feature of Mathura. Developing the riverfront into a public
space with parks, walkways, and cultural centers would not only beautify the city but also
provide much-needed recreational areas.

Unplanned Areas and Smart Solutions:

While Vrindavan, Mathura's twin city, has a developed temple complex, Mathura itself has
grown organically. Architects can use smart city planning principles to improve traffic flow,
waste management, and overall infrastructure in these areas.

Town Planning 89
The town planning of

Lothal , a
crucial Indus Valley
Civilization city, was quite
advanced for its time. Here's
a glimpse into its ingenious
design:

Strategic Location:

Lothal's planners picked a

spot with access to both
inland river routes and the
coast. This made it a natural
hub for trade, possibly for
the entire Indus Valley
Civilization.

Flood Protection:

The city was built on raised

platforms (1-2 meters high)
made of sun-dried bricks.
This protected the
inhabitants from the area's
frequent floods.

Two Sectors: The Citadel

and Lower Town

Lothal was divided into two

main zones:

Citadel (Acropolis): This

elevated area likely housed
the elite. Archaeologists
have found houses with
features like paved bathing
platforms, sophisticated
underground drainage
systems (including some
made with fired bricks), and
wells with clean water
access. The acropolis also
housed a significant
warehouse, with a
convenient ramp leading
down to the basin on the
eastern side of the town.

Lower Town: Subdivided

further into two sectors, this
area likely housed most of
the city's residents. The
houses were built with thick
mud and brick walls.

Grid Pattern and Sanitation:

The city had a well-planned grid layout with streets intersecting at right angles. A well-
developed drainage system ensured cleanliness, with evidence even pointing to toilets
being used. This highlights the emphasis on hygiene even in this ancient civilization.

Overall, Lothal's city planning showcased impressive foresight and engineering skills.
The focus on flood protection, social divisions, and sanitation demonstrates a surprisingly
sophisticated urban center.

Town Planning 89
Bhubaneswar , the capital of Odisha, is known for its
interesting blend of ancient heritage and modern planning principles. Here's a breakdown
of some key features that define Bhubaneswar's urban design:

Origins in Planned Development:

Unlike many Indian cities, Bhubaneswar wasn't just an organic settlement that grew over
time. It was consciously planned in the 1940s by German architect Otto Koenigsberger.
https://www.slideshare.net/KharunyaChitravelu/bhubaneswar-urban-planning
Koenigsberger's vision centered on a linear city with a central arterial road (Janpath) as the
spine. Neighborhood units with designated commercial and residential areas branched off
from this main artery.
Neighborhood Planning Principles:

Each neighborhood unit was designed to be self-contained, with amenities like schools,
parks, and shops within walking distance. This fostered a sense of community and reduced
reliance on cars.
Open spaces and green belts were incorporated throughout the city plan, providing a
balance between built-up areas and nature.
Modern Adaptations:

While the core principles of Koenigsberger's plan remain, Bhubaneswar has adapted to
accommodate a growing population and changing needs.
Areas beyond the original six neighborhoods have seen development, with a mix of
residential and commercial zones.
Public transportation, like the Bhubaneswar Bus Rapid Transit System (BRTS), has been
introduced to address traffic congestion.
Smart city initiatives are being implemented to improve infrastructure, waste management,
and sustainability.
Challenges and Considerations:

As with any growing city, Bhubaneswar faces challenges like traffic congestion and
ensuring planned amenities are available in newer areas.
Balancing the need for development with preserving the city's heritage is an ongoing
concern.

Town Planning 89
Rani Nagar Amodern transport
Focus on Modern Amenities:

Well-defined plots or residential units: Depending on the type of development (plots,

apartments, etc.), clear layouts and proper infrastructure would be a priority.
system relies on three main components working together
efficiently:
Green spaces and parks: Modern residential developments often incorporate parks and
playgrounds to provide recreational areas and improve air quality. 1. Infrastructure: This refers to the physical foundation that enables movement. It
Walkable pathways and cycling infrastructure: Promoting a healthy lifestyle and consists of two main categories:
reducing car dependence might be a consideration. o Networks: These are the designated routes for vehicles to travel on. Examples
Underground utilities: Modern developments tend to have underground wiring and include:
cabling for a cleaner look and improved safety.
Community amenities: Depending on the scale of the project, features like a
 Road networks: Highways, streets, and dedicated lanes for bicycles or buses.
clubhouse, swimming pool, or gym could be offered.  Rail networks: Train tracks for various types of trains (passenger, freight, high-speed).
Sustainable Practices:  Water networks: Canals, rivers (inland navigation), and seaports (for cargo ships).
 Air networks: Defined flight paths for airplanes.
Rainwater harvesting: This method of collecting rainwater can be used for irrigation or
other non-potable purposes, reducing dependence on municipal water supplies. o Terminals: These are the starting, ending, or transfer points within a network.
Solar power integration: Encouraging the use of solar panels for electricity generation Examples include:
can contribute to a sustainable environment.  Airports for airplanes
Energy-efficient building codes: Using materials and designs that minimize energy  Train stations for trains
consumption could be a focus.
Waste management systems: Proper waste collection and disposal facilities would be
 Bus terminals for buses
essential.  Ports for ships
Smart City Features (if applicable): 2. Vehicles: These are the machines that carry people or goods along the transport
infrastructure. They can be broadly classified into:
Smart meters for water and electricity: These meters allow for real-time monitoring of o Passenger vehicles: Cars, buses, trains, airplanes, bicycles, and even trams or
usage and potential leak detection. rickshaws depending on the location.
Traffic management systems: Intelligent traffic lights and signage can improve traffic o Freight vehicles: Trucks, cargo ships, airplanes specifically designed for cargo, and
flow. even freight trains.
Waste collection sensors: Sensors in bins can indicate fullness and optimize waste 3. Management Systems: These are the technologies and practices that ensure the
collection routes. smooth and efficient operation of the entire transport system. They include:
Remember, this is a hypothetical scenario based on common planning features in new o Traffic management systems: Traffic lights, signage, and intelligent transportation
developments. The actual features of Rani Nagar would depend on various factors like systems (ITS) that use sensors and data to optimize traffic flow.
the developer's vision, local regulations, and the specific needs of the residents.
o Air traffic control (ATC): Systems that manage the movement of airplanes in
airspace to prevent collisions and ensure safety.
Here are some ways to find more specific information:
o Scheduling and ticketing systems: Online platforms or apps that allow passengers to
Search online: Try searching for "[Rani Nagar Location] Development Plan" or "[Rani book tickets and plan their journeys.
Nagar Location] master plan" to see if the developer or local authorities have o Logistics and supply chain management: Systems that optimize the movement of
published any information. goods from origin to destination efficiently.
Contact the developer: If Rani Nagar is a new development project, the developer's MODERN TOWN PLANNING
website or brochures might showcase planned features. Modern town planning incorporates a range of features designed to create sustainable,
Look for real estate listings: Real estate agents might advertise properties in Rani healthy, and vibrant communities. Here are some key characteristics:
Nagar and mention some of the planned amenities in their listings. Mixed-Use Development:
 Modern planning encourages a mix of residential, commercial, and recreational areas
within a walkable distance. This reduces reliance on cars, fosters a sense of
community, and allows residents to access essential services easily.
Walkability and Cycling Infrastructure:
 Creating pedestrian-friendly environments with well-maintained sidewalks, designated
crossings, and shared spaces for pedestrians and cyclists is a priority. Dedicated
cycling lanes and secure bike parking further promote active transportation.
Public Transportation Integration:
 Efficient public transport systems like buses, trams, or metros are crucial for
connecting different parts of the town and reducing traffic congestion. Modern
planning emphasizes seamless integration between different modes of transportation.
Green Spaces and Sustainability:
 Parks, playgrounds, and green spaces are essential for recreation, improving air
quality, and mitigating the urban heat island effect. Sustainable practices like rainwater
harvesting, energy-efficient buildings, and use of renewable energy sources are
incorporated wherever possible.
Smart City Technologies:
 Many modern towns are embracing smart city technologies to improve efficiency in
areas like traffic management, waste collection, and resource utilization. Sensors, data
analytics, and connected infrastructure can optimize resource allocation and enhance
citizen services.
Community Engagement and Preservation:
 Modern town planning involves public participation throughout the process. Residents'
needs and concerns are considered when developing plans, and efforts are made to
preserve the town's unique character and historical heritage.
Focus on Social Infrastructure:
 Easy access to quality education, healthcare facilities, and social services is crucial.
Modern planning ensures these amenities are well-distributed throughout the town and
cater to the diverse needs of the population.
Resilience and Adaptation:
 Considering potential challenges like climate change or natural disasters is important.
Planning incorporates measures to improve the town's resilience and ability to adapt to
changing circumstances.
Examples of Modern Town Planning:
 Songdo, South Korea: A new city built with a focus on sustainability and smart
technologies.
 Woonerften, Netherlands: Neighborhoods designed to prioritize pedestrians and
cyclists over cars.

Town Planning 89
 Medellin, Colombia: A city that transformed itself through innovative public  Connectivity: Upgradation of transport networks, including the Ayodhya Railway
transportation, green spaces, and social programs. Station, which is being designed with a thematic resemblance to ancient temples, will
Town planning in 2124 improve accessibility for pilgrims and tourists.
Predicting the future with absolute certainty is impossible, but based on current trends Sustainable Development:
and technological advancements, here are some possible changes in architectural town
planning by 2124:
 Riverfront development: The Saryu River, a holy site in Ayodhya, will see
beautification projects with parks, walkways, and potentially water sports facilities,
Vertical Cities and Green Integration:
promoting recreation and environmental consciousness.
 Upward Expansion: As land becomes scarcer, cities might expand vertically, with
 Greening the city: Leaving 70% of the 70-acre core temple complex area green
megastructures housing entire communities. These structures could be self-sufficient
signifies a commitment to environmental preservation.
with vertical farms integrated into the design, reducing reliance on external food
Economic Growth Initiatives:
sources.
 Biomimicry and Green Facades: Buildings might incorporate features inspired by
 Tourism focus: The plan aims to create a holistic tourism experience by integrating
cultural heritage with Ayurvedic practices and traditional crafts. This could involve
nature, like self-regulating temperature control systems or facades covered in
designated zones for artisans and cultural performances.
vegetation to improve air quality and aesthetics.
Sustainability and Resource Management:  Smart City benefits: Improved infrastructure and efficient management can attract
 Renewable Energy Integration: Buildings could be designed to generate their own businesses and create job opportunities.
Challenges and Considerations:
energy through solar panels, wind turbines, or geothermal systems.
 Waste Management and Recycling: Closed-loop systems could minimize waste
 Balancing modernization with heritage: Preserving the spiritual character of
Ayodhya while incorporating modern features will require careful planning.
generation, and efficient recycling programs might be implemented within buildings or
neighborhoods.  Managing pilgrim influx: Effective crowd management strategies will be crucial
 Water Harvesting and Conservation: Rainwater harvesting and greywater recycling during festivals and peak seasons.
could become standard practices to reduce strain on freshwater resources.  Sustainable practices: Ensuring long-term environmental sustainability through
Advanced Technologies and Automation: responsible waste management and water usage is vital.
 Smart Homes and Buildings: Homes and buildings might be equipped with sensors The Ayodhya planning features showcase a multifaceted approach. By focusing on
both spiritual significance and modern advancements, the aim is to create a thriving
and AI systems that manage energy consumption, security, and comfort levels
pilgrimage destination that caters to the needof visitors while safeguarding its rich
automatically.
cultural heritage.
 3D Printing and Robotics: Construction techniques could utilize 3D printing for
faster and more precise building or utilize robots for hazardous or repetitive tasks.
 Hyperloop or Advanced Transportation: Integration of hyperloop technology or
other advanced transportation systems could revolutionize how people move within
and between towns.
Focus on Well-being and Community:
 Mixed-Reality and Virtual Spaces: Public spaces might incorporate augmented or
virtual reality experiences for recreation, education, or social interaction.
 Focus on Mental Health: Architecture could prioritize features that promote mental
well-being, such as ample natural light, access to green spaces, and designs that
encourage social interaction.
 Personalized Living Environments: Homes and buildings might adapt to individual
needs and preferences, with adjustable layouts or customizable features.
Challenges and Considerations:
 Social Equity and Accessibility: Ensuring equitable access to these advancements for
all residents will be crucial.
 Regulations and Infrastructure: Adapting regulations and infrastructure to
accommodate these changes will be an ongoing process.
 Ethical Considerations: The potential impact of advanced technologies on privacy,
social interaction, and environmental sustainability will need careful consideration.

AYODHYA
PLANNING

Preserving Spiritual Significance:

 Heritage site development: Core areas around the Ram Janmabhoomi temple will be
revitalized, ensuring proper upkeep of existing temples and historical structures.
 Pilgrim facilities: Development of pilgrim amenities like dharamshalas (rest houses),
improved sanitation, and designated bathing areas will enhance the experience for
visitors.
Improved Infrastructure:
 Smart City Features: Integration of smart technologies for traffic management, waste
collection, and security will improve overall efficiency.
 Accessibility: Augmentation of existing infrastructure like water supply, sewage
systems, and power grids will ensure smooth functioning of the city.

Town Planning 89
Passenger Car Units (PCU) in Traffic Flow and Road Capacity
A Passenger Car Unit (PCU) is a unit used in transportation engineering to represent the
impact a vehicle has on traffic flow compared to a standard passenger car. It essentially
translates different vehicle sizes and behaviours into a common unit for easier traffic
analysis.
PCU Calculation:
PCU values are not fixed numbers and can vary depending on factors like:
 Vehicle Type: Cars are assigned a PCU of 1, while larger vehicles like buses or
trucks might be assigned a value of 2 or 3 due to their size and impact on traffic
flow (slower speeds, larger following distances). Motorcycles or scooters might
be assigned a value of 0.5 due to their smaller size.
 Roadway Characteristics: Lane width, shoulder presence, and roadside
obstacles can influence how different vehicles interact and manoeuvre.
 Traffic Conditions: Speed, congestion levels, and lane discipline can affect how
much a vehicle disrupts traffic flow.
Specific PCU values are determined by regional transportation authorities and
documented in manuals.
Significance of PCU:
PCU plays a vital role in evaluating traffic flow and road capacity because:
 Compares Different Vehicles: It allows us to compare the traffic impact of a
mix of vehicles (cars, buses, trucks) to a single unit (passenger car). This
simplifies calculations and analysis.
 Estimates Road Capacity: By converting traffic flow into PCUs per hour, we
can estimate the maximum number of vehicles a road can handle before
congestion sets in.
 Traffic Management Strategies: Understanding PCU helps evaluate the impact
of different traffic management strategies like bus lanes, carpooling incentives, or
road widening on overall traffic flow.
PCU and Right-of-Way (ROW) Design
Right-of-Way (ROW):
The ROW is the designated area allocated for a road, including lanes, shoulders,
sidewalks, and medians. Understanding PCU is crucial for designing efficient ROW
configurations for urban roads.
Using a Sketch of ROW:
Imagine a sketch of a four-lane urban road with the following details:
 Two lanes dedicated to car traffic
 One lane for buses
One lane for bicycles
By understanding PCU values, a transportation planner can:
 Lane Allocation: Analyse if dedicating a full lane for buses (with a higher PCU)
is efficient. Maybe a shared lane with car traffic (with lower individual PCU)
during off-peak hours could work.
 Shoulder Width: Consider if wider shoulders are needed to accommodate
occasional large trucks (higher PCU) safely without disrupting car traffic flow.
 Bicycle Lane Width: Ensure the bicycle lane (with lower PCU) is wide enough
for safe cycling while not sacrificing car lane capacity (higher PCU).
Decision-Making:
By considering PCU and analysing different ROW configurations, planners can make
informed decisions about:
 Traffic Flow Optimization: Allocate lanes efficiently to cater to the dominant
traffic mix and minimize congestion.
 Safety Improvements: Designate appropriate lane widths and shoulders for safe
movement of all vehicle types based on their PCU values.
 Public Transport Integration: Encourage bus usage by dedicating lanes or
optimizing mixed-lane flow based on PCU analysis.

Town Planning 89
 Deconstructivism is a postmodern
architectural movement which appeared in the 1980s. It gives the impression of the
Architect Notable Buildings Architectural
Features of Each
Building
Philosophies

Alvar Aalto 1. Villa Mairea<br> 1. Integration with Humanistic

fragmentation of the constructed building, commonly characterised by an absence of 2. Finlandia Hall<br> nature, organic approach to
obvious harmony, continuity, or symmetry. 3. Paimio forms<br> modernism,
 Deconstructivism emerged in the late 1980s and early 1990s in art, architecture, and Sanatorium<br> 2. Wavy roof, harmony with
philosophy. 4. Baker House<br> abstract forms<br> nature.
 The style features angular, distorted forms and conflicting geometries, drawing from 5. Helsinki University 3. Functionalism,
French philosopher Jacques Derrida’s ideas. of Technology natural
 Notable architects in this movement include Coop Himmelb(l)au, Zaha Hadid, and Frank lighting<br>
Gehry, among others. 4. Wavy façade,
river views<br>
 Two key 1988 events popularized Deconstructivism: an exhibition at the Museum of
5. Red brick,
Modern Art in New York and a conference at the Tate Gallery in London. functional layout
 The New York exhibition showcased avant-garde architectural forms, while the London Oscar 1. Brasília (several 1. Futuristic Curves and free
conference emphasized Derridian philosophy. Niemeyer buildings)<br> columns, curving forms; sculptural
 Deconstruction in philosophy critiques paradoxes in Western metaphysics but is not 2. Niterói structures<br> modernism with a
intended to be nihilistic. Contemporary Art 2. Saucer-like focus on aesthetics.
 Architect Bernard Tschumi’s design for Parc de la Vilette in Paris in 1983 exemplified Museum<br> structure,
architectural deconstruction by using a nonhierarchical layout. 3. Cathedral of panoramic
 Derrida’s collaboration with Peter Eisenman at Parc de la Vilette further tied his Brasília<br> views<br>
philosophical concepts to architectural design. 4. Edifício Copan<br> 3. Hyperboloid
5. Oscar Niemeyer structure, stained
 The term "Deconstructivism" has waned in architectural literature but remains
Museum glass roof<br>
influential in practice, as seen in popular works like Gehry’s Guggenheim Museum 4. Wavy façade,
in Bilbao. large-scale
 Deconstructivism challenges traditional architectural forms but still aligns with residential<br>
modernist trajectories despite its philosophical roots. 5. Eye-shaped
structure, reflective
pool
Louis Kahn 1. Salk Institute<br> 1. Precise Monumental
Architect Notable Philosophies/Approach Architectural 2. Kimbell Art alignment, open architecture;
Works Features Museum<br> courtyards<br> integration of light
Frank Gehry Guggenheim Emphasizes organic forms Curvilinear forms, 3. National Assembly 2. Vaulted ceilings, and form.
Museum, and materiality, challenging titanium cladding, Building, natural light<br>
Bilbao traditional architectural organic and fluid Bangladesh<br> 3. Massive
aesthetics and structural shapes. 4. Yale University Art geometric
forms. Gallery<br> forms<br>
Zaha Hadid MAXXI Fluid, dynamic forms that Interweaving 5. Phillips Exeter 4. Tetrahedral
Museum, evoke motion and speed; pathways, fluid Academy Library ceiling, modular
Rome explores the interface spaces, absence of spaces<br>
between architecture, conventional 5. Circular
landscape, and geology. geometry. staircases, natural
Rem Koolhaas CCTV Focuses on the "culture of Looping shape, light
Headquarters, congestion" and the structural Tadao Ando 1. Church of the 1. Simple concrete Minimalist
Beijing complex interplay of spaces, expressionism, Light<br> walls, cross in aesthetics; concrete
often using a collage skin-and-bones 2. Benesse House<br> wall<br> constructions
technique in design. aesthetics. 3. Chichu Art 2. Integration with focusing on
Daniel Jewish Architectural forms that Zigzagging plan, Museum<br> nature, minimalist simplicity and
Libeskind Museum, evoke cultural narratives intersecting axes, 4. Water Temple<br> design<br> nature.
Berlin and memories, often angular fragmented 5. 21_21 Design Sight 3. Art with natural
and intersecting. geometry. light, subterranean
Peter Wexner Center Interested in the layers of Collage of design<br>
Eisenman for the Arts, historical contexts and the architectural 4. Reflecting pool,
Ohio State processes of making styles, grid and concrete lotus<br>
University architecture visible in the scaffold features, 5. Steel roof,
final form. abstract forms. minimalist
Bernard Parc de la Deconstructs the Grid of points, aesthetics
Tschumi Villette, Paris conventional relationships follies, red Richard 1. Centre Pompidou 1. Exposed Inside-out
between space and function; architectural Rogers (with Renzo structural system, architecture; visible
explores the concept of form forms scattered Piano)<br> colorful services and
follows function in new randomly. 2. Lloyd’s features<br> structural honesty.
ways. Building<br> 2. Services on the
Coop BMW Welt, Designs that challenge Dynamic, 3. Millennium exterior, high-
Himmelb(l)au Munich gravity and conventional sweeping forms, Dome<br> tech<br>
forms, emphasizing usage of glass and 4. Madrid-Barajas 3. Tensile structure,
dynamism and architectural steel, open and Airport Terminal large scale<br>
fluidity. fluid interiors. 4<br> 4. Bamboo-
Morphosis San Francisco Focuses on connectivity Perforated metal 5. Leadenhall Building inspired supports,
(Thom Federal within the urban context; skin, slender natural light<br>
Mayne) Building designs often incorporate tower, emphasis 5. Diagrid façade,
sustainable technologies and on natural glass aplenty
adaptive responses to the ventilation. Rafael Moneo 1. Kursaal Palace<br> 1. Cubic forms, Contextualism;
environment. 2. Murcia Town translucent blending new
Behnisch and Norddeutsche Emphasizes transparency Glass façade, Hall<br> walls<br> constructions with
Partners Landesbank, and light, often integrating transparency, fluid 3. Los Angeles 2. Classical historical settings.
Hanover ecological and sustainable and dynamic Cathedral<br> influences, robust
design principles into interior spaces. 4. Museum of Roman materials<br>
modernist aesthetics. Art<br> 3. Minimalist
5. Atocha Railway design, angular
Station expansion forms<br>
4. Brick arches,
historical
resonance<br>
5. Canopy roof,
botanical garden
Fumihiko 1. Tokyo Metropolitan 1. Sweeping metal Metabolism and
Maki Gymnasium<br> roof, curved modernism;
2. Hillside Terrace<br> forms<br> emphasis on light
3. Spiral Building<br> 2. Mixed-use and transparency.
4. 4 World Trade complex, staggered
Center<br> design<br>
5. Aga Khan Museum 3. Glass façade,
helical motifs<br>

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 4. Minimalist glass
tower, restrained Frank Lloyd 1. Fallingwater<br> 1. Cantilevered terraces, Organic
design<br> Wright 2. Guggenheim integration with architecture;
5. Angular Museum, NY<br> landscape<br> integration of
geometry, light- 3. Robie House<br> 2. Spiral ramp, organic human
filled courtyard 4. Taliesin West<br> forms<br> habitation with
Thom Mayne 1. Caltrans District 7 1. Dynamic façade, Iconoclastic 5. Johnson Wax 3. Horizontal lines, large the
(Morphosis) HQ<br> kinetic skin<br> designs; integration Headquarters overhangs<br> environment.
2. San Francisco 2. Perforated skin, of technology and 4. Use of local materials,
Federal Building<br> natural urban environment. desert aesthetic<br>
3. Emerson College ventilation<br> 5. Great workroom with
Los Angeles<br> 3. Bold form, dendriform columns
4. Phare Tower<br> media screens<br> Le Corbusier 1. Villa Savoye<br> 1. Pilotis, flat roof terrace, Machine for
5. Bill & Melinda 4. Asymmetrical 2. Notre Dame du open floor plan<br> living; form
Gates Hall tower, green Haut<br> 2. Curved masonry walls, follows
technology<br> 3. Unité irregular windows<br> function in a
5. Angular form, d'Habitation<br> 3. Brutalist style, modular modernist
cutting-edge 4. Chandigarh housing units<br> context.
facilities Capitol 4. Open hand monument,
Peter 1. Therme Vals<br> 1. Stone layers, Atmospheric Complex<br> raw concrete<br>
Zumthor 2. Kunsthaus thermal baths<br> architecture; 5. Carpenter Center 5. Only building in North
Bregenz<br> 2. Glass cubes, creating emotional for the Visual Arts America, ramp and
3. Kolumba light effects<br> experiences through workshop spaces
Museum<br> 3. Aged walls, materials and space. Zaha Hadid 1. MAXXI 1. Fluid form, linear Parametricism;
4. Bruder Klaus Field serene spaces<br> Museum<br> concrete walls<br> fluidity,
Chapel<br> 4. Concrete tower, 2. Heydar Aliyev 2. Curvilinear skin, fluid complexity, and
5. Allmannajuvet Zinc sensory Center<br> geometry<br> powerful
Mine Museum minimalism<br> 3. Guangzhou Opera 3. Twin boulder design, curvilinear
5. Rustic materials, House<br> glass-clad steel<br> shapes.
integrated into 4. London Aquatics 4. Wave-like roof, fluid
nature Centre<br> dynamics<br>
Moshe Safdie 1. Habitat 67<br> 1. Modular Building as a social 5. BMW Central 5. Conveyer belt, dynamic
2. Marina Bay concrete units, activator; Building interiors
Sands<br> communal integration of Norman 1. The Gherkin<br> 1. Energy-efficient High-tech
3. Jewel Changi terraces<br> building with Foster 2. Millennium design, diagrid architecture;
Airport<br> 2. Sky park, cultural context. Bridge<br> structure<br> functionality,
4. Yad Vashem interconnected 3. Hearst Tower<br> 2. Steel suspension, sustainability,
Holocaust History towers<br> 4. Berlin minimalist aesthetic<br> and
Museum<br> 3. Indoor waterfall, Reichstag<br> 3. Triangular framing, technological
5. Khalsa Heritage lush gardens<br> 5. Apple Park diagrid façade<br> integration.
Memorial Complex 4. Prismatic 4. Glass dome, energy
geometry, concepts<br>
contextual 5. Circular design, green
narratives<br> technology
5. Reflective pools, Renzo Piano 1. Centre Georges 1. Exposed skeleton, Building as part
bold forms Pompidou<br>2. colorful tubes<br> of an urban
The Shard<br>3. 2. Glass façade, shard-like context;
Whitney Museum of shape<br> transparency
American Art<br>4. 3. Asymmetric windows, and light.
Jean-Marie Tjibaou cantilevered
Cultural entrances<br>
Centre<br>5. 4. Traditional Kanak huts,
Stavros Niarchos vertical ventilation<br>
Foundation Cultural 5. Green roof, glass walls,
Center floating illusion
Santiago 1. City of Arts and 1. Futuristic design, white Integration of
Calatrava Sciences<br> concrete<br> structure and
2. Milwaukee Art 2. Movable sunscreen, form; sculptural
Museum<br> wing-like structure<br> and dynamic
3. Turning 3. Twisting tower, architecture.
Torso<br> sculptural form<br>
4. Oculus WTC 4. Ribbed structure, bird-
Transportation like appearance<br>
Hub<br> 5. Cable-stayed design,
5. Chords Bridge harp-like feature
I.M. Pei 1. Louvre 1. Glass and metal Geometry and
Pyramid<br> pyramid, minimalist<br> form; synthesis
2. Bank of China 2. Diagrid structure, of traditional
Tower<br> prism-like facets<br> design elements
3. East Building, 3. Sharp angles, with modern
National Gallery of geometric purity<br> solutions.
Art<br> 4. Suspended structures,
4. Miho integration with
Museum<br> nature<br>
5. Museum of 5. Cream-colored
Islamic Art limestone, geometric
simplicity
Ludwig Mies 1. Barcelona 1. Open plan, luxurious Less is more;
van der Rohe Pavilion<br> materials<br> extreme clarity
2. Seagram 2. Glass and steel façade, and simplicity
Building<br> elevated plaza<br> through
3. Farnsworth 3. Steel and glass structural
House<br>4. Neue minimalism, open minimalism.
Nationalgalerie<br> vistas<br>
5. 860-880 Lake 4. Clear floor space,
Shore Drive gallery level below
ground<br>
5. Glass and steel high-
rise, minimalistic
aesthetic
Jean Nouvel 1. Institut du Monde 1. Exposed mechanical Contextual
Arabe<br> elements, photo-sensitive architecture;
2. Torre Agbar<br> façade<br> deep integration
3. Louvre Abu 2. Bullet-shaped, colorful of culture,
Dhabi<br> façade<br> technology, and
4. Philharmonie de 3. Dome structure, "rain environment.

Town Planning 89
 Paris<br> of light"<br>
5. One Central Park 4. Organic forms, vast
covering<br>
5. Vertical gardens,
integrated nature
Bjarke Ingels 1. 8 House<br> 1. Sloped roofs, combined Sustainable and
2. VIA 57 West<br> residential types<br> playful;
3. Copenhill<br> 2. Tetrahedron shape, architecture that
4. The Twist courtyard design<br> focuses on
Museum<br> 3. Waste-to-energy plant, social and
5. Mountain ski slope on roof<br> environmental
Dwellings 4. Twisting form, dimensions.
sculptural bridge<br>
5. Terraced housing,
overlying green roofs

Town Planning 89