Topic : The effectiveness of
recent vaccines
Presented to: Sir Usman Akram
Presented by : Sarah Saeed
Maryam Naseem
M.Amir
Definition
• Vaccine effectiveness is the percentage
reduction of disease cases in a vaccinated group
of people compared to an unvaccinated group.
For example, a vaccine efficacy or effectiveness
of 80% indicates an 80% decrease in the number
of disease cases among a group of vaccinated
people compared to a group in which nobody
was vaccinted.
• On the other hand, when a study is carried out
to show how well a vaccine works when they are
used in a bigger, typical population under less-
than-perfectly controlled conditions, the term
vaccine effectiveness is used.
Covid-19 vaccine effectiveness
• Evidence from vaccine use during the panademic shows vaccination
can reduce infection and is most effective at preventing severe
COVID-19 symptoms and death. But is less good at preventing mild
COVID-19.
• Efficacy wanes over time and maintained by boosters. In 2021, the
CDC reported that unvaccinated people were 10 times more likely to
be hospitalised and 11 times more likely to die than fully vaccinated
people
Covid-19 (Delta)
• By late August 2021, the Delta variant
accounted for 99% percent of U.S.
Cases and were found double the risk
of severe illness amd hospitalisation.
Covid-19 vaccines in use in U.S
Pfizer-BioNtech:
BioNTech vaccine (brand name: Comirnaty) was
granted full Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
approval in August 2021 for people ages 16 and
older. Before that, it was the first COVID-19
vaccine to receive FDA Emergency Use
Authorization (EUA) back in December 2020,
after the company reported that its vaccine was
highly effective at preventing symptomatic
disease. This is a messenger RNA (mRNA)
vaccine, which uses a relatively new technology.
It must be stored in freezer-level temperatures,
which can make it more difficult to distribute
than some other vaccines.
Who can get it: Anyone ages 16 and older in the
U.S. Infants, children,
Moderna:
• The FDA granted the Moderna vaccine (brand
name: Spikevax) full approval for people 18 and
older in January 2022, upgrading the vaccine’s
EUA, which was granted in December 2020 (a
week after Pfizer-BioNTech). Moderna uses the
same mRNA technology as Pfizer-BioNTech and
had a similarly high efficacy at preventing
symptomatic disease when the companies applied
for authorization; it also needs to be stored in
freezer-level temperatures.
• Who can get it: Infants, children, and adults ages
6 months and older in the U.S.
2-Polio vaccine
• Polio vaccines are vaccines used to prevent poliomyelitis
(polio).
• Two types are used:
• (1)An inactivated poliovirus given by injection.IPV is the
only polio vaccine that has been used in United states
since 2000.
• It is given by shot in leg and arm depending on the
patient’s age.
• (2) Oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) given by mouth.The
World Health Organization (WHO) recommends all
children be fully vaccinated against polio.
• The two vaccines have eliminated polio from most of the
world, and reduced the number of cases reported each
year from an estimated 350,000 in 1988 to 33 in 2018.
This vaccine is no longer licensed or available
in United States but it is still used in many
parts of the world it is also used in Pakistan
widely.
Childern recieve doses of the vaccine by drop
on vaccine.
Hepatitis B Vaccine
Hepatitis B vaccine can prevent hepatitis B. Hepatitis B is a liver disease that
can cause mild illness lasting a few weeks, or it can lead to a serious, lifelong
illness.
Hepatitis B vaccine is usually given as 2, 3, or 4 shots.
Birth dose of hepatitis B:
Infants should get their first dose of hepatitis B vaccine at birth and will
usually complete the series at 6–18 months of age.The birth dose of hepatitis
B vaccine is an important part of preventing long-term illness in infants and
the spread of hepatitis B in the United States.
Childern and adolescents:
Children and adolescents younger than 19 years of age who have not yet
gotten the vaccine should be vaccinated.Adults who were not vaccinated
previously and want to be protected against hepatitis B can also get the
vaccine.
Hepatitis B vaccine is also recommended for the following people:
• People who share needles, syringes, or other drug-injection equipment
• People who live with someone infected with the hepatitis B virus
• Health care and public safety workers at risk for exposure to blood or
body fluids
• Victims of sexual assault or abuse
• Residents and staff of facilities for developmentally disabled people
• People living in jail or prison
• Travelers to regions with increased rates of hepatitis B.
• People with chronic liver disease,
kidney disease on dialysis, HIV
infection, infection with hepatitis
C, or diabetes
