MODULE 1

1. Some foraging models predict that the distance bees travel when foraging will decline as
floral density increases, but biologists Shalene Jha and Claire Kremen showed that bees'
behavior is inconsistent with this prediction if flowers in dense patches are : bees will
forage beyond patches of low species richness to acquire multiple resource types.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

A) depleted
B) homogeneous
C) immature
D) dispersed

2. The following text is adapted from Mother Jones, August 15, 1912 speech to coal
miners picketing in Charlestown, West Virginia.

The Governor will get until tomorrow night to get rid of his bloodhounds. We are not going to
leave a slave class to the coming generation, and I want to say to you that the next generation
will not charge us for what we've done; they will condemn us for what we have left undone.

As used in the text, what does the word "charge” most nearly mean?

A) accuse
B) demand
C) impose
D) assault

3. The number of people in the US with myopia, or nearsightedness, has increased over 16
percent since 1971. However, the problem is much more in Southeast Asia, where an
estimated 80 90 percent of students with twelve years of schooling have the condition.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

A) pronounced
B) advocated
C) prescribed
D) articulated
4. The following text is adapted from John Steinbeck’s 1937 novel “Of mice and Men. “

Evening of a hot day started the little wind to moving among the leaves. The shade climbed up
the hills toward the top. On the sand banks the rabbits sat as quietly as little gray, sculptured
stones. And then from the direction of the state highway came the sound of footsteps on crisp
sycamore leaves. The rabbits hurried noiselessly for cover. A stilted heron labored up into the
air and pounded down river. For a moment the place was lifeless, and then two men emerged
from the path and came into the opening by the green pool.

Which choice best describes the overall structure of the text?

A) A detailed analysis of the characters' personalities and motivations.

B) A chronological narrative focusing on a specific natural phenomenon.
C) A descriptive analysis of the setting and the arrival of two characters.
D) A series of unrelated events happening simultaneously in one location.

5. Female birds sing, but this fact has been historically overlooked due to scientific biases. Early
birdsong research primarily focused on the conspicuous songs of male birds, while female
birdsong was neglected. Geographic biases also played a role, as early researchers tended to
study species near their universities in the Northern Hemisphere, where female birdsongs are
less common. Additionally, the historical male dominance in birdsong research may have
contributed to the lack of focus on female birdsong. To combat such biases in science, making it
more accessible to all is essential, and as more diverse voices join the field, a fuller
understanding of the world around us can be achieved.

Which choice best describes the overall structure of the text?

A) A chronological account of the history of birdsong research and its evolution over time
B) A comparison of male and female birdsongs and their differing roles in mating
and communication
C) A description of the reasons behind the historical neglect of female birdsong and
the importance of addressing biases in scientific research
D) An in-depth analysis of the techniques used to study birdsongs and their implications
for understanding bird behavior
6. The following text is from Virginia Woolfé's 1922 novel, Jacob's Room.

The house was flat, dark, and silent. Jacob was at home engaged upon a chess problem, the
board being on a stool between his knees. One hand was fingering the hair at the back of his
head. He slowly brought it forward and raised the white queen from her square; then put her
down again on the same spot. He filled his pipe; ruminated; moved two pawns; advanced the
white knight; then ruminated with one finger upon the bishop. Now Fanny Elmer passed beneath
the window.

Which choice best states the main purpose of the text?

A) It hints that Jacob was more intent on the window than on chess.
B) It emphasizes Jacob's desire to improve his chess skills.
C) It shows the intensity with which Jacob concentrated on chess.
D) It establishes that Jacob and Fanny had a quarrel.

7. Text 1

What factors influence the abundance of species in a given ecological community? Some
theorists have argued that historical diversity is a major driver of how diverse an ecological
community eventually becomes: differences in community diversity across otherwise similar
habitats, in this view, are strongly affected by the number of species living in those habitats at
earlier times.

Text 2

In 2010, a group of researchers including biologist Carla Cáceres created artificial pools in a
New York forest. They stocked some pools with a diverse mix of zooplankton species and
others with a single zooplankton species and allowed the pool communities to develop naturally
thereafter. Over the course of four years, Cáceres and colleagues periodically measured the
species diversity of the pools, finding—contrary to their expectations—that by the end of the
study there was little to no difference in the pools' species diversity.

Based on the texts, how would Cáceres and colleagues (Text 2) most likely describe the view of
the theorists presented in Text 1?

A) It is largely correct, but it requires a minor refinement in light of the research team's results.
B) It is not compelling as a theory regardless of any experimental data collected by the
research team.
C) It may seem plausible, but it is not supported by the research team's findings.
D) It probably holds true only in conditions like those in the research team's study.
8. Chili (Capsicum spp.) is a spice, a fruit widely grown around the world that is recognized for
its nutraceutical (nutritional and medicinal) properties and economic value. In Benin, chili is the
second cash gardening crop after the tomato. Its annual production is about 47.162 tons. Pepper
plants produce the compound capsaicin, possibly to deter mammalian herbivores. In Benin,
chili pepper is grown only for food partially in the cultivable lands of the coastal areas, where
soil salinity and water irrigation can negatively affect the quantity and quality of the crop, and
may also have a strong influence on the concentration of bioactive compounds of vegetables.

According to the text, what is the reason that the chili plant evolved to contain capsaicin in the
fruit?

A) It adds flavor to human food dishes.

B) It is a part of herbal medicine remedies.
C) It increases the plant's absorption of nutrients.
D) It protects the plant from predation.

9. Coastal California redwoods, Sequoia sempervirens, have evolved specialized shoots with
leaves that extract moisture from the air to survive dry summers. Many plants drink through
their leaves, but the mechanism for water absorption in redwoods was unclear. Researchers
found two distinct redwood shoot types: axial shoots, which absorb water at about four times the
rate of peripheral shoots, and peripheral shoots, which power photosynthesis. Redwoods in drier,
southern areas have more axial shoots located higher up, allowing them to pull extra water from
summer fog and light rain. This versatility could be crucial in .

Which choice most logically completes the text?

A) maintaining a stable ecosystem for other plant and animal species

B) increasing their growth rate and overall size
C) in adapting to a drier climate due to climate change.
D) outcompeting other tree species for resources
10. Parachute frogs, found in the jungles of East Asia, are capable of gliding more than 50 feet
through the rainforest canopy to evade predators. They use extensive webbing between their
toes and oversized feet to slow their descent and navigate the complex environment.
Researchers studied the genetics behind these adaptations by comparing the parachute frog's
genome to a closely related, non-gliding frog species. They identified 455 modified genes
associated with webbing, foot, and limb development, which contribute to the frogs' gliding
behavior. This research may help understand the evolution of gliding in other animals, such as
flying squirrels, flying lizards, and even flying dinosaurs.

Which choice best describes the function of the underlined sentence in the overall structure of
the text?
A) It introduces the main purpose of the research and sets up the argument that follows
B) It provides an example of the parachute frog's behavior while navigating
C) It describes the habitat of the parachute frogs and gives detailed description of
their appearance
D) It compares parachute frogs to other gliding animals and shows how they regulate
their motions during flights

11. According to scientist James Clark, explaining the coexistence of species is critical to
truly understand forest biodiversity and the forces that sustain or reduce it. According to
Clark,
"A 'neutral model' hypothesizes that species are so similar it just takes a long time for winners
and losers to be sorted out by competition, but eventually the better competitor would drive the
other to extinction." The neutral model predicts that the variation among the sites increases over
time, as random chance caused different species to go extinct in some areas but not others. Some
sites, just by chance, should come to be dominated by one species, while others would come to
be dominated by another species. However, the researchers found that variance among the sites
did not increase over the millennia, leading them to conclude that stabilizing forces were
maintaining forest diversity.

Which hypothetical data, if true, would most weaken Clark's claim that stabilizing forces control
biodiversity in a given region?

A) Scientists determine that there is now significantly greater variation between species in
three nearby sites than there was 7,000 years ago.
B) A complex study determines that the reason that plant diversity did not greatly alter in
one region was because of a local herbivore.
C) Archaeological evidence shows that early humans ate the nuts from a tree that
has subsequently gone extinct in a given area.
D) Several researchers conducted a study that determined that one species of tree is
extremely susceptible to temperature changes.
12. Distribution of Ecosystem Services Affected by Invasive Species by Service Type

Region (Overall) Provisioning (75%) Regulating (21%) Cultural (4%)

West 73% 27% 0%
North 88% 12% 0%
South 79% 14% 7%
East 88% 6% 11%
Central 33% 67% 0%

To assess the impact of invasive species on ecosystems in Africa, Benis N. Egoh and
colleagues reviewed government reports from those nations about how invasive species are
undermining ecosystem services (aspects of the ecosystem on which residents depend). The
services were sorted into three categories: provisioning (material resources from the
ecosystem), regulating (natural processes such as cleaning the air or water), and cultural
(nonmaterial benefits of ecosystems). Egoh and her team assert that countries in each region
reported effects on provisioning services and that provisioning services represent the majority
of the reported services.

Which choice best describes data from the table that support Egoh and colleagues' assertion?

A) Provisioning services represent 73% of the services reported for the West region and 33%
of those for the Central region, but they represent 75% of the services reported overall.
B) None of the percentages shown for provisioning services are lower than 33%, and the
overall percentage shown for provisioning services is 75%.
C) Provisioning services are shown for each region, while no cultural services are shown
for some regions.
D) The greatest percentage shown for provisioning services is 88% for the North region, and
the least shown for provisioning services is 33% for the Central

13. A new study shows that carbon dioxide (CO2) triggers mosquitoes' visual systems to locate
human skin tones. When hungry, mosquitoes are attracted to red and orange light, which is
reflected by human skin, but only in the presence of CO2. Researchers discovered that
mosquitoes did not investigate objects resembling human skin until CO2 was introduced. The
study utilized a mosquito wind tunnel and 16 cameras to observe and track mosquito flight
paths. These findings could help in developing more effective mosquito traps by taking into
account their color preferences when exposed to CO2.

Which finding, if true, would most likely weaken the main claim in this text?

A) Mosquitoes show no preference for any specific colors even in the presence of CO2.
B) Mosquitoes are drawn to red and orange light without the presence of CO2.
C) Mosquitoes display a heightened attraction to green and blue colors in the presence of CO2.
D) CO2 has a minor effect on mosquitoes' attraction to specific colors.
14. The study in Nature Communications reveals that plant viruses can use pollen to travel from
flower to flower, and human activity may help them spread. Researchers found 22 known
viruses and evidence of hundreds of undiscovered viruses on wildflower pollen from various
environments. The study suggests that industrial agriculture and honeybees could potentially
exacerbate the spread of plant viruses in agricultural areas, .

Which choice most logically completes the text?

A) highlighting the importance of understanding the effects of viruses on various plants.

B) leading to more biodiversity in agricultural fields and increasing productivity
C) causing a significant decline in honeybee populations
D) reducing the effectiveness of pesticides on crops and forcing to find alternative solutions

15. When the Erie Canal was opened in 1825, it was 40 feet wide and 4 feet deep. Over half
the original canal was taken out of use with the 1918 opening of a 120 feet wide and 12 feet
deep section that about ten years earlier to accommodate the larger barges of the modern
era.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

A) had been designed

B) had designed
C) designed
D) is designed

16. Unusual additions to a freshwater aquarium include pom-pom crabs, aptly named for the
hair-like tufts on their pincers which make the crabs appear to be holding small pom-poms.
Growing to about one inch long, but they can be eaten by even small predatory
fish.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

A) a large tank is not required for these crabs,

B) it is not a large tank needed for the crabs,
C) these crabs do not require a large tank,
D) the requirements for these crabs do not include a large tank,
17. Pottery and ceramics are interchangeable words. They both refer to objects which are
made from clay that is heated to make it harder. Earthenware is pottery that is baked at a low
temperature. The result is porous and brittle. Earthenware is often glazed to enhance
durability and capacity to hold water.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

A) its
B) it's
C) their
D) they're

18. The largest known fish species, the whale shark, is actually a slow-moving filter feeder
that primarily subsists on plankton. Therefore, despite its is not a threat to humans.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

A) size. It
B) size it
C) size--it
D) size, it

19. Judy Blume is the author of many beloved children's Tales of a Fourth Grade
Nothing. Her frank discussions of childhood anxieties and family issues have made her a
target of censors, so along with her writing, she has spent considerable time fighting to protect
the freedom of speech.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

A) stories such as:

B) stories, such as
C) stories, such as,
D) stories. Such as

20. When Austrian painter Gustav Klimt completed The it was initially reviled as
excessive due to its gold leaf, silver, and platinum. However, it is now considered one of
the finest examples of the Art Nouveau style.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

A) Kiss (Der Kuss in German)

B) Kiss, (Der Kuss in German)
C) Kiss (Der Kuss in German),
D) Kiss, (Der Kuss in German),
21. American author and inspirational has shared his optimistic outlook with
audiences around the world. His unusual approach to leadership is founded in cultural
anthropology rather than business.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

A) speaker Simon Sinek

B) speaker--Simon Sinek-
C) speaker, Simon Sinek
D) speaker Simon Sinek,

22. slavery was abolished and Black American men were granted the right to vote in
the 1860s, rights were slowly taken away so that conditions were inferior for people of color.
It took almost 100 years for new federal laws to be passed that prevented discrimination based
on race.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

A) Although
B) Since
C) In addition,
D) Because

23. Water is by far the most common drink in the world. The next most popular is coffee, but
that beverage is consumed in a variety of different ways. , it may be served hot, cold,
or with additions such as milk or spices.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

A) Regardless,
B) Nevertheless,
C) Indeed,
D) Additionally,

24. Edgar Allen Poe's Murders in the Rue Morgue is a detective story written in 1841. At the
time it was written, it was praised as being exceptionally clever and considered quite a
novelty.
it is considered the beginning of the detective fiction

genre. Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

A) Meanwhile,
B) Nevertheless,
C) Instead,
D) Today,
25. While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

 Geothermal energy is derived by tapping the heat within the Earth, which does
not require fuel and does not vary based on atmospheric conditions.

 The energy does not generate carbon dioxide, greenhouse gasses, or

particulate matter that contributes to climate change.

 Geothermal power plants have an 80- to 100-year lifespan and require very
little maintenance.

 Not all locations are suitable for geothermal power generation because it would be
too labor-intensive to reach underground pockets of sufficient heat.

 Although geothermal plants are often associated with a foul smell, modern
filtration systems can reduce that effect.

The student wants to address a common concern for an audience familiar with geothermal
energy. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish
this goal?

A) Though not all areas are suitable for geothermal plants, it is possible to select ones that
are less labor-intensive for erecting facilities.
B) Geothermal energy is good because it comes from the heat from within the earth rather
than fuel.
C) Geothermal power plants have longer life spans than other power sources because they
can operate up to 100 years.
D) If the proper filtration systems are in place, then geothermal plants will not emit odor-
causing gasses or particles that lead to climate change.
26. While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• The first dynasty of Egypt was the first period after Lower and Upper Egypt were unified
into one country by the first ruler.
• The seat of the first dynasty was Thinis.
• The exact dates are unknown, but were centered in the Bronze Age, most likely
from 3100 B.C. to 2900 B.C.
• Tombs of the period were mostly made from wood, mud, and bricks; stones were typically
used only for decoration, though some tombs
were stone.
• The first ruler was Narmer and the last ruler was Qa’a.

The student wants to introduce the first ruler of Egypt to someone unfamiliar with Egyptian
dynasties. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish
this goal?

A) The rulers in the first dynasty of Egypt reigned from about 3100 B.C. to 2900 B.C.,
starting with Narmer and ending with Qaa.
B) Narmer unified Lower and Upper Egypt into one country in around 3100 B.C. and became
the first ruler of its first dynasty.
C) Narmer was the first ruler in Egypt during the Bronze Age and his tomb was made of
wood, mud, and bricks.
D) The first dynasty of Egypt ruled from Thinis after Narmer joined Upper and Lower Egypt.

27. While investigating a subject, a student has compiled the following notes:
• Medical students discussing their patients on social media may breach patient confidentiality.
• Sally Smith conducted a study to determine the number of medical schools with
student policies addressing social media use.
• Smith and her team analyzed 150 medical school websites, focusing on publicly
accessible student policies.
• Only fifteen medical schools had guidelines specifically mentioning social media, and
merely six defined acceptable social media usage.

The student wants to highlight the study's approach. Which choice most effectively incorporates
relevant information from the notes to achieve this objective?

A) According to Sally Smith's research, the student policies of 150 medical schools are
available online.
B) To determine the number of medical schools with guidelines concerning student social
media use, Sally Smith and her team scrutinized the student policies of 150 medical schools.
C) Among 150 medical schools, only fifteen had student policies mentioning social media,
and only six specified acceptable usage.
D) Sally Smith and her team sought to discover how many medical schools had student
social media policies in place to safeguard patient confidentiality.
 MODULE 2

1. The following text is from Booth Tarkington's 1921 novel Alice Adams.

Mrs. Adams had always been fond of vases, she said, and every year her husband's Christmas
present to her was a vase of one sort or another—whatever the clerk showed him, marked at
about twelve or fourteen dollars.

As used in the text, what does the word "marked" most nearly mean?

A) Stained
B) Staged
C) Watched
D) Priced

2. Ocean energy, as all other renewable sources of energy, can contribute to a more sustainable
energy supply, but it is not environmentally friendly per se. The activities involved in
manufacturing, operation, maintenance, and decommissioning of ocean energy devices will
have various effects on the environment. Governments and society need a understanding of
the environmental implications of ocean energy systems before ocean energy systems are built,
and also to reduce or adjust impacts to acceptable levels.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

A) vigorous
B) sturdy
C) robust
D) tough

3. The following text is from Charles Dickens's novel Oliver Twist, published serially
between 1837 and 1839.

The donkey was in a state of profound abstraction: wondering, probably, whether he was
destined to be regaled with a cabbage-stalk or two when he had disposed of the two sacks of
soot with which the little cart was laden; so, without noticing the word of command, he jogged
onward.

As used in the text, what does the word "abstraction" most nearly mean?

A) generalization
B) hypothesis
C) intention
D) preoccupation
4. The following text is adapted from Emily Dickinson's Poems, published after her death
in 1886.

If I can stop one heart from breaking, I shall not live in vain;
If I can ease one life the aching,
Or cool one pain,
Or help one fainting robin
Unto his nest again, I shall not live in vain.

What is the main purpose of repeating the line "I shall not live in vain"?

A) It stresses how strongly the author feels about the subject.

B) It indicates that the author is close to her death.
C) It highlights the futile nature of certain tasks.
D) It shows that the author regrets not accomplishing certain goals

5. Hummingbirds can enter a hibernation-like state called deep torpor to save energy while
roosting, cooling off their body temperature by up to 37 degrees Celsius. However, researchers
have discovered that some hummingbirds also exhibit a shallower torpor with intermediate
temperatures. This study was conducted on wild hummingbirds using infrared cameras to
monitor the birds' eye temperatures. Shallow torpor may help hummingbirds achieve more
restorative benefits of sleep while avoiding some potential deep torpor dangers, such as
reduced immune function.

According to the text, what is true about hummingbirds?

A) Shallow torpor eliminates all potential dangers associated with deep torpor.
B) Hummingbirds' body temperatures remain constant during torpor.
C) Potential risks with their immunity could be prevented during shallow torpor
D) They only enter deep torpor during the daytime.
6.

Text 1

The Kuiper Belt is a region of space, shaped roughly like a donut, at the far reaches of our solar
system. It is located outside the orbit of Neptune and contains over 2,000 identified objects,
though scientists speculate that there may be millions more that have not been found yet due to
its extreme distance from the sun. In 1930, the dwarf planet Pluto was the first object to be found
in the Kuiper Belt, but it took many decades for the second, Pluto's moon, Charon, to be located
in 1978.

Text 2

Objects in the Kuiper Belt are rocky bodies made from elements such as iron, and most of the
ones found to date also are covered with ice that is composed of water or methane. In fact,
some scientists speculate whether Earth's oceans were formed from water ice from comets in
the Kuiper Belt. The quantity of ice greatly increases an object's reflectivity, making it easier to
isolate objects made of such materials in telescopes that are trained on the distant reaches of our
solar system.

Based on the texts, how would the author of Text 2 react to the claim in Text 1 that "there may
be millions more that have not been found yet"?

A) The author of Text 2 would say that many of the objects will be hard to find because they
are not covered with reflective ice.
B) The author of Text 2 would claim that it is easier to find large objects such as dwarf
planets, so the remaining objects must all be small.
C) The author of Text 2 would point out that the objects that have been found are probably
closer to the sun than the objects that have not yet been found
D) The author of Text 2 would argue that the number is greatly elevated over the actual
number of objects which are in the Kuiper Belt
7. The featherwing beetle, smaller than some single-celled amoebas, defies the typical
limitations of insect flight with its unique adaptations. These tiny beetles possess featherlike
wings that generate less friction and help them lift off. A new study reveals that they use a
previously unknown strategy, looping their wings in a figure-eight pattern to generate lift. The
motion resembles an extreme version of swim strokes like the butterfly, and is stabilized by
protective wing cases called elytra. These findings could influence the engineering of small
flying technology, although creating a drone the size of a featherwing beetle would be a
significant challenge.

Which choice best describes the function of the underlined sentence in the overall structure of
the text?
A) To suggest a potential application of the study's findings to the field of engineering
and emphasize the challenge of implementing such technology.
B) To highlight the significance of the featherwing beetle's size in comparison to other
insects and emphasize the difficulties faced by these tiny creatures.
C) To delve deeper into the structure and anatomy of the featherwing beetle's wings and
explain how their design contributes to efficient flight.
D) To provide an example of another insect species with similar flight mechanisms and
discuss how they have evolved in response to environmental pressures.

8. A study investigating Maya civilization in Lake Amititlán near the ancient Maya city of
Kaminaljuyú suggests toxic algae blooms in the water supply may have also contributed to the
instability. The study found a 2,100-year record of algae blooms, possibly caused by runoff
from settlements and farms, with cyanotoxin concentrations rising during the zenith and decline
of Maya civilization. Although the toxic blooms alone may not have been responsible for
societal instability, they could have exacerbated the situation, highlighting the need to consider
water quality and potability as potential environmental stressors on Maya civilization.

Which finding, if true, would most likely support a main claim in this text?

A) The Maya civilization experienced an improvement in water quality during the period
of instability.
B) The toxic algae blooms in Lake Amititlán had no impact on the health of the local population.
C) The toxic algae blooms in other Maya cities also coincided with the decline of
their civilization.
D) The potential environmental stressors during the period of instability had also impact on
the water supply of the Maya civilization.
9. Homing pigeons possess incredible memory retention, allowing them to retrace paths back
to their lofts even after four years. A recent study compared domestic homing pigeons' paths
three or four years after they established routes back to their loft from a farm 8.6 kilometers
away. Using GPS devices, researchers found that pigeons remembered their routes, whether
learned alone or with others, and took strikingly similar paths to those established years before.
The research confirms homing pigeons' remarkable memory abilities: .

Which choice most logically completes the text?

A) it illustrates that the pigeons' cognitive abilities are comparable to those of humans in terms
of memory retention.
B) pigeons are able to remember specific routes and communicate complex information about
to other pigeons in their group.
C) it reveals specific mechanisms behind how pigeons process and store memories of
their established routes.
D) it highlights their capacity to remember specific routes and landmarks over long periods
of time.

10. Peanut butter and jelly sandwiches are a nostalgic childhood staple. However, research
shows that they can be good for you as well as delicious. Peanut butter is filled with nutrients
such as vitamin E, iron, and magnesium. Furthermore, it has a lot of protein and fiber, which
helps suppress the appetite so people can lose weight. On top of that, people who eat peanut
butter regularly may have other health benefits:

Which choice most logically completes the text?

A) one study showed women who ate at least five servings of peanut butter per week were
44 percent less likely to suffer from heart disease.
B) peanut butter is high in calories, so it is advisable to use servings that are 2 tablespoons
or less.
C) select natural varieties rather than brands which contain partially hydrogenated oils or
other additives.
D) it can be served in a variety of ways from peanut butter curry to spread on fruit to mixing
it into a smoothie health drink.
11. The following text is adapted from Jane Austin's 1811 novel, Sense and Sensibility.

Mrs. Dashwood waited only for the disposal of her effects at Norland before she set off to her
new home; and this, as she was exceedingly rapid in the performance of everything that
interested her, was soon done. The horses which were left her by her husband had been sold
soon after his death, and an opportunity now offering of disposing of her carriage, she agreed to
sell that likewise at the earnest advice of her eldest daughter. For the comfort of her children,
had she consulted only her own wishes, she would have kept it; but the discretion of Elinor had
prevailed. Her wisdom too limited the number of their servants to three; two maids and a man,
with whom they were speedily provided from amongst those who had formed their
establishment at Norland.

Based on the text, what can be inferred about the relationship between Mrs. Dashwood and her
oldest daughter?

A) Mrs. Dashwood defers to her daughter's decisions.

B) Mrs. Dashwood usually tells her daughter what to do.
C) Both would prefer living apart from each other.
D) Both feel that the other is acting in error.

12. The running of the bulls in Pamplona, Spain, offers researchers a unique opportunity to study
how crowds respond to danger. Daniel Parisi and his colleagues analyzed runners' collective
response to rampaging bulls, finding that people speed up rather than slow down as crowd
density increases. This challenges the core tenet of pedestrian dynamics that states people slow
down in denser crowds. However, as speed and density increase, faster runners are more likely
to become entangled and fall, leading to dangerous pileups. Studying this phenomenon could
provide insights into crowd behavior during other dangerous situations, potentially improving
architectural design, evacuation planning, and emergency response, .

Which choice most logically completes the text?

A) influencing the design of urban spaces to accommodate large gatherings.

B) thus helping to avert crowd-based tragedies.
C) resulting in the development of new technologies for crowd monitoring.
D) leading to a reconsideration of pedestrian behavior theories.
13. Lacey Williams, a marine biology graduate student, observed fish rubbing against a great
white shark's tail in South Africa. Past studies have shown marine organisms, including sharks,
chafe on sand and rocks to remove parasites and bacteria, but fish chafing on sharks had not
been formally studied. Williams and fellow student Alexandra Anstett compiled records and
found 47 incidents involving various shark species being chafed by fish. This behavior was
observed in 13 locations across three continents.

Which choice best states the main idea of the text?

A) Marine organisms have developed different methods to remove parasites and bacteria.
B) Great white sharks attract many fish due to their unique skin texture.
C) Fish chafing on sharks is a rare phenomenon that needs further investigation.
D) The sandpapery skin of sharks is being used by various fish species for chafing.

14. Scientists have decoded the physical process that takes place in the mouth when a piece of
chocolate is eaten, as it changes from a solid into a smooth emulsion that many people find
totally irresistible. By analyzing each of the steps, the interdisciplinary research team hope it
will lead to the development of a new generation of luxury chocolates that will have the same
feel and texture but will be healthier to consume. During the moments it is in the mouth, the
chocolate sensation arises from the way the chocolate is lubricated, either from ingredients in
the chocolate itself or from saliva or a combination of the two.

Which choice best describes the function of the underlined sentence in the overall structure of
the text?
A) To provide a historical context for the love of chocolate
B) To emphasize the complexity of the chocolate-making process
C) To introduce the research team's goal of creating healthier luxury chocolates
D) To explain the chemical composition of chocolate
 Municipialities' response to inquiries about potential incentives for
firm
1400

1200

1000

800

600

400

200

0
no response responded to inquiry offered incentive

announcement before election announcement after election

y axis = number of participants

15. In the United States, firms often seek incentives from municipal governments to expand
to those municipalities. A team of political scientists hypothesized that municipalities are
much more likely to respond to firms and offer incentives if expansions can be announced in
time to benefit local elected officials than if they can't. The team contacted officials in
thousands of municipalities, inquiring about incentives for a firm looking to expand and
indicating that the firm would announce its expansion on a date either just before or just after
the next election.

Which choice best describes data from the graph that weaken the team's hypothesis?

A) A large majority of the municipalities that received an inquiry mentioning plans for
an announcement before the next election didn't respond to the inquiry.
B) The proportion of municipalities that responded to the inquiry or offered incentives
didn't substantially differ across the announcement timing conditions.
C) Only around half the municipalities that responded to inquiries mentioning plans for
an announcement before the next election offered incentives.
D) Of the municipalities that received an inquiry mentioning plans for an announcement date
after the next election, more than 1,200 didn't respond and only around 100 offered
incentives.
16. Carbon emission credit programs are designed to reduce the overall amount of pollution
released into the environment by limiting greenhouse gas emissions, encouraging
technological innovation, and

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

A) it increases competition between enterprises for the credit rights.

B) increasing competition between enterprises for the right to use the credits.
C) the right to use the credits is something enterprises compete for.
D) increased competition between enterprises for the right to use the credits.

17. Earthquakes cannot be forecast, but engineers can prepare for them. Seismic-isolation
systems built into the bases of certain buildings in high-risk areas, such as San Francisco’s
City
complex structures of concrete, rubber and metal to reduce quake damage by
absorbing the ground’s horizontal oscillations, like a car’s suspension does with vertical
motion.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

A) Hall, using
B) Hall, use
C) Hall use
D) Hall, being used

18. More than 300,000 people live in Mekelle, along with more than 100,000 head of
livestock, according to the study residents toss dead chickens, donkeys or cattle into the
city’s dump, spotted hyenas come calling.

A) authors. When
B) authors, when
C) authors when
D) authors: when

19. The Similan Islands form an archipelago in the Adaman visitors arrive on speed
boats for a day trip, but consider an overnight stay if you want to enjoy the stunning scenery
almost completely to yourself.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

A) Sea. Most
B) Sea, most
C) Sea; and most
D) Sea and—most
20. Stare at a blank wall in any room, and you are unlikely to learn much more
than the paint technology can inconspicuously scan the same surface for
shadows and reflections imperceptible to the human eye, then analyze them to determine details
including how many people are in the room—and what they are doing.

A) color, however a new

B) color, however, a new
C) color; however, a new
D) color: however, a new

21. Efforts to preserve the Amazon rain forest, which supports immense biodiversity and locks
away about 123 billion metric tons of climate threatening carbon, are growing ever more
urgent as the ecosystem’s destruction accelerates. Indigenous peoples have been trying to
protect the region by patrolling their territorial boundaries for illegal dam construction, and
more.

A) activities; blocking
B) activities. Blocking
C) activities, blocking
D) activities blocking

22. Cleaner hydrogen also means that superior catalysts can be developed because they no
longer need to tolerate the poisonous chemicals from fossil fuels. companies such as Denmark’s
Haldor Topsoe have already announced the development of novel catalysts from entirely
renewable sources for green ammonia production.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

A) Besides,
B) In fact,
C) Consequently,
D) Nonetheless,

23. Today, after so much scientific progress, researchers and practitioners are dealing with an
unexpected challenge: excessive hope. That hope takes different forms in different groups of
people, and it alters expectations about gene therapy in ways that can have far-reaching
consequences. some researchers have begun shifting their focus from the machinations
of the genetic material and viral delivery systems that make up these therapies to the
perspectives of the human beings who will ultimately be affected by their deployment.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

A) As a result,
B) However,
C) Indeed,
D) Furthermore,
24. Half the nitrogen provided by synthetic fertilizers ends up polluting the environment,
while thirsty hybrid or genetically modified crops deplete water tables. agroecological
systems use resources and nutrients with optimal efficiency. Locally adapted seeds, water
harvesting, nitrogen-fixing microbes and natural predators help produce food with minimal
external inputs.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

A) However,
B) Likewise,
C) Therefore,
D) In contrast,

25. While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

 Freshwater tropical fish can tolerate temperatures from 18 to 26 degrees Celsius, so

may require a heater in the winter.
 Freshwater tropical fish are often kept in tanks with water plants, but since most
eat vegetables as well as meat, they may consume the plants.
 Because ocean water temperatures remain relatively constant throughout the
year, saltwater tropical fish must be monitored in a system with less than 2
degrees of variation.
 Saltwater tanks are usually maintained at the proper balance of minerals using
synthetic salt.
 Most tropical saltwater aquarium fish are omnivores or scavengers.

The student wants to explain a key difference between the care of tropical saltwater and
freshwater fish to an audience that knows very little about fish. Which choice most effectively
uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A) Tropical fish, whether freshwater or saltwater, most commonly eat meat, though some
include vegetables in their diets.
B) Freshwater fish need to be kept in tanks with plants, though saltwater fish do not.
C) The acceptable temperature variations in a saltwater tank are much lower than what
is acceptable for a freshwater tank.
D) Freshwater tropical fish often have plants, but saltwater tropical fish need synthetic salt.
26. While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

 George Elton Mayo was an Australian psychologist, industrial researcher, and

theorist who came up with a humanistic theory for management.
 Mayo's theory is based on the idea that repetition of tasks is boring and
reduces innovation.
 Mayo's theory offers each worker a significant amount of freedom in
completing tasks.
 The teamwork aspects of Mayo's theory can lead to high productivity
and communication.
 Some workers feel greater stress and pressure because individual responsibilities
are increased in environments where Mayo's theory is applied.

The student wants to introduce Mayo's theory to an audience who wants to increase innovation in
the workplace. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to
accomplish this goal?

A) George Elton Mayo created a theory based on the idea that repetition of tasks is boring,
so many companies see little innovation.
B) The theorist George Elton Mayo pointed out that workers given significant freedom
complete their tasks and form good teams, but may feel great stress as a result.
C) A theory proposed by George Elton Mayo addresses the question of increasing
innovation output by suggesting that workers get more freedom and less repetition in
completing tasks.
D) George Elton Mayo's humanistic theory can cause some workers stress, though it
is outweighed by the many positive points related to innovation.
27. While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

 The North Pole is located in the Arctic Ocean and temperatures are routinely
above freezing in the summer.
 Due to the Earth's axis, there is only one sunset and one sunrise at the poles per year.
 The South Pole is on Antarctica, and research at the Amundsen-Scott South Pole
Station has provided compelling evidence about continental drift.
 Ground at the South Pole is about 100 meters above sea level, but there is 2,700 meters
of ice, so the high altitude contributes to the arid desert environment.
 The highest temperature recorded at the South Pole was - 12.3C, whereas, the lowest was
-82.8C.

The student wants to emphasize a way in which the North Pole and South Pole differ from each
other. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this
goal?

A) The South Pole has extreme temperatures ranging from -82.8 to - 12.3
degrees Celsius, but the North Pole does not.
B) Both the North Pole and the South Pole have only one sunrise and one sunset in
a 12-month period.
C) Scientists have studied continental drift at the South Pole, but the North Pole is in the ocean.
D) The temperatures at the South Pole are much colder than at the North Pole, with highs
never over - 12.3 Celsius at the former and well above freezing at the latter.