PHILOSOPHERS

•Socrates (Body and soul)

- 1st philosopher who questioning about the self.

- his mission is to know oneself

- Every man is composed of body(imperfect and perfect) and soul(permanent).

•Plato (body and soul-3 parts of soul)

-he's student of Socrates and support him.

- he added that there are 3 part of soul:

1. Rational soul-mind before emotion (forged by emotion)

2. Spirited soul- emotion before mind (emotions should be control)
3. Appetitive soul = in charge of base desires such as eating, drinking, sleeping, and having sex and
should be controlled as well (basic human need that when it didn't control it called SINS)

•St. Agustine (doctrine of Christianity)

-The body is bound to die on earth and the soul is to anticipate living in a realm of spiritual bliss in
communion with God. The goal of every human person is to attain this communion and bliss with the
Divine by living his life on earth in virtue.

•St. Thomas Aquinas (matter and form)

- Matter or hyle: refers to the common stuff "body"

- Form or morphe: refers to the essence of a substance of thing. "Soul"

•Rene Descartes (body and mind)

- Father of modern philosophy

- Cogito ergo sum, "I think therefore, I am"

- cogito (mind) and extenza (body)

•David Hume (senses and experience)

-If one tries to examine his experiences, he finds that they can all be categorized into two: impressions
and ideas.

-Impressions are the basic objects of our experience or sensation.

-Ideas are copies of impressions

•Immanuel Kant (Time and Space)

-mind that organizes the impressions

- To him those are apparatuses of the mind, including the "self". Kant suggests that the "self" is an
actively engaged intelligence in man that synthesizes all knowledge and experience.

•Gilbert Ryle (truly matter is behavior)

-Ryle believes that what truly matters is the behavior that a person manifests in his day-to-day life. Ryle
suggests that the "self" is not an entity one can locate and analyze but simply a name people use to refer
to all the behaviors people make

•Maurice Merleau-Ponty (human are so intertwined)

-He is a phenomenologist who asserts that the mind-body bifurcation is a futile endeavor and an invalid
problem.

SOCIAL CONSTRUCTIONIST PERSPECTIVE

The self is commonly defined as:

-The self is separate, it is always unique and has its own identity.

-The self is self-contained and independent because in itself it can exist.

-The self is consistent because it has a personality that is enduring and is persistent.

-The self is unitary because it is the center of all experiences and thoughts that run through a certain
person.

-The self is private. Each person sorts out feelings, emotions, and information within the self.

•The relationship between the self and external reality.

-Social constructionists argue for a merged view of ‘the person’ and their ‘social context’

-The self is always in participation with social life and its identity subjected to influences here and there.

•The self is truly multifaceted

-ourselves play different roles, act in different ways depending on our circumstances

- According to what we have so far, this is not only normal but also is acceptable and expected.
PERSONNE AND MOI (FROM FRENCH
ANTHROPOLOGIST MARCEL MAUSS)
- Moi: refers to his basic identity(heigh,weight,age)

- Personne: refers to basic concepts(student,teacher)

MEAD AND VYGOTSKY

•Mead and Vygotsky: the way that human persons develop is with the usage of language acquisition
and interaction with others.

-Process of information = internal dialogue

- Mead: this takes place in a child through language and ‘role-play’

- Vygotsky: a child internalizes real-life dialogues that he has had with others. They apply this to their
mental and practical problems along with the social and cultural infusions brought by the dialogues.

GENDER AND THE SELF

-Gender is one of those aspects of the self that is subject to alteration, change, and development.

-From the point of view of the social sciences and the self, it is important to give one the leeway to find,
express, and live his identity.

-One goes into the society and identifies himself as who he is by also taking note of gender identities

-Oftentimes, society forces a particular identity unto us depending on our sex and/or gender.

-In the society, there is a tendency for girls to imitate the role of mothers and reproduce the same kind
of mentality of women as care providers in the family

- Men on the other hand are taught early on how to behave like a man. Holding in emotions, being
tough, not to worry about danger, and admiration for hard labor.

-Circumcision plays another social role by initiating young boys into manhood.

- The gendered self is then shaped within a particular context of time and space. Gender has to be
personally discovered and asserted and not dictated by culture and the society.
THE SELF AS A COGNITIVE CONSTRUCT
•Self according to James (Me self and I self)

-the “self” has two elements.

1. I-self is the pure ego, subjective self. It is aware of its own actions.

2. Me-self is the self that is the object.

•Self according to Carl Rogers (Ideal self and Real self)

-ideal self: is the person that you would like yourself to be.

- real self is the person you actually are.

-self is surrounded of self-schema- Schemas may also include your interests, work, course, age, name,
and physical characteristics.

•Self according to Winnicott (True self and False self)

-true self: is the self based on spontaneous authentic experience.

-false self: is based on being completely obedient to parents’ wishes. It is a mask or persona

•Identity and Self-concept

-Identity: is composed of personal characteristics, social roles, and responsibilities, as well as affiliations
that define who one is.

-Self-concept: is what basically comes to your mind when you are asked about who you are.

•Sigmund Freud (Id, ego, super ego)

- Id (pleasure principle)

- Ego (reality principle)

- Supereqgo (moral principle) or conscience

SELF AWARENESS AND SELF ESTEEM
•Self-awareness

- Self-awareness may be positive or negative depending on the circumstances and our next course of
action.

- Positive awareness: you will not enter yourself in a bad situation

- Negative awareness: you always listen to people in your surroundings

• Self-esteem

- Our own positive or negative perception of ourselves.

- positive perception – comparing your self with people who are worse off than us.

- negative perception -

FEMALE MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

• Female Reproductive System

• male Reproductive System

• Puberty- It is a period of life, generally between the ages of 10 and 15 years old, when the
reproductive organs grow to their adult size and become functional under the influence of rising levels of
hormones (testosterone in males and estrogen in females).

HUMAN SEXUAL BEHAVIOR

•Solitary Behavior

- Self-gratification: means self-stimulation that leads to sexual arousal and generally, sexual climax.

•Sociosexual Behavior

- Heterosexual behavior: is the greatest amount of sociosexual behavior that occurs between only one
male and one female.

- Coitus, the insertion of the male sexual organ into the female sexual organ, is viewed by society quite
differently depending on the marital status of the individuals.

HUMAN SEXUAL RESPONSE CYCLE

1. First stage: EXCITEMENT PHASE: caused by increase in pulse and blood pressure; a sudden rise
in blood supply to the surface of the body resulting in increased skin temperature, more rapid
breathing, and secretion of genital fluids.
2. Second stage: PLATEAU PHASE: It is generally of brief duration. If stimulation is continued,
orgasm usually occurs
3. Third stage: SEXUAL CLIMAX: marked by a feeling of abrupt, intense pleasure, a rapid increase in
pulse rate and blood pressure, and spasms of the pelvic muscles causing contractions of the
female reproductive organ and ejaculation by the male. Sexual climax may last for a few seconds
(normally not over 10)
4. Final stage: RESOLUTION PHASE: is the last stage that refers to the return to a normal or
subnormal physiologic state.
SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES (STDS)
• Chlamydia: common STD that can cause infection among both men and women. Can cause permanent
damage to a woman’s reproductive system, and make it difficult or impossible to get pregnant later, and
possible to potentially fatal ectopic pregnancy (pregnancy that occurs outside the womb).

• Gonorrhea: caused by infection with the Neisseria gonorrhoeae bacterium. Infects the mucous
membranes of the reproductive tract, including the cervix, uterus, and fallopian tubes in women, and
the urethra in women and men.
•Syphillis: can cause serious health problems without treatment. Infection develops in stages (primary,
secondary, latent, and tertiary). Each stage can have different signs and symptoms.

•Human Papillomavirus (HPV): is the name of a very common group of viruses. They do not cause any
problems in most people, but some types can cause genital warts or cancer. HPV affects the skin. There
are more than 100 different types.

•Herpes Simplex Virus: There are two types of herpes simplex virus.

1. Type 1 (HSV-1) mostly spreads by oral contact and causes infections in or around the mouth (oral
herpes or cold sores). Most adults are infected with HSV-1.

2. Type 2 (HSV-2) spreads by sexual contact and causes genital herpes.

NATURAL METHODS OF CONTRACEPTION

 Abstinence: refraining from sexual intercourse and is the most effective natural birth control
method with ideally 0% fail rate.
 Calendar Method: also called as the rhythm method. It entails withholding from coitus during
the days that the woman is fertile. According to the menstrual cycle, the woman is likely to
conceive three or four days before and three or four days after ovulation.
 Basal Body Temperature: indicates the woman’s temperature at rest. Before the day of ovulation
and during ovulation, BBT falls at 0.5 F; it increases to a full degree because of progesterone and
maintains its level throughout the menstrual cycle. The woman must record her temperature
every morning before any activity
 Cervical Mucus Method: The change in the cervical mucus during ovulation is the basis for this
method. During ovulation, the cervical mucus is copious, thin, and watery which means the
woman is fertile. Therefore, she must avoid coitus during those days to prevent conception.
  Coitus Interruptus (Withdrawal Method): oldest methods that prevents conception. A couple
still goes on with coitus, but the man withdraws the moment he ejaculates to emit the
spermatozoa outside of the female reproductive organ.

ARTIFICIAL METHODS OF CONTRACEPTION

 Oral Contraceptives: known as the pill, oral contraceptives contain synthetic estrogen and
progesterone.
 Subdermal Implants: two rod-like implants inserted under the skin of the female during her
menses or on the seventh day of her menstruation to make sure that she will not get pregnant.
The implants are made with hormones and can be helpful for three to five years.
 Hormonal Injections: contains hormones and usually given once every 12 weeks. The injection
causes changes in the endometrium and cervical mucus and can help prevent ovulation.
 Intrauterine Device (IUD): small, T-shaped object containing progesterone that is inserted into
the uterus via the vagina. It prevents fertilization by creating a local sterile inflammatory
condition to prevent implantation of the zygote. The device can be effective for 5 to 7 years.
 Condoms: latex or synthetic rubber sheaths that is placed on the reproductive organs. For
female condoms, it has spermicides. For male condoms, it traps the sperm and prevents it from
entering the uterus. Condoms also prevent spread of STD/STI and can be bought over-the-
counter.
 Surgical Methods (Vasectomy and Tubal Ligation:
Vasectomy has a small incision made on each side of the scrotum and vas deferens is tied or cut
to block passage of sperm.
Tubal ligation is performed through a small incision under the umbilicus and fallopian tubes are
cut or removed to block the egg from meeting the sperm.