MBA-FT (2021-2023)

Subject: Supply Chain Management

Subject Code: MFT5SEOQ14
Group Assignment II – Group 9 (Section A)

“Walmart Inc.”

Submitted to: Prof. Praneti Shah

Submitted by: Aahan Adeshra (211001)
Akshat Mittal (211007)
Chandni Fatehpuria (211017)
Shravan Sharma (211064)
Yash Mathur (211237)

Date of Submission: 13th August 2022

 PART-I

We have selected Walmart as our company, which has taken steps towards becoming a green
and digital supply chain. They have made significant efforts to reduce carbon emissions and
create an effective, environmentally friendly supply chain. By 2030, they want to reduce or
eliminate one billion metric tonnes (MT) of scope 3 CO2e emissions from the atmosphere
(Project GigatonTM). Waste minimization by 2025, it is planned that 20% of private-label
plastic packaging in North America will be created from post-consumer recycled materials.
Additionally, they have established a target of having all private-label packaging sold globally
be recyclable, reusable, or industrially compostable by 2025. By 2025, all fresh, frozen, farmed,
and wild-caught seafood suppliers for Walmart U.S., Sam's Club U.S., Walmart Canada,
Walmart Mexico, and Walmart Central America will be third-party certified as sustainable,
actively pursuing certification, or participating in a fishery improvement project (FIP) or
aquaculture improvement project (AIP). By 2022, they hope to have 10% fewer priority
chemicals in formulated consumables than they had in 2017. By 2022, they want all of
Walmart's domestic private-label food and beverage packaging to have the How2Recycle®
mark. Walmart uses voice-based technologies to enhance logistics and warehouse
management, IT for Better Supply Chain Management, and GPS-based truck communications.

Introduction

Walmart Inc. is a global American retail company that runs a chain of grocery shops, cheap
department stores, and hypermarkets (also known as supercenters) all over the country. Its
administrative centre is in Bentonville, Arkansas. Sam Walton established the business in the
neighbourhood of Rogers, Arkansas, in 1962, and it was officially registered under Delaware
General Corporation Law on October 31, 1969. Additionally, it owns and runs the retail
warehouses for Sam's Club. As of April 30, 2022, Walmart operated 10,585 shops and clubs
under 46 distinct names throughout 24 countries. In the United States and Canada, the business
is known as Walmart, whereas in Mexico and Central America it is known as Walmart de
México y Centroamérica and in India as Flipkart Wholesale. It operates entirely on its own in
South Africa, Canada, and Chile. Walmart has only owned a small portion of Walmart Brazil
since August 2018, and the company was renamed Grupo Big in August 2019. Walmart owns

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20% of the company's shares, while Advent International owns the other 80%. In the end, they
sold their Grupo Big shares to French retailer Carrefour for R$7 billion in a deal that closed on
June 7, 2022. Walmart wants to move more quickly toward sustainable product supply chains
for its own line of products as well as for the whole retail and consumer goods sector. We are
concerned about issues relating to the environment and society, such as waste, nature, and
climate change, as well as employment opportunities, ethical hiring practises, and working
conditions for those involved in the supply chains of goods, as well as the accessibility of
reasonably priced, secure, and healthy food and other products. In 1972, Walmart went public
on the New York Stock Exchange. It had become the top retailer in terms of sales by October
1989 and was the most profitable in the United States by 1988. The company's original
geographic boundaries were the South and lower Midwest, but by the early 1990s, it had
locations all throughout the country. In November 1989, Sam's Club debuted in New Jersey,
and in July 1990, Lancaster welcomed the first California location. A Walmart in York,
Pennsylvania, opened in October 1990, the first main store in the Northeast. Shops like Aldi,
Lidl, Kmart, Kroger, Ingles, Publix, Target, Harris Teeter, Meijer, and Winn Dixie in the
United States; Hudson's Bay, Loblaw retail stores, Sobeys, Metro, and Giant Tiger in Canada;
and Commercial Mexicana and Soriana in Mexico are among Walmart's main rivals in North
America.

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 PART-II

1) INDUSTRY 4.0

Industry 4.0 is transforming how businesses make, enhance, and distribute their products.
Manufacturers are incorporating new technologies such as the Internet of Things (IoT), cloud
computing and analytics, and AI and machine learning into their manufacturing facilities and
processes.

These smart businesses are outfitted with cutting-edge sensors, embedded software, and robots
that gather and analyse data to help in decision making. When data from manufacturing
operations is coupled with operational data from ERP, supply chain, customer service, and
other business systems, whole new levels of visibility and insight from previously segregated
information are formed.

We have entered the fourth industrial revolution, also known as Industry 4.0. Informed data,
which is characterised by increased automation and the use of smart equipment and smart
factories, aids in the production of commodities more effectively and profitably across the
value chain. Flexibility is increased so that producers may better satisfy client requests through
mass customisation, eventually aiming for efficiency with a lot size of one in many
circumstances. A smart factory may achieve information transparency and better judgments by
gathering more data from the manufacturing floor and connecting it with other company
operating data.

TECHNOLOGIES DRIVING INDUSTRY 4.0:

1. Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT)

Smart manufacturing relies heavily on the Internet of Things (IoT). Machines on the
manufacturing floor are outfitted with sensors that have an IP address, allowing them
to communicate with other web-enabled equipment. Because of this automation and
connectedness, vast volumes of important data can be collected, analysed, and
transferred.

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2. Blockchain Technology (BCT)
Blockchain is a distributed, unchangeable ledger that makes it easier to record
transactions and track assets in a corporate network. A tangible asset (a home, vehicle,
cash, or land) can be intangible (intellectual property, patents, copyrights, branding). A
blockchain network can track and sell almost anything of value, lowering risk and costs
for everyone involved.

3. Automation
Industrial automation is the use of autonomous systems to operate machines and
processes in many sectors using technology such as robots and computer software.
Robot operations may be coordinated and mechanised to a higher extent than ever
before by connecting to a central server, database, or programmable logic controller.
They can accomplish tasks intelligently and with minimum human intervention. It can
generate higher quality, flexibility, accuracy and safety along with reduced costs.

4. AI and machine learning

Artificial intelligence and machine learning may generate insights that provide
visibility, predictability, and automation of operations and business processes. For
example, industrial machinery is prone to malfunctioning throughout the manufacturing
process. Data acquired from these assets may assist firms in doing predictive
maintenance based on machine learning algorithms, resulting in increased uptime and
efficiency.

5. Big Data and Analytics

Big Data analysis gives important information on crucial factors such as markets or
company directions, indicating which ones have the most potential for profit. It is
critical for strategic decisions such as growth and development plans or financial
assessments. And analytics is the science of studying raw data in order to draw
conclusions about it. Data analytics may assist a firm in optimising its performance,
performing more effectively, maximising profit, or making more strategic decisions.

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6. The Cloud
The cloud is a critical enabler of current Industry 4.0 automation technologies.
Similarly, Industry 4.0 - factory automation via the use of smart technologies such as
artificial intelligence (AI) and the Industrial Internet of Things - (IIoT). When it comes
to the processing power necessary for AI and other smart manufacturing technologies,
cloud computing may provide considerable benefits.

7. Cybersecurity
Manufacturing firms have not always recognised the significance of cybersecurity or
cyber-physical systems. However, the same connection of factory or field operational
equipment (OT) that allows more efficient production processes also exposes new entry
points for unwanted cyberattacks and viruses. Organizations should investigate the
hazards that emerge when cybersecurity is not adequately addressed, as well as how it
may become a valuable asset with a high return on investment. Cyber-physical systems
(CPS), as used in Industry 4.0, have the potential to revolutionise the world since
cybersecurity is critical to preventing outages, damages, and harming brand reputation.

8. Simulation
Simulation is a critical tool for creating planning and exploratory models to maximise
decision making, as well as the design and operation of complex and intelligent
industrial systems. It can also help businesses assess the risks, costs, implementation
bottlenecks, impact on operational performance, and roadmap to Industry 4.0.
Simulation is a vital component for attaining Industry 4.0's full potential. Simulation
tools are typically used in a 3D environment to assist in the verification of the
manufacturing process. They enable manufacturing firms to digitally validate
production concepts for a new product's lifespan. This allows for the rapid release of
high-quality items.

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Application of Blockchain Technology in Walmart: Food and agricultural products

The American multinational Walmart, which has dominated the world of department shops,
has used BCT in partnership with IBM to increase transparency and product traceability. As
various disease cases increased at Walmart after a large number of individuals became ill as a
result of consuming contaminated food (i.e., Romanian lettuce), it became necessary to identify
the source. Though tracing the origin and principal cause of such food-borne illness might take
weeks or months, it is critical to track the origin of such items and the refining technique
involved. This is a huge aid in ensuring the safety of people's lives by allowing corporations to
respond quicker and also protecting agronomists' livelihoods by removing basics from polluted
fields.

Walmart began a Hyperledger fabric, which is essentially based on BCT and connected with
IoT and would be useful for tracking the food supply. Walmart, in collaboration with IBM,
undertook two proof-of-concept studies on food products, one mango and the other pork, in the
United States and China, respectively. The findings were favourable, and the Chinese
traceability system enabled the transfer of authenticity certificates to the blockchain, increasing
trust in the system, which was crucial. In the United States, the time necessary to track the
origin was decreased by days, from a week to a few seconds.

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2) DIGITIZATION IN WALMART

In this current world, to do business ensuring a competitive advantage, digitization is one aspect
which cannot be overseen by any organization. Technology is very dynamic and keeps on
changing (being worked upon or innovation); the prime objective is to always offer state-of-
the-art technology which results in minimum lead time with an efficient supply chain. Their
stores have become hybrid. They're both stores and fulfilment centres. Walmart has gone digital
so to better understand and accurately anticipate and respond to customer trends.

ADVANTAGES:

There are various advantages for the firm to have a digital implementation in its business
model:

1. Omnichannel Strategy

In the recent years, Walmart has widely imbibed an omnichannel strategy. Omnichannel
service provides the customer with a possibility to interact with the product online or offline
and accordingly make a purchase, that too can be either in store or simply ordering it from
website/app of Walmart. In a nutshell, the strategy integrates different online and offline
channels so to make their products more visible and appealing to the TG (Target Group).

To execute the omnichannel approach, the firm had to:

- Leverage technology to share information across the entire supply chain so to function
on proper timeliness
- Track inventory across the channels and take care of the reorder quantity threshold
- Provide exceptional deliveries for online orders while maintaining competitive prices
and quality.

2. Efficiency in Information sharing across the Supply Chain

- Large-scale investments in big data, analytics, and machine learning capabilities have
taken the form of initiatives like Data Café, one of the largest private clouds in the
world, which analyses internal and external data sources to produce insights about
customer demand, evaluate the effectiveness of the supply chain, and streamline
operations. All of Walmart's suppliers now have access to Café without charge to better

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 understand consumer demand, evaluate campaign conversion rates, and manage supply
and inventory.

- Utilizing content service providers like Salsify to collect digital information from all
suppliers so that it can swiftly place fresh orders for products depending on demand
from customers.
For instance, if a consumer searches on Walmart.com for a product that Walmart does
not have, Walmart may swiftly seek up third-party service providers like Salsify to
find the supplier that does and then deliver the item to the client's house.

3. Evaluate and Optimize delivery of goods via store associates as well as machine
learning:

Deliveries for clients are being made by Walmart using its extensive network of store
employees as they go to and from work. Machine learning is being used to decide which
items should be delivered by which colleagues and what routes they should take to
maximize the delivery.

- Utilizing cutting-edge technology, such as the public, decentralized ledger known as

blockchain, to digitally trace goods along the supply chain would verify their quality
and authenticity. Walmart and IBM have collaborated on this project. The supply
chain becomes more eager to exchange information because of blockchain, which
increases efficiency.

- The customer experience will be improved by investing in in-store IoT. Examples

include automated checkout, digital carts that assist customers by making
recommendations and informing them about promotions, and the unification of
online and offline customer profiles to better target products and promotions at
customers. To track product consumption, control product placement, and manage
inventory, it is also experimenting with the use of RFID chips on items more
effectively.

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DISADVANTAGES:

Although rigorous technological developments lead to growth of industries, there still exists
certain aspects which need to be taken into account for any organization while adopting
digitization in their business model:

1. Unhealthy heavy reliance on technology

Having part or all of your records digitally stored is known as digitization. As a result, it's
possible that some private information might be compromised.

Walmart has been a victim of data breach which raised a lot of controversy for the company
and also the daughter companies (cleartrip data breach) of Walmart. The company’s database
systems were hacked by Yanluowang gang who launched a ransomware successfully
encrypting devices. However, they could not retrieve any data but came very close in doing so.
On the other hand, cleartrip which is operated by Walmart was hacked and their internal
information of their customers was leaked publicly; being one of the most impactful data
breaches in recent history. The hacker posted the leak data on a public forum trying to sell the
data.

2. Diminishing Job Opportunity

Increased digitization has had a toll on employees whose jobs are being or soon to be replaced
by automated systems, rendering them jobless. Very recently, Walmart let go of 200
employees because their jobs were redundant and were successfully fulfilled by automation.
The company claimed to rework their employees into assigning them to relevant
work/responsibilities which is dynamic, and automation cannot be implemented as of 2022.

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3) INDUSTRY 5.0

In comparison to Industry 4.0, Industry 5.0 is viewed as the next industrial evolution. Its goal
is to use the creativity of human specialists in conjunction with efficient, intelligent, and precise
machines in order to get resource-efficient and user-preferred manufacturing solutions. The
potential applications of Industry 5.0 are such as intelligent healthcare, cloud manufacturing,
supply chain management and manufacturing production. Edge computing, digital twins,
collaborative robotics, the Internet of things, blockchain, 6G and beyond networks are some of
the enabling technologies for Industry 5.0.

Industry 4.0 focuses on increasing mass production and performance by utilising machine
learning to provide intelligence across devices and applications (ML). Industry 5.0 is now being
imagined as a way to combine the distinctive creativity of human expertise with strong, smart,
and precise machines. Industry 5.0 is intended to combine high-speed, precision equipment
with critical, cognitive thinking in humans. Another significant addition of Industry 5.0 is mass
personalization, in which customers can select customised items based on their preferences and
needs.

Industry 5.0 can improve production quality by delegating repetitive and boring work to
robots/machines and those requiring critical thinking to people. Because intellectual experts
collaborate with machines, it fosters more skilled occupations than Industry 4.0. Industry 5.0
is primarily concerned with mass customisation, with humans leading robots.

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Features of industry 5.0 are:

1. Smart additive manufacturing

Additive manufacturing is a sustainable way towards industrial production that
develops the product part layer by layer rather than as a solid block, resulting in lighter
but more durable parts one layer at a time. It builds up material on 3D objects layer by
layer. Smart additive manufacturing employs AI algorithms and computer vision to
improve product design accuracy and graphical representation in 3D printing.

2. Predictive maintenance
Manufacturers began leveraging developing technology, such as CPS techniques and
improved analytical methodologies, to increase production and efficiency.
Transparency is the industry's capacity to detect and analyse uncertainties in order to
predict production capability and availability. Essentially, most production methods
presume that equipment is always available. Even so, in practise, this never occurs in
the actual world. As a result, manufacturing units should transition to predictive
maintenance in order to gain transparency.

3. Hyper customization
Hyper customisation is a personalised marketing approach that uses cutting-edge
technology like as AI, machine learning, cognitive systems, and computer vision on
real-time data to give more particular product, service, and content to each consumer.
The combination of human intelligence and robotics enables businesses to mass-
customize things. Many versions of the functional material are shared with other
employees in order to customise the product with multiple variants for client choice.

4. Cyber physical cognitive systems

Cognitive approaches are used to improve system performance in a variety of
applications such as surveillance, industrial automation, smart grid, vehicular networks,
and environmental monitoring, and are thus referred to as cyber physical cognitive
systems (CPCS). Cognitive abilities such as observing/studying the surroundings and
taking appropriate actions are present in CPCS nodes. In CPCS, the fundamental
components of decision making are learning and knowledge. The CPCS standard was
developed for human-robot collaboration (HRC) production.

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4) ADVANTAGES OF GREEN APPLICATION

Going green means opting for environment friendly policies. And accordingly changing
behaviours and patterns in order to lessen organization’s impact on the environment. This could
take the shape of forming straightforward eco-conscious habits like composting or recycling,
or it could entail more drastic adjustments like altogether changing organization’s energy use
patterns.

1. For eco-friendly businesses, there is tax-relief.

There are various ways in which government all over the world encourage green
businesses, one among it is granting them tax relief.

2. Credibility of an eco-friendly business is more comparatively.

Business runs on trust and reputation, with the rise in tensions regarding climatic conditions
across globe a green organization will have more credibility.

3. More financial opportunities and investors are attracted to it.

Trust on a sustainable business than anon-sustainable one will get investors on board easily.

4. Employee’s retention is easy.

In a survey by Adecco, 52% of working adults said they would prefer to work for a greener
business.

5. Improved readiness for upcoming environmental regulations.

Governments all over the world are putting many regulations in place and by that we can
assume that in near future many laws will be implemented so in order to protect
organization from all these it should go green.

6. Increase in sales.
It has been analysed that customers are more attracted towards an eco-friendly business and
green products are in demand.

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7. Healthier Work Environment
The elimination of harmful chemicals and making products 100% biodegradable, will lead
to employees being healthier and have advantage of being earth-friendly and people-
friendly.

CHALLENGES FACED BY WAL-MART TO GO GREEN.

Environmentalists have been criticizing Walmart for a long list of crimes against Mother
Nature, including generating millions of tons of CO2, encouraging waste by selling low-quality
goods, and constructing warehouse-sized stores, despite the company's efforts to promote its
green initiatives.

The logistics has been a major part of Wal-Mart’s supply chain. It initially faced problems to
shift toward natural-gas powered trucks. And the head says that it is focused on adding
hundreds or thousands of them.

In 2016 Walmart set its goal of reducing scope 1 emissions (related to its operations) and scope
2 emissions (from the electricity it uses) by 35% by 2025. The Walmart’s head of sustainability

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Kathleen Mclaughlin said “They face many obstacles and challenges of dealing with the
renewable market, but is it enough to supply the 100% goal they set?” Behind Google,
Microsoft, and Intel, Walmart is the fourth-largest user of renewable energy. Walmart uses
14% of its total US electricity from renewable sources, compared to 93% to 100% for the three
IT corporations.

Walmart has its zero-emission goal but some criticize it because it does not include the
company’s supply chain, and therefore Walmart said claims will be reviewed and it takes every
allegation seriously.

Walmart has planned of zero waste to landfill and recyclable packaging goals. To, address its
entire impact, Walmart will also have to consider the usage and disposal of products. Walmart
should focus more on achieving reduction in emissions of greenhouse gases by using various
tools and in order to achieve this government support is required as well and there are lot of
problems with corporate capitalism model.

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5) GREEN SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT OF WALMART

Going green -

Green is not a manufactured aspect of the business that preys on consumer conscience at the
store shelf before falling short at the loading dock. Business strategy and sustainability are
inextricably linked.

Transportation function in the Walmart ensures sustainability by reaching three majors’ goals
-

● Fill every trailer to capacity

● Diver trailers to the fewest miles possible
● Use most efficient equipment
For achieving this goal, it is necessary for the department workers to be well aligned with the
buyers to ensure that the trailers are filled both inbound and outbound.

Different department officials have gone to rigorous training that focused their learning on
how to achieve the collaboration strategically keeping their sustainability needs in mind as
well.

Thriving on collaboration -

With the help of consultant BBMG, the firm designed its My Sustainability Plan initiative to
give a framework for people and groups to improve their personal well-being. It offers a
personalized scorecard to assist users in incorporating sustainability into their own life. It's
pragmatic in the sense that making employees happier decreases costly turnover. However, it
also adds to a more pleasant shopping experience for the client. It embodies the classic Walmart
greeter or yellow smiley-face sign.

Spreading the word worldwide -

The Walmart Foundation has also contributed $2 million to the formation of The Sustainability
Consortium—a collection of green-minded multinational companies—in China, with the goal
of providing training and developing collaborations that would promote sustainability in-
country.

Sustainability Index is such a tool that helps the public in checking whether the sustainability
mission has been accomplished by the company or not. The sustainability index is the physical
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manifestation of this campaign. It provides a platform for businesses to leap from and climb
back onto as they embark on their own individual green journeys.

Walmart is actively working with roughly 6,000 of its suppliers, which account for
approximately 60% of the company's sales, to participate in and include the Sustainability
Index. This will have an impact on Walmart's purchasing selections in over 700 categories.
This enables Walmart to go closer to its aim of making its products more ecologically friendly
across the supply chain.

Owning Green -

One problem that businesses have when they pursue sustainability benefits is determining the
real worth of their investments so that they can demonstrate ROI to the CFO while continuing
to raise expectations and invest cash in new initiatives. That task is tough if the business and
sustainability strategies are not matched.

At Walmart, the two goals are inextricably linked. One helps the other. A green supply chain
is one that is efficient—and vice versa. Everything is measured and benchmarked, and the
corporation goes to considerable pains to track the return on investment for each investment.

Link between the Smart supply chain and green supply chain management:

1. Companies have begun to integrate GSCM with other business management tasks like
procurement, manufacturing, maintenance, and logistics’ is a sophisticated system that
involves product recalls, remanufacturing, and safe disposal processes. Vertical
integration, which includes collaboration with suppliers and customers, assists in
optimal closed-loop flow. As a result, GSCM can be an important instrument in the
framework of the circular economy for the sustainable use of resources.

2. Collaboration is required for a successful and sustainable supply chain. Supply chains
can collaborate to share distribution so that half-empty trucks are not dispatched to the
same destination. The same vehicle might also deliver to the same address. They can
also invest together in airships, canals, and other projects that decrease environmental
effect and cost.

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 3. An organization can meet one of three levels of Sustainability Achievement criteria:
Level 1: Fundamentals

This is where the majority of organizations are. Companies take modest steps such as
turning off lights and computers when they are not in use, using greener modes of
transportation, recycling paper, and so on. Some organizations also take steps to
implement self-service technology, such as teleconferencing and centralized buying.

Level 2: Think sustainability.

Companies at this stage begin to recognise the need to incorporate sustainability in

Supply Chain Activities and monitor their levels across the local range of operations.
Supply Chain involves optimization and rationalization of distribution and production,
product design, and supplier management, among other things.

Level 3: Scientific Sustainability

Companies utilise audits and benchmarking at this level to establish a framework for
managing supply chain activities. This clarifies how to evaluate the environmental
impact on cost, agility, and flexibility in the supply chain network. Green operations
are recognised by supply chains, which drive operations to control both firm and
government operations.

What Walmart did for to link the technology with the sustainability is as follows -

- Walmart has been using technology to improve their supply chain process and provide
customers with the lowest possible costs on products and services. And it was based on
the notion that collaboration was the key to success.

- Walmart was the first retail business to use the power of a computer system in 1975.
During this phase, Walmart captured POS data for inventory, created income statements
for stores, and linked the distribution warehouses for management of supplier
inventory.

- Walmart began scanning POS data with barcodes in the early 1980s. Walmart personnel
would scan items with these new barcodes and transfer the data to a big database for

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 inventory purposes. By the late 1980s, Walmart had its own satellite system (the biggest
private satellite system in the United States) in place, allowing for two-way phone and
data communication across all portions of the shops. There was also one-way video
communication.

- Suppliers were better able to tell which products they needed to have sent to Walmart
stores to satisfy consumers after deploying the Retail Link system, a type of supply
chain software that connected expert analysts forecasting supplier demands, real-time
POS sales data, and information at distribution centres. This was Walmart's ideal
method of tracking product sales and ensuring that inventory was supplied as soon as it
became depleted.

- It was quickly supplanted by RFID technology, which eliminated the need for
personnel to manually scan barcodes of merchandise entering stores or warehouses.
Furthermore, it reduced the number of goods that went out of stock by roughly 16%,
recorded consumer behaviour in real time, and assisted Walmart in further developing
its already large technology management system.

- Walmart's Inventory Management process became efficient with the launch of the app
called - My Productivity. A simple click on a smartphone set things in motion with
this software, which is only available to Walmart managers. It was now feasible to
access real-time data and sales trends, refill specific goods, address client inquiries, and
even reply to customer surveys. Furthermore, there was no need to leave the floor or
sign in to other systems to view sales, warehouse, or replenishment data. It removed
the hundreds of hours that Walmart staff spend each year sorting and hunting down
goods in back rooms.

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 PART-III

REFERENCES

• https://www.ibm.com/in-en/topics/industry-4-
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• APA: Rauniyar, K., Xiaobo, C. W., Kathmandu, N., & Sah, D. K. IoT Based Innovation
and Blockchain Applications for Advancing Global Supply Chain Management in
Industry 4.0 Era.
• https://www.ibm.com/in-en/topics/what-is-blockchain
• https://aethon.com/mobile-robots-and-industry4-0/
• APA: Maddikunta, P. K. R., Pham, Q. V., Prabadevi, B., Deepa, N., Dev, K., Gadekallu,
T. R., ... & Liyanage, M. (2022). Industry 5.0: A survey on enabling technologies and
potential applications. Journal of Industrial Information Integration, 26, 100257.
• https://corporate.walmart.com/esgreport/environmental/product-supply-chains-
sustainability-overview#aspiration

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