FACULTY OF MEDICAL SCIENCES

PROFESSIONAL SCHOOL OF NURSING

PRACTICE GUIDE

I. GENERAL DATA
Academic Unit: Professional School of Nursing
Academic Semester: 2021-02
Study cycle: III
Curricular experience: Pharmacology
Teacher:

II. SUMILLA
The pharmacology curricular experience belongs to the area of specific studies; It is
theoretical-practical in nature and mandatory. Its purpose is to provide the basic
foundations in the knowledge of drugs, considering the pharmacokinetics and
pharmacodynamics that will allow establishing the bases for rational and scientific
application in the care of the user, with creativity and teamwork. The thematic axes are:
pharmacology, pharmacokinetics and systems pharmacodynamics.

III. COMPETENCE
3.1 SPECIFIC COMPETENCES
Applies nursing care to the person, family and community to improve the quality of life of
the population, considering the ethical, philosophical, humanistic, scientific and
technological principles of the profession.

3.2 GENERIC COMPETITION

Teamwork, Creativity and innovation, Research.

IV. GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS

4.1 DEVELOPMENT OF PRACTICES
1. The student must be at the internship at the scheduled time, at the exact time.
2. All students must actively participate in the development of the practice.
3. Each practice includes: Introduction, materials, procedures, results, discussion and
conclusions; that must be developed during practice.
4. It is necessary that the student, before starting the practice, have basic knowledge related
to the topic of practice.
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PROFESSIONAL SCHOOL OF NURSING

5. To achieve the discussion of the results based on the competencies, the student must take
into consideration: Interpret in a clear and concise manner the pharmacological events
described, Develop their capacity for critical attitude, originality and scientificity based on
theoretical foundations.
7. Once the practice is finished, each group must submit a report of the practice carried out
according to the format that appears at the end of the guide.
 FACULTY OF MEDICAL SCIENCES
PROFESSIONAL SCHOOL OF NURSING

PRACTICE 01
INTRODUCTION TO PHARMACOLOGY

Laboratory of: Pharmacology Date: 01-09-2020

Topic: Fundamentals of pharmacology
Session: 01 Ability:
Student: Guide development time: 2 hours

I. INTRODUCTION
According to the technical document: Single National Request for Essential Medicines for
the Health Sector.
“…Medicines, when necessary and used appropriately, can confer health benefits. Many
medications save lives or restore health and their use when appropriate is considered a cost-
effective intervention.
As a public or social good, medicines have an indisputable health importance and in
particular essential medicines, which are identified as those that satisfy the priority needs of
the population, have proven therapeutic efficacy and are acceptably safe, and must be
available everywhere. moment and within reach of the population that needs them.
In this context, the careful selection of a limited variety of essential medicines makes it
possible to improve the quality of care, medicine management and the proper use of health
resources. This being much more important in environments with limited resources; and the
adoption of measures to ensure a regular supply of essential medicines leads to real health
benefits and improved public confidence in health services…” 1

II. MATERIALS
 Single national request for essential medicines - 2015.
 Book of essential generic medicines and their brand alternatives.

III. PRACTICE DEVELOPMENT

According to the suggested sources of information, answer the following questionnaire:
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PROFESSIONAL SCHOOL OF NURSING

1. Explain the differences between Generic Medication, Brand Name Medication and
Essential Medication.
2. Identify the main characteristics of a pharmaceutical form.
3. Using a diagram (drawing, concept map, metal map, etc.) represent the main
pharmaceutical forms of essential medicines.

IV. CONCLUSIONS
The student will describe and explain the difference and importance of medications and
pharmaceutical forms.

V. ASSESSMENT
The student will deliver the respective practice report at the end of the practice session,
which will be compared according to the evaluation rubric.

VI. OBSERVATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Students must reinforce their knowledge with the recommended bibliography.
The teacher must explain the applicability of the topic within the field of nursing.

VII. BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. DIGEMID. Single national request for essential medicines. Available at
http://www.digemid.minsa.gob.pe/Main.asp?Seccion=686
2. ADAMS M, HOLLAND N. Pharmacology for nursing. A pathophysiological
approach. 2009. Madrid. Pearson. Prentice Hall.
3. FLORES J. Human pharmacology. 6th ed. Spain: Elsevier España Sl;
2014.
4. CASTELLS S, HERNÁNDEZ-PÉREZ M. Pharmacology in Nursing. 2007.
Madrid. 2nd edition. Elsevier.
5. MOSQUERA JM. Clinical Pharmacology for Nursing. 4th edition. 2005 Madrid.
McGraw-Hill Interamericana.

PRACTICE 2
PHARMACOKINETICS AND PHARMACODYNAMICS
 FACULTY OF MEDICAL SCIENCES
PROFESSIONAL SCHOOL OF NURSING

Laboratory of: Pharmacology Date: 09-08-2020

Topic: Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics
Session: 02 Ability:
Student: Guide development time: 2 hours

I. INTRODUCTION
Pharmacokinetics refers to the movement of drugs into, through and out of the body, that
is, the time course of their absorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination,
depending on an administered dose.
The pharmacokinetics of a drug depend on its chemical properties and patient-related
factors; Some of the latter (eg, kidney function, genetic characteristic, sex, age, etc.) can
be used to predict pharmacokinetic parameters in certain populations. In fact, the
physiological changes associated with aging affect many aspects of pharmacokinetics that
differentiate an adult organism, a child, and a geriatric patient.
Other factors are related to individual physiology. The effects of some individual factors
(e.g., renal failure, obesity, liver failure, dehydration) can be reasonably predicted, but
other factors are idiosyncratic in nature and their effects are therefore unpredictable
which may delay the optimal response or cause lead to adverse effects.
Knowledge of the principles of pharmacokinetics allows the health team to have dosing
protocols more accurately and quickly. The application of pharmacokinetic principles to
1
individualize pharmacotherapy is called therapeutic drug monitoring.

II. MATERIALS
 Clinical case: PHARMACOKINETICS

III. PRACTICE DEVELOPMENT

According to the following clinical case,
RM is a 49-year-old female patient with a 12-hour history of clinical symptoms
characterized by general malaise and myalgia. He entered the emergency service with
blood pressure of 150/80 mmHg, heart rate of 115 beats per minute, respiratory rate of 25
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PROFESSIONAL SCHOOL OF NURSING

breaths per minute, temperature of 38.7ºC, conscious, oriented. After timely medical
attention, urinary tract infection and febrile syndrome were diagnosed.
As treatment, Antalgina  (Metamizole) 1g is administered in 250 ml of 0.9% sodium
chloride intravenously and after passing at least 20 ml of the solution, during the first
minute after starting the infusion, the patient reports itching in the extremity where Venous
access, cough, pharyngeal pruritus followed by dyspnea, generalized cyanosis and
deterioration of consciousness were found. The infusion was immediately suspended and
immediate treatment against anaphylactic shock was established using Adrenaline and
Hydrocortisone, allowing the patient to be stabilized.
answer the following questionnaire:
1. Identify the possible pharmaceutical forms associated with the drugs used in the
clinical case.
2. Describe the characteristics of enteral and parenteral routes of administration.
3. Describe the clinical importance of enteral and parenteral routes of administration.
4. Using a diagram (drawing, concept map, metal map, etc.) represent the main
components of pharmacokinetics (adsorption, distribution, metabolism and
elimination).

IV. CONCLUSIONS
The student will describe and explain the difference between routes of medication
administration; as well as the main components of pharmacokinetics.

V. ASSESSMENT
The student will submit the respective practice report in the following class.

VI. OBSERVATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Students must reinforce their knowledge with the recommended bibliography.
The teacher must explain the applicability of the topic within the field of nursing.

VII. BIBLIOGRAPHY
 FACULTY OF MEDICAL SCIENCES
PROFESSIONAL SCHOOL OF NURSING

1. ADAMS M, HOLLAND N. Pharmacology for nursing. A pathophysiological

approach. 2009. Madrid. Pearson. Prentice Hall.
2. CASTELLS S, HERNÁNDEZ-PÉREZ M. Pharmacology in Nursing. 2007.
Madrid. 2nd edition. Elsevier.
3. MOSQUERA JM. Clinical Pharmacology for Nursing. 4th edition. 2005 Madrid.
McGraw-Hill Interamericana.

PRACTICE 3
PHARMACOLOGY OF PAIN AND INFLAMMATION

Laboratory of: Pharmacology Date: 09-15-2020

Topic: Pharmacology of pain and inflammation
Session: 03 Ability:
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PROFESSIONAL SCHOOL OF NURSING

Student: Guide development time: 2 hours

I. INTRODUCTION
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) currently constitute one of the most
prescribed and consumed pharmacological groups in the world. The factors related to its
consumption range from the condition of its sale without the need for a medical
prescription, use in various inflammatory syndromes (for example, pain, fever, etc.),
prevention of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular ischemic events. Additionally, they are a
common treatment for chronic (long-term) health problems such as arthritis (rheumatoid
arthritis, osteoarthritis, and others) and lupus. These qualities are possible since they block
proteins, called cyclooxygense enzymes, which in the body help produce prostaglandins.
Prostaglandins are a group of natural fatty acids that play a role in pain and inflammation,
so inhibiting their synthesis generates an anti-inflammatory effect.
On the other hand, opiates are drugs that imitate the activity of endorphins, which are
substances produced by the body to control pain. They are available only with a
prescription and are used to relieve acute pain related to surgery and other medical
interventions, as well as to relieve persistent (chronic) pain and sudden moderate to severe
pain. Persistent pain is usually treated with long-acting opioids that are released into the
body slowly and control pain for a long period of time, while immediate-acting opioids take
effect more quickly and do not remain in the body for a long time. Sometimes opioids are
given in combination with non-opioids. 1.2

II. MATERIALS
• Clinical case: PHARMACOLOGY OF PAIN AND INFLAMMATION

III. PRACTICE DEVELOPMENT

According to the following clinical case,
2-year-old JK is admitted to the hospital due to a palm injury. The condition began 5 days
before admission with an upper and lower respiratory infection with bronchoconstriction
and fever, for which treatment with amoxicillin 100 mg/kg/day, salbutamol inhaler 200 µg
every 6 hours and dipyrone 10 mg/kg/dose was indicated. every 6 hours.
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PROFESSIONAL SCHOOL OF NURSING

Personal history: intermittent asthma for a year. He has previously received salbutamol and
amoxicillin. He had never received dipyrone and there is no notable family or
environmental history.
As complementary tests, hematological analysis was performed and severe neutropenia of
yet undetermined etiology was diagnosed. The patient was isolated and granulocyte colony-
stimulating factor (rhG-CSF-filgastrim) was started at a dose of 5 mg/kg/day. Continue
intravenous cefradine, gentamicin, and dipyrone.
After 48 hours of filgrastim, feverish peaks of 39ºC persist and severe neutropenia remains,
so dipyrone is discontinued. Antibiotics were continued, paracetamol was indicated as an
antipyretic, and a new surgical cleaning of the lesion was performed.
After 25 days of hospitalization, he was discharged home with a count of 39,700 white
blood cells, 28,584 neutrophils/ml, 6,352 lymphocytes/ml, hemoglobin 10.2 g/dl and
426,000 platelets. The discharge diagnoses were: respiratory infection with asthma attacks;
severe neutropenia secondary to dipyrone; and hand cellulitis and Staphylococcus aureus
bacteremia.
answer the following questionnaire:
1. Explain in your own words the definition of pain and inflammation.
2. Describe the mechanism of action of NSAID drugs.
3. Describe the mechanism of action of OPIACE drugs.
4. Regarding the clinical case, is it possible to identify the use of NSAIDs or OPIACE
drugs? Indicate the drug and its reason for clinical usefulness.
5. Describe the different clinical uses of NSAIDs and OPIACE drugs, and mention
one drug for each use.

IV. CONCLUSIONS
The student will identify and explain the main characteristics of NSAIDs and OPIACEOUS
drugs; as well as the recommendations and nursing care of your administration.

V. ASSESSMENT
The student will submit the respective practice report in the following class.
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PROFESSIONAL SCHOOL OF NURSING

VI. OBSERVATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Students must reinforce their knowledge with the recommended bibliography.
The teacher must explain the applicability of the topic within the field of nursing.

VII. BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. ADAMS M, HOLLAND N. Pharmacology for nursing. A pathophysiological

approach. 2009. Madrid. Pearson. Prentice Hall.
2. CASTELLS S, HERNÁNDEZ-PÉREZ M. Pharmacology in Nursing. 2007.
Madrid. 2nd edition. Elsevier.
3. MOSQUERA JM. Clinical Pharmacology for Nursing. 4th edition. 2005 Madrid.
McGraw-Hill Interamericana.

PRACTICE 4
PRINCIPLES OF TOXICOLOGY

Laboratory of: Pharmacology Date: 09-22-2020

Topic: Principles of toxicology
Session: 04 Ability:
Student: Guide development time: 2 hours

I. INTRODUCTION
Adverse reactions to a medication can be considered a form of toxicity; However, the
term toxicity is most frequently applied to the effects of overdose (accidental or
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PROFESSIONAL SCHOOL OF NURSING

intentional) or to the presence of high plasma concentrations or exacerbated

pharmacological effects that appear during correct use of the drug.
As all medications can cause adverse reactions, whenever a medication is prescribed, a
risk-benefit analysis must be performed (evaluating the probability of obtaining benefits
against the risk of adverse reactions to the drug). In addition, the incidence and severity
of adverse drug reactions vary according to patient characteristics (e.g., age, sex,
ethnicity, comorbidities, genetic or geographic factors) and according to drug-related
factors ( for example, type of drug, route of administration, duration of treatment, dosage,
bioavailability). The incidence is higher with advanced age and polypharmacy. Adverse
drug reactions are more serious in older adults, although age itself may not be the main
cause. Other causes related to the incidence of adverse reactions may be related to the
1.2
influence of non-compliance with treatment.

II. MATERIALS
• Clinical case: ADVERSE REACTION TO DRUGS

III. PRACTICE DEVELOPMENT

According to the following clinical case,
2-year-old JK is admitted to the hospital due to a palm injury. The condition began 5 days
before admission with an upper and lower respiratory infection with bronchoconstriction
and fever, for which treatment with amoxicillin 100 mg/kg/day, salbutamol inhaler 200 µg
every 6 hours and dipyrone 10 mg/kg/dose was indicated. every 6 hours.
Personal history: intermittent asthma for a year. He has previously received salbutamol and
amoxicillin. He had never received dipyrone and there is no notable family or
environmental history.
As complementary tests, hematological analysis was performed and severe neutropenia of
yet undetermined etiology was diagnosed. The patient was isolated and granulocyte colony-
stimulating factor (rhG-CSF-filgastrim) was started at a dose of 5 mg/kg/day. Continue
intravenous cefradine, gentamicin, and dipyrone.
 FACULTY OF MEDICAL SCIENCES
PROFESSIONAL SCHOOL OF NURSING

After 48 hours of filgrastim, feverish peaks of 39ºC persist and severe neutropenia remains,
so dipyrone is discontinued. Antibiotics were continued, paracetamol was indicated as an
antipyretic, and a new surgical cleaning of the lesion was performed.
After 25 days of hospitalization, he was discharged home with a count of 39,700 white
blood cells, 28,584 neutrophils/ml, 6,352 lymphocytes/ml, hemoglobin 10.2 g/dl and
426,000 platelets. The discharge diagnoses were: respiratory infection with asthma attacks;
severe neutropenia secondary to dipyrone; and hand cellulitis and Staphylococcus aureus
bacteremia.
Answer the following questionnaire:
1. Explain in your own words the definition of adverse drug reaction – ADR.
2. Regarding the clinical case, do you consider the presence of any ADR, Yes/NO,
Why?
3. Regarding the clinical case, is it possible to identify the medication responsible for
the ADR? Explain.
4. Explain in your own words the differences between RAM, ES and IM.
5. Could you suggest some recommendations for the safe administration of the
medication Dipyrone?

IV. CONCLUSIONS
The student will identify and explain the main characteristics of adverse drug reactions; as
well as recommendations and nursing care in the administration of medications.

V. ASSESSMENT
The student will submit the respective practice report in the following class.

VI. OBSERVATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Students must reinforce their knowledge with the recommended bibliography.
The teacher must explain the applicability of the topic within the field of nursing.

VII. BIBLIOGRAPHY
 FACULTY OF MEDICAL SCIENCES
PROFESSIONAL SCHOOL OF NURSING

4. ADAMS M, HOLLAND N. Pharmacology for nursing. A pathophysiological

approach. 2009. Madrid. Pearson. Prentice Hall.
5. CASTELLS S, HERNÁNDEZ-PÉREZ M. Pharmacology in Nursing. 2007.
Madrid. 2nd edition. Elsevier.
6. MOSQUERA JM. Clinical Pharmacology for Nursing. 4th edition. 2005 Madrid.
McGraw-Hill Interamericana.

PRACTICE 5
PHARMACOLOGY OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

Laboratory of: Pharmacology Date: 09-29-2020

Topic: Pharmacology of the respiratory system
Session: 05 Ability:
Student: Guide development time: 2 hours

I. INTRODUCTION

Asthma is a highly prevalent inflammatory lung disease of allergic origin that produces
obstruction, inflammation and hyperreactivity due to the action of two mediators, cytokines
and leukotrienes. The pharmacological treatment of asthma is aimed at correcting bronchial
constriction and inflammation, so the drugs used are of three types: anti-inflammatories,
bronchodilators and mixed-action drugs.
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The fundamental causes of asthma are not completely elucidated. The main risk factors are
the combination of a genetic predisposition with environmental exposure to substances and
inhaled particles that can cause allergic reactions or irritate the respiratory tract, such as:

 Allergens present inside homes, such as house dust mites found on bedding, carpets
and furniture, air pollution or pet dander.
 Allergens found outside the home, such as pollens or molds.
 Smoke of the tabacco.
 Chemical irritants in the workplace.
 Atmospheric pollution.

There are other triggers, such as cold air, strong emotions (fear, anger) or physical exercise.
Some medications can also trigger asthma attacks, such as aspirin and other nonsteroidal
anti-inflammatory drugs or beta blockers (drugs used to treat high blood pressure, some
heart diseases, or migraine).

The WHO recognizes that asthma is very important from a public health point of view. The
Organization participates in the international coordination of the fight against this disease.
The objective of its strategy is to support Member States in their efforts to reduce asthma-
related disability and premature mortality.

The objectives of the WHO program are:

 Improving access to cost-effective interventions (including medicines) and the

quality and accessibility of care at different levels of the health care system;
 Surveillance to quantify the magnitude of asthma, analyze its determinants and
monitor trends, with emphasis on poor and disadvantaged population groups;
primary prevention to reduce exposure to common risk factors, particularly tobacco
smoke, common lower respiratory tract infections during childhood, and air
pollution (indoors, outdoors, and in the workplace) .
II. MATERIALS
 FACULTY OF MEDICAL SCIENCES
PROFESSIONAL SCHOOL OF NURSING

• Article: Salazar M, et al. Clinical anatomical case. Rev Inst Nal Enf Resp Mex.
14(4): 224-232. 2001. Available at: https://www.medigraphic.com/pdfs/iner/in-
2001/in014f.pdf

III. PRACTICE DEVELOPMENT

The teacher will make a presentation of the scientific article, and will ask to answer the
following questionnaire:
1. Explain the usefulness according to mechanisms of action of the drugs used in the
clinical condition of Asthma.
2. Using a diagram (drawing, concept map, metal map, etc.) represent
recommendations based on the safe administration of inhalation drugs.

IV. CONCLUSIONS
The student will identify and explain the main characteristics of insulin drugs; as well as
the recommendations and nursing care of your administration.

V. ASSESSMENT
The student will submit the respective practice report in the following class.

VI. OBSERVATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Students must reinforce their knowledge with the recommended bibliography.
The teacher must explain the applicability of the topic within the field of nursing.

VII. BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. ADAMS M, HOLLAND N. Pharmacology for nursing. A pathophysiological
approach. 2009. Madrid. Pearson. Prentice Hall.
2. CASTELLS S, HERNÁNDEZ-PÉREZ M. Pharmacology in Nursing. 2007.
Madrid. 2nd edition. Elsevier.
3. MOSQUERA JM. Clinical Pharmacology for Nursing. 4th edition. 2005 Madrid.
McGraw-Hill Interamericana.
 FACULTY OF MEDICAL SCIENCES
PROFESSIONAL SCHOOL OF NURSING

PRACTICE 6
PHARMACOLOGY OF ANTIBIOTICS I

Laboratory of: Pharmacology Date: 06-10-2020

Topic: Pharmacology of antibiotics I
Session: 06 Ability:
Student: Guide development time: 2 hours

I. INTRODUCTION
Infections by microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, parasites and viruses are the main
cause of death in humans, especially in environments with limited resources. In 1928, when
Alexander Fleming accidentally discovered penicillin in a Petri dish contaminated by fungi,
a new era of medicine began. This natural compound produced by the fungus Penicillium
proved to be toxic to bacteria, but safe for humans. The use of penicillin during World War
II saved hundreds of thousands of lives.
After the discovery of penicillin, an intense search began for other natural or synthetic
compounds that could be used to treat other pathogenic microorganisms. That search has
been more difficult with some microorganisms than with others. Bacterial cells differ from
human cells in many fundamental ways, offering more opportunities to develop new drugs.
In contrast, fungi, parasites and viruses share many metabolic pathways and structures with
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PROFESSIONAL SCHOOL OF NURSING

human cells, offering researchers fewer therapeutic targets and carrying a greater risk of
toxicity for patients.
Antimicrobials are often considered “social” drugs because of the broad consequences their
individual use has on the patient's contacts, the local community, and microbial populations
around the world.
So, antimicrobial resistance depends on decisions made by patients, healthcare
professionals, farmers and veterinarians. In addition, the use of antimicrobials alters the
balance of microbial populations, producing an increase in resistant microorganisms and
changes in the distribution of infections, modifying the effectiveness of antimicrobials
depending on time and countries, depending on the conditions. patterns of use of
antimicrobials and movements of microorganisms between communities. Which means that
the inappropriate use of antimicrobials in the past and present endangers the well-being of
future generations. 1-3

II. MATERIALS
 Clinical case: ANTIMICROBIALS

III. PRACTICE DEVELOPMENT

According to the following clinical case,
Antimicrobial resistance is occurring worldwide; It is reducing the medicinal possibilities
to treat infectious diseases. The 68th World Health Assembly in May 2015 approved a
global action plan to combat antimicrobial resistance, including antibiotic resistance, which
is the most urgent type of drug resistance. The objective of the draft global action plan is to
ensure, for as long as possible, the continuity of the successful prevention and treatment of
infectious diseases with effective, safe and quality-assured medicines, used responsibly and
accessible to all. the people who need them, and five strategic objectives are established:
 Improve awareness and understanding regarding antimicrobial resistance;
 Strengthen knowledge through surveillance and research;
 Reduce the incidence of infections;
 Optimally use antimicrobial agents; and
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PROFESSIONAL SCHOOL OF NURSING

 Build the economic case for sustainable investment that takes into account the
needs of all countries, and increase investment in new medicines, diagnostics,
vaccines and other interventions.

Answer the following questionnaire:

1. Using a diagram (drawing, conceptual map, metal map, etc.) represent the
mechanisms of action of the families of antimicrobials available in the Single
National Request for Essential Medicines.
2. According to the clinical case, what “misuse of medications” behaviors favor the
increase in antimicrobial resistance?

IV. CONCLUSIONS
The student will identify and explain the mechanisms of action of the main families of
clinically useful antimicrobials; as well as the recommendations and nursing care of your
administration.

V. ASSESSMENT
The student will submit the respective practice report in the following class.

VI. OBSERVATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Students must reinforce their knowledge with the recommended bibliography.
The teacher must explain the applicability of the topic within the field of nursing.

VII. BIBLIOGRAPHY

4. ADAMS M, HOLLAND N. Pharmacology for nursing. A pathophysiological

approach. 2009. Madrid. Pearson. Prentice Hall.
5. CASTELLS S, HERNÁNDEZ-PÉREZ M. Pharmacology in Nursing. 2007.
Madrid. 2nd edition. Elsevier.
6. MOSQUERA JM. Clinical Pharmacology for Nursing. 4th edition. 2005 Madrid.
McGraw-Hill Interamericana.
 FACULTY OF MEDICAL SCIENCES
PROFESSIONAL SCHOOL OF NURSING

PRACTICE 7
PHARMACOLOGY OF ANTIBIOTICS II

Laboratory of: Pharmacology Date: 10-13-2020

Topic: Pharmacology of antibiotics II
Session: 07 Ability:
Student: Guide development time: 2 hours

I. INTRODUCTION
In 2017, the World Health Organization (WHO) published the list of "priority pathogens"
resistant to antibiotics, which includes the 12 families of bacteria most dangerous to human
health. The list was developed to try to guide and promote research and development
(R&D) of new antibiotics, as part of WHO's activities to combat the growing global
problem of antimicrobial resistance.
The list particularly highlights the threat posed by gram-negative bacteria resistant to
multiple antibiotics. These bacteria have the innate ability to find new ways to resist
treatments and can transmit genetic material that allows other bacteria to become drug-
resistant.

The WHO list is divided into three categories according to the urgency in which the new
antibiotics are needed, according to critical priority, high priority or medium priority. The
proposal aims to encourage governments to establish policies that incentivize basic
scientific research and advanced R&D through both publicly funded bodies and the private
sector investing in the discovery of new antibiotics. It also provides guidance to new R&D
initiatives such as the WHO/DNDi Global R&D Alliance for Antibiotics, which is
committed to the development of new antibiotics on a non-profit basis. However, although
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increasing R&D is essential, it alone is not enough to solve the problem. To combat
resistance, there must also be better infection prevention and appropriate use of existing
antibiotics in human and veterinary medicine, as well as rational use of any new antibiotics
that are developed in the future. 1-3

II. MATERIALS
 Article: WHO. The WHO publishes the list of bacteria for which new antibiotics
are urgently needed. Press center. Geneva. 2017. Available at:
https://www.who.int/es/news-room/detail/27-02-2017-who-publishes-list-of-
bacteria-for-which-new-antibiotics- to re-urgently-needed

III. PRACTICE DEVELOPMENT

The teacher will make a presentation of the scientific article, and will ask to answer the
following questionnaire:
1. Explain the importance of knowing the most dangerous bacterial microorganisms
for human health.
2. Using a diagram (drawing, conceptual map, metal map, etc.) represent the main
differences between a bactericidal mechanism of action and a bacteriostatic
mechanism of action.
3. What factors could increase the presence of antibiotic-resistant microorganisms?

IV. PRECAUTIONS AND BIOSAFETY

Comply with the biosafety standards set forth at the beginning of the guide.

V. CONCLUSIONS
The student will identify and explain the mechanisms of action of the main families of
clinically useful antimicrobials; as well as the recommendations and nursing care of your
administration.

VI. ASSESSMENT
The student will submit the respective practice report in the following class.
 FACULTY OF MEDICAL SCIENCES
PROFESSIONAL SCHOOL OF NURSING

VII. OBSERVATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Students must reinforce their knowledge with the recommended bibliography.
The teacher must explain the applicability of the topic within the field of nursing.

VIII. BIBLIOGRAPHY

7. ADAMS M, HOLLAND N. Pharmacology for nursing. A pathophysiological

approach. 2009. Madrid. Pearson. Prentice Hall.
8. CASTELLS S, HERNÁNDEZ-PÉREZ M. Pharmacology in Nursing. 2007.
Madrid. 2nd edition. Elsevier.
9. MOSQUERA JM. Clinical Pharmacology for Nursing. 4th edition. 2005 Madrid.
McGraw-Hill Interamericana.
 FACULTY OF MEDICAL SCIENCES
PROFESSIONAL SCHOOL OF NURSING

PRACTICE 8
PHARMACOLOGY OF THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

Laboratory of: Pharmacology Date: 10-20-2020

Topic: Pharmacology of the cardiovascular system
Session: 08 Ability:
Student: Guide development time: 2 hours

I. INTRODUCTION
Hypertension, also known as high or elevated blood pressure, is a disorder in which blood
vessels have persistently high tension, which can damage them.
Every time the heart beats, it pumps blood to the vessels, which carry blood to all parts of
the body. Blood pressure is the force exerted by blood against the walls of the vessels
(arteries) when pumped by the heart. The higher the tension, the more effort the heart has to
make to pump.
Most people with hypertension do not show any symptoms. Sometimes, hypertension
causes symptoms such as headache, shortness of breath, dizziness, chest pain, heart
palpitations, and nosebleeds, but not always. If left uncontrolled, hypertension can lead to a
heart attack, an enlarged heart, and eventually heart failure.
Hypertension already affects one billion people in the world, and can cause myocardial
infarctions and strokes. It is estimated that hypertension is the cause of nine million deaths
annually.
The bases for the pharmacological treatment of your treatment consider diuretic drugs, beta
blockers, calcium antagonists, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE inhibitors),
angiotensin II receptor antagonists (ARBs) and alpha adrenergic blockers or alpha blockers.
In addition, centrally acting drugs and arterial vasodilators are also available. The extensive
information available on the effectiveness of classic antihypertensive drugs, diuretics and
beta blockers, in reducing morbidity and mortality associated with hypertensive syndrome
makes these drugs the reference in the treatment of arterial hypertension. 1-3
 FACULTY OF MEDICAL SCIENCES
PROFESSIONAL SCHOOL OF NURSING

II. MATERIALS
 Clinical case: ARTERIAL HYPERTENSION

III. PRACTICE DEVELOPMENT

According to the following clinical case,
High blood pressure is a progressive risk factor for chronic kidney disease. It is suggested
that in patients with chronic kidney disease who present high blood pressure, blood
pressure values should be reduced below 140/90 mmHg to 130/80 mmHg, and their
lifestyles should accompany a restriction of sodium consumption to make more effective
blood pressure reduction.
Among the therapeutic alternatives applicable to this pathological scenario, the use of
renin-angiotensin system blockers is recommended (for example: angiotensin-converting
enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers) which, as initial therapy, should be
accompanied by channel blockers. of calcium or Thiazide Diuretics (If an estimated
glomerular filtration rate <30ml/min/1.73m 2 is present, the use of Loop Diuretics should be
considered). This strategy proposes greater effectiveness in reducing blood pressure and
reducing albuminuria (ESC/ESH, 2018).

Answer the following questionnaire:

1. Identify the drug families mentioned in the previous description.
2. Mention two examples of drugs for each of the previously mentioned
pharmacological families.
3. Describe the mechanism of action of the previously mentioned pharmacological
families.
4. Mention an example of the main adverse reactions observed for each of the
previously mentioned drug families.

IV. PRECAUTIONS AND BIOSAFETY

Comply with the biosafety standards set forth at the beginning of the guide.

V. CONCLUSIONS
 FACULTY OF MEDICAL SCIENCES
PROFESSIONAL SCHOOL OF NURSING

The student will identify and explain the main characteristics of antihypertensive drugs; as
well as the recommendations and nursing care of your administration.

VI. ASSESSMENT
The student will submit the respective practice report in the following class.

VII. OBSERVATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Students must reinforce their knowledge with the recommended bibliography.
The teacher must explain the applicability of the topic within the field of nursing.

VIII. BIBLIOGRAPHY

10. ADAMS M, HOLLAND N. Pharmacology for nursing. A pathophysiological

approach. 2009. Madrid. Pearson. Prentice Hall.
11. CASTELLS S, HERNÁNDEZ-PÉREZ M. Pharmacology in Nursing. 2007.
Madrid. 2nd edition. Elsevier.
12. MOSQUERA JM. Clinical Pharmacology for Nursing. 4th edition. 2005 Madrid.
McGraw-Hill Interamericana.

PRACTICE 9
PHARMACOLOGY OF THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
 FACULTY OF MEDICAL SCIENCES
PROFESSIONAL SCHOOL OF NURSING

Laboratory of: Pharmacology Date: 10-27-2020

Topic: Pharmacology of the endocrine system
Session: 09 Ability:
Student: Guide development time: 2 hours

VIII. INTRODUCTION
Insulin is synthesized and secreted in the pancreas by the Beta cells of the islets of
Langerhans and its function is to regulate plasma glucose levels.
Initially, the insulins used were of animal origin: bovine and porcine, which, although they
have some differences in the amino acid sequence with the human one, have a similar
biological action profile. Subsequently, with the use of genetic engineering, it has been
possible to synthesize human insulin, giving rise to semisynthetic insulin (obtained from
porcine insulin by substitution in the B chain of the amino acid alanine for threonine) and
biosynthetic insulin (obtained by biotechnology with DNA recombinant of bacterial or
yeast origin). The latest advances have led to the development of insulin analogues,
achieved by modifying the primary structure of insulin, whose objective is to improve the
pharmacokinetic profile of conventional insulins and thus overcome the limitations that
they presented in some patients to maintain control. adequate glycemic.

Physiological insulin secretion has two components, a continuous basal one and an acute
one triggered by hyperglycemia. In healthy people, immediately after eating food, insulin
is secreted from the beta cells into the portal circulation, reaching high insulinemias, with
maximum levels of up to 80 uU/ml after 30 minutes, followed by a decrease in basal values
after 30 minutes. 2-3 hours. The secreted insulin binds to the cells of adipose tissue, liver
and muscle, stimulating the entry of nutrients into the cell and thus preventing an excessive
rise in blood glucose in the post-prandial period.

On the other hand, during the fasting period, insulin, known in this phase as basal insulin,
plays a crucial role since it inhibits hepatic neoglycogenesis and prevents fasting
hyperglycemia. Another of its functions during this period is to inhibit lipolysis from
 FACULTY OF MEDICAL SCIENCES
PROFESSIONAL SCHOOL OF NURSING

adipose tissue, which produces a decrease in the supply of fatty acids to the liver, thus
preventing ketogenesis.

IX. MATERIALS
• Article: Kuzmanic V. Insulin therapy. Rev Med Clin Condes. 20(5): 605-613.2009.
Available at: https://www.elsevier.es/es-revista-revista-medica-clinica-las-condes-
202-pdf-X0716864009322794

X. PRACTICE DEVELOPMENT
The teacher will make a presentation of the scientific article, and will ask to answer the
following questionnaire:
3. Explain the usefulness of the drug insulin in the pathological panorama of type II
diabetes mellitus.
4. Describe recommendations based on safe administration during insulin therapy.
5. Using a diagram (drawing, conceptual map, metal map, etc.) represent the main
pharmacokinetic differences of the insulins available in the Single National Request
for Essential Medicines.

XI. CONCLUSIONS
The student will identify and explain the main characteristics of Insulin drugs; as well as
the recommendations and nursing care of your administration.

XII. ASSESSMENT
The student will submit the respective practice report in the following class.

XIII. OBSERVATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Students must reinforce their knowledge with the recommended bibliography.
The teacher must explain the applicability of the topic within the field of nursing.

XIV. BIBLIOGRAPHY
 FACULTY OF MEDICAL SCIENCES
PROFESSIONAL SCHOOL OF NURSING

13. ADAMS M, HOLLAND N. Pharmacology for nursing. A pathophysiological

approach. 2009. Madrid. Pearson. Prentice Hall.
14. CASTELLS S, HERNÁNDEZ-PÉREZ M. Pharmacology in Nursing. 2007.
Madrid. 2nd edition. Elsevier.
15. MOSQUERA JM. Clinical Pharmacology for Nursing. 4th edition. 2005 Madrid.
McGraw-Hill Interamericana.

PRACTICE SESSION 11
PHARMACOLOGY OF DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

Laboratory of: Pharmacology Date:10-11-2020

 FACULTY OF MEDICAL SCIENCES
PROFESSIONAL SCHOOL OF NURSING

Topic: Pharmacology of the digestive system

Session: 11 Ability:
Student: Guide development time:

I. INTRODUCTION
A peptic ulcer (gastric ulcer) is an irritation in the lining of the stomach or duodenum.
People who take long-term nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as aspirin
and ibuprofen, or are infected with the H. pylori are more likely to develop peptic ulcers.

An important causative agent of gastric ulcer is the bacteria Helicobacter pylori ( H.

pylori ), which occurs when this microorganism infects the stomach. This commonly occurs
in childhood. Nowadays, the causal role of H. pylori in gastritis, however, it is not clear
what the involvement of the microorganism is in the initial pathogenesis of the disease.
However, 2 facts constantly occur in patients with peptic ulcer: a high prevalence of H.
pylori and a frequent association with gastritis.

Its treatment consists of using antibiotics, which can be various, combined with
antisecretory medications (H 2 antagonists and proton pump inhibitors), a group of drugs
that is also called eradication treatment. 1-3

II. MATERIALS
 Article: Otero W. Helicobacter pylori: How is it treated in 2018? Rev
gastroenterol. Peru. 38(1). 2018. Available at:
http://www.scielo.org.pe/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1022-
51292018000100009

III. PRACTICE DEVELOPMENT

The teacher will make a presentation of the scientific article, and will ask to answer the
following questionnaire:
1. Using a diagram (drawing, concept map, metal map, etc.) represent the main
mechanisms of action in the treatment of gastric ulcer.
 FACULTY OF MEDICAL SCIENCES
PROFESSIONAL SCHOOL OF NURSING

2. According to the article, do you consider that it is appropriate to use both

antibiotics and antiulcer drugs in the treatment of H. pylori ?
3. What recommendations based on good drug administration practices could you
suggest in an eradication treatment of H. pylori?

IV. CONCLUSIONS
The student will identify and explain the mechanisms of action of the main anti-ulcer
families; as well as the recommendations and nursing care of your administration.

V. ASSESSMENT
The student will submit the respective practice report in the following class.

VI. OBSERVATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Students must reinforce their knowledge with the recommended bibliography.
The teacher must explain the applicability of the topic within the field of nursing.

VII. BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. ADAMS M, HOLLAND N. Pharmacology for nursing. A pathophysiological
approach. 2009. Madrid. Pearson. Prentice Hall.
2. CASTELLS S, HERNÁNDEZ-PÉREZ M. Pharmacology in Nursing. 2007.
Madrid. 2nd edition. Elsevier.
3. MOSQUERA JM. Clinical Pharmacology for Nursing. 4th edition. 2005 Madrid.
McGraw-Hill Interamericana.

PRACTICE SESSION 12
PHARMACOLOGY OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

Laboratory of: Pharmacology Date: 11-17-2020

Topic: Pharmacology of the central nervous system
Session: 12 Ability:
 FACULTY OF MEDICAL SCIENCES
PROFESSIONAL SCHOOL OF NURSING

Student: Guide development time: 2 hours

I. INTRODUCTION
The intake of drugs can produce in the body, regardless of the therapeutic action for which
they have been developed, certain consequences on our physical and psychological well-
being related to tolerance, dependence and withdrawal syndrome that can be caused by
their use. inappropriate use of certain drugs.
Tolerance occurs when a person consumes a drug continuously and their body becomes
accustomed to it. As a consequence, a psychological and physical process develops that
makes it necessary to increase the dose progressively to achieve the same results or effects.
We also talk about tolerance as the quality of a substance that with continued use and with
the same dose, produces an increasingly smaller effect. There are two subtypes: cross
tolerance, which implies that when a person has developed tolerance to a drug, they also
extend it to all drugs in the same or similar pharmacological group, and inverse tolerance,
which occurs when with a lower dose we achieve the same or greater effect.

On the other hand, physical dependence is the state of adaptation of the organism that needs
a certain level of presence of the drug or substance to function normally; psychological
dependence is the state of adaptation that drives the person to consume a new dose to
experience the effects of pleasure and/or avoid the discomfort derived from deprivation,
and finally, social dependence manifests itself as the need to consume a substance as a
manifestation of belonging to a social group that provides us with signs of identity.
Lastly, withdrawal syndrome is the set of symptoms and signs of physical and mental
discomfort that appear when the administration of the drug or substance to which the
person had developed a dependence is interrupted or significantly reduced. The onset,
duration and intensity of the condition will depend on the drug administered, the doses
consumed and the time elapsed since the last dose. These phenomena, which are usually
signs of the beginning of an addiction, can begin as a consequence of the misuse of
medications. 1-3

II. MATERIALS
 FACULTY OF MEDICAL SCIENCES
PROFESSIONAL SCHOOL OF NURSING

 Clinical case: PHARMACOLOGY OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

III. PRACTICE DEVELOPMENT

According to the following clinical case,
JL is a 33-year-old woman with a personal history of polysubstance dependence. He went
to the Emergency Service due to anxiety, irritability, insomnia, photophobia, paresthesias,
sweating, palpitations and flu-like syndrome.
In his psychobiography, it is worth highlighting a history of physical attacks by his father
during childhood and adolescence. Primary studies up to 13 years of age. He began using
alcohol and tobacco at the age of 14. First use of heroin and cocaine at age 16. Between the
ages of 16 and 20, he reported consuming daily quantities of 1.5 packets of tobacco, 24 g of
alcohol, 1-2 g of heroin parenterally, and 1.5 g of snorted cocaine. It does not specify the
daily amount of cannabis consumed. At this period of his life he had no job or stable
partner. At 21 years old she became pregnant. At the age of 23, he entered an educational-
therapeutic program to address his dependency problem. At the age of 26, he was
discharged and began working in hospitality and domestic service and began living with a
partner for 4 years until he had a relapse into drug addiction. At the age of 31, his family
doctor diagnosed him with moderate depressive disorder and fibromyalgia, for which he
was prescribed treatment with antidepressants and benzodiazepines. His symptoms
improved slightly, although in the following months he began to seriously and
progressively abuse analgesic, anxiolytic and hypnotic medication. He has maintained
abstinence from other toxic substances.
The patient reports that, on some occasions, she has suffered episodes characterized by
drowsiness, intense fatigue, dizziness, difficulty walking and dysarthria that prevented her
from notifying her family, falling asleep until the next morning, and when she wakes up she
does so with the feeling of be very sedated. He states that these symptoms were related to
consumption of a significant number of tranquilizer pills.
According to the family, in the last 3 weeks her mood has worsened, she has abandoned her
daily activities, refusing any interpersonal relationship and remaining isolated in her room.
Food intake has decreased significantly. At the same time, he demands large quantities of
anxiolytics, hypnotics and anti-inflammatories from the family. The day before admission,
 FACULTY OF MEDICAL SCIENCES
PROFESSIONAL SCHOOL OF NURSING

the family removes the medication from her reach, which seems to be related to the
condition that forced her to go to the Emergency Service after which the patient was
admitted to the Psychiatry Hospitalization Unit.

Answer the following questionnaire:

1. Explain “Pharmacological dependence” in your own words.
2. What substances or drugs can be considered causative agents of dependence.
3. In terms of health promotion, what recommendations would you provide regarding
the proposed clinical case.
4. Could you suggest some recommendations for the safe administration of
benzodiazepine drugs?
5. Why do you think it is important to safely administer medications with activity on
the central nervous system?

IV. CONCLUSIONS
The student will identify and explain aspects of pharmacology applied to the central
nervous system; as well as the recommendations and nursing care of your administration.

V. ASSESSMENT
The student will submit the respective practice report in the following class.

VI. OBSERVATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Students must reinforce their knowledge with the recommended bibliography.
The teacher must explain the applicability of the topic within the field of nursing.

VII. BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. ADAMS M, HOLLAND N. Pharmacology for nursing. A pathophysiological
approach. 2009. Madrid. Pearson. Prentice Hall.
2. CASTELLS S, HERNÁNDEZ-PÉREZ M. Pharmacology in Nursing. 2007.
Madrid. 2nd edition. Elsevier.
 FACULTY OF MEDICAL SCIENCES
PROFESSIONAL SCHOOL OF NURSING

3. MOSQUERA JM. Clinical Pharmacology for Nursing. 4th edition. 2005 Madrid.
McGraw-Hill Interamericana.

PRACTICE 13
ANTINEOPLASTIC PHARMACOLOGY

Laboratory of: Pharmacology Date: 01-12-2020

Topic: Antineoplastic pharmacology
Session: 14 Ability:
Student: Guide development time: 2 hours

I. INTRODUCTION
 FACULTY OF MEDICAL SCIENCES
PROFESSIONAL SCHOOL OF NURSING

The origin of the first effective antineoplastic chemotherapy was based on both careful
research and serendipitous discoveries resulting from the use of mustard gas as a weapon
during World War I. Until then, most treatments for advanced cancer had been ineffective.

The effects of mustard gas on blood cells and bone marrow were first described by Dr.
Edward Krumbhaar in 1919 after treating patients exposed to this chemical agent in France.
He realized that even if the initial clinical course of these patients was accompanied by an
increase in the total number of leukocytes, those individuals who survived for several days
developed a profound decrease in blood cells. During World War II, the US Office of
Scientific Research and Development (OSRD) funded secret research into chemical agents
conducted at Yale University. The research team was led by pharmacologist Alfred Gilman
and physician and pharmacologist Louis Goodman. These studies corroborated previous
observations about leukocytopenia (low white blood cell count) by demonstrating a
dramatic reduction in the size of lymphomas in experimental animals exposed to mustard
gas. However, what brought the Yale group's studies to the attention of the medical
community and really started the era of cancer chemotherapy was a mustard gas incident
that occurred during World War II. Hundreds of residents were accidentally exposed to
mustard gas during the bombing of the Italian city of Bari on December 2, 1943. The SS
John Harvey, a cargo ship docked in the port of Bari, had a reserve of 100 tons of mustard
gas. As a result of the night's bombing, seventeen ships were sunk, including the SS John
Harvey, which spilled mustard gas reserves. No crew member of the SS John Harvey
survived, so the inhabitants of Bari were unaware of the exposure to mustard gas. In the
days and weeks following the catastrophe, the other victims, military and civilian, of the
accident presented the common manifestations of mustard gas poisoning. Lieutenant
Colonel Stewart F. Alexander, an American doctor trained in chemical warfare, confirmed
exposure to mustard gas based on autopsy results of victims who had severe spinal cord
injury, particularly leukocytopenia. Since leukocytes can divide rapidly, it was deduced that
this chemical agent could be useful in destroying cancer cells that also divide rapidly. As a
consequence, the Bari event reinforced the hypothesis that the effect of mustard gas on
blood cells could have therapeutic utility.
 FACULTY OF MEDICAL SCIENCES
PROFESSIONAL SCHOOL OF NURSING

Although the mustard gas accident in Bari was instrumental in boosting research into
cancer chemotherapy, new research is now needed, not only to encourage people to adopt
healthy behaviors to prevent cancer, but to develop more effective screening methods. that
allow cancer to be diagnosed at the earliest stages and to guide national health systems to
1-
make affordable and effective antineoplastic treatments available to the entire population.
3

II. MATERIALS
 Article: Benedi J. Antineoplastic drugs. Professional pharmacy. 20(2): 60-65.
2006. Available at: https://www.elsevier.es/es-revista-farmacia-profesional-3-
pdf-13084621

III. PRACTICE DEVELOPMENT

The teacher will make a presentation of the scientific article, and will ask to answer the
following questionnaire:
4. Using a diagram (drawing, concept map, metal map, etc.) represent the main
mechanisms of action in antineoplastic treatment.
5. According to the article, describe the main adverse drug reactions related to the use
of antineoplastics.
6. What recommendations based on good drug administration practices could you
suggest in antineoplastic treatment?

IV. CONCLUSIONS
The student will identify and explain the mechanisms of action of the main antineoplastic
families; as well as the recommendations and nursing care of your administration.

V. ASSESSMENT
The student will submit the respective practice report in the following class.

VI. OBSERVATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Students must reinforce their knowledge with the recommended bibliography.
 FACULTY OF MEDICAL SCIENCES
PROFESSIONAL SCHOOL OF NURSING

The teacher must explain the applicability of the topic within the field of nursing.

VII. BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. ADAMS M, HOLLAND N. Pharmacology for nursing. A pathophysiological
approach. 2009. Madrid. Pearson. Prentice Hall.
2. CASTELLS S, HERNÁNDEZ-PÉREZ M. Pharmacology in Nursing. 2007.
Madrid. 2nd edition. Elsevier.
3. MOSQUERA JM. Clinical Pharmacology for Nursing. 4th edition. 2005 Madrid.
McGraw-Hill Interamericana.

PRACTICE 13
RENAL PHARMACOLOGY

I. INTRODUCTION
II. MATERIALS
Article: Díaz de León-Ponce M. Acute kidney failure (AKI) classification, pathophysiology,
histopathology, clinical picture, diagnosis and treatment a logical version. 40(4): 280-287.
2017

III. PRACTICE DEVELOPMENT

solve the questions of the activity:
-How is acute renal failure (AKI) defined?
-Explain the pathophysiology of ARF
-Describe the treatment of ARF

IV. CONCLUSIONS
 FACULTY OF MEDICAL SCIENCES
PROFESSIONAL SCHOOL OF NURSING

The student will identify and explain the main characteristics of renal pharmacology
treatments.
; as well as the recommendations and nursing care of your administration.

V. ASSESSMENT
The student will submit the respective practice report in the following class.

VI. OBSERVATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Students must reinforce their knowledge with the recommended bibliography.
The teacher must explain the applicability of the topic within the field of nursing.

VII. BIBLIOGRAPHY
4. ADAMS M, HOLLAND N. Pharmacology for nursing. A pathophysiological
approach. 2009. Madrid. Pearson. Prentice Hall.
5. CASTELLS S, HERNÁNDEZ-PÉREZ M. Pharmacology in Nursing. 2007.
Madrid. 2nd edition. Elsevier.
6. MOSQUERA JM. Clinical Pharmacology for Nursing. 4th edition. 2005 Madrid.
McGraw-Hill Interamericana.
 FACULTY OF MEDICAL SCIENCES
PROFESSIONAL SCHOOL OF NURSING

ANNEXES

EVALUATION CARD
CRITERION INDICATORS AND SCORE
0 Did not attend practical session
Assistance and
1 Attended within 15 minutes tolerance
punctuality
2 Attended punctually
0 Did not answer proposed questionnaire
1 Partially answered the proposed questionnaire
Activity
development 3 You answered the proposed questionnaire correctly
You answered the questionnaire correctly and provided relevant
5
information
1 Requires prior concepts
2 Develops the contents of the practice in an organized manner
Study and
protocol review 4 Obtains appropriate and relevant conclusions
Projects itself to health problems, Makes pertinent and coherent
6
judgment, and Cite related bibliography.
0 Does not refer bibliographic information
bibliographic
1 Refers bibliographic information in a disorderly manner
information
2 Refer bibliographic information appropriately
0 The document presents plagiarism among students
Originality 2 The document presents similarities greater than 30%
5 The document presents similarities of less than 30%
The sum of accumulated points corresponds to the final grade of
Note
the practical session