Contents Units

Volume
Units 1 1 US Gal = 3,785 l
Air Law 2 1 imp gal = 4,55 l
general/other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
SERA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Pressure
procedure design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1 bar = 14.5 psi
separation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1 bar = 105 Pa = 1000 hPa
ATS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
aerodromes, SAR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
AFS 5 Temperatures
Instruments 6
gyro/compass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 T[F ] = 1.8 · T[C] + 32
warnings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
T[K] = T[C] + 273, 15
autopilot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Mass and Balance 7
Performance 8 Distances
General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 1 sm = 1609 m
Enroute . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 1 nm = 1852 m
Landing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 1 inch = 2.54 cm
take-off speeds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
take-off climb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
take-off safety factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
FPL 11
fuel planning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
IFR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
planning minima/OPS stuff . . . . . . . . . 12
HPL 13
Met 14
climate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
met info . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
GNav 16
RNav 17
OPS 19
General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
ORO/FTL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
NAT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
CAT.OP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
CAT.IDE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
POF 22
Comms 23
Air Law

general/other SERA
regulations Minimum Heights
2018/1139 / 216/2008 basic regulation OCH radius
748/2012 airworthiness VFR, congested areas 1000ft 600m
1178/2012 flight crew licensing VFR, day 500ft 150m
965/2012 air operations IFR/VFR night 1000ft 8km
376/2014 occurrence reporting IFR/VFR night, mount. 2000ft 8km
996/2010 occurrence investigations unless otherwise prescribed, also see FPL section
2017/373 ATM/ANS
Doc 9643 operations on parallel runways lost comms - IMC
• maintain speed+FL for 7 min, or 20 min if no radar
AIC color • counts from reaching altitude, missed rep. point or setting 7600, whichever
is later
white administrative
• resume currently valid flight plan, turn immediately to next waypoint if vec-
yellow ATC
tored
pink safety • arrive withing 30 min of ETA or EAT, whichever is later
mauve danger areas
green maps/charts
VMC Minima
dist cloud vis
parallel runway operations - modes
> FL100 1000 ft, 1500 m 8 km
mode 1 independent parallel approaches < FL100 1000 ft, 1500 m 5 km
mode 2 dependent parallel approaches < 3000ft/1000ft AGL:
mode 3 independent departures A,B,C,D,E 1000 ft, 1500 m 5 km*
mode 4 segregated operations F,G clear of cloud 5 km*
* 1500m (IAS < 140 kts), helicopter 800m
parallel runway operations - mixture of modes
independent parallel operations RWY 1+2 do the same VFR Minima CTR
mixed operations RWY 1+2 both do both ceiling vis IAS
semi mixed RWY 1 only one type, RWY 2 does both VFR 1500 ft 5000 m -
segregated operations RWY 1 departure, RWY 2 arrivals Special VFR 600 ft 1500 m ≤ 140 kt

parallel runway operations - numbers light signals

separation before LOC intercept 3 NM in-flight on ground
min distance for independent parallel 760m cont. give way, continue circling stop!
width of non-transgression zone ≥ 610 m red blink unsafe, dont land taxi clear of RWY
dist on LOC before descending > 2 NM pyro notwithstanding, do not land
dist before LOC to slow down > 1 NM cont. cleared to land cleared for takeoff
green
maximum angle of intercept to LOC > 30◦ blink return for landing cleared to taxi
diverging tracks for go-around or mode 3 > 30◦ white blink land, come to apron return to starting point
procedure design separation
VAT categories wake-turbulence separation non-radar
A B C D E D Depart 2 min
< 91 91-120 121-140 141-165 166-210 O Opposite 3 min
D Displaced 2 min
accuracy of nav aids I Intermediate 3 min
A Arrival 2 min (+1 if its L aircraft)
TAR - terminal area radar 0.8 NM + 1 if behind J, excepting H departing behind J
PSR - enroute 1.7 NM
ILS - track guidance ±2.4◦
wake-turbulence separation radar
VOR - track guidance ±5.2◦
NDB - track guidance ±6.9◦ preceding H M L
J 6 7 8
H 4 5 6
MOC in approach segments
M - - 5
arrival 1000 ft
AMC6 ATS.TR.220
initial 1000 ft
intermediate 500 ft longitudinal separation
final 90 m (NPA, no FAF) 15 min normal
75 m (NPA, FAF) 10 min, down to 5 min mach number technique
80 NM RNAV with mach number technique, to common point
facts 10 min navaids frequent position determination
normal missed approach gradient 2.5 % 5 min navaids frequent position determination, 20 kts faster
SID - procedure design gradient 3.3 %
SID - obstace identification surface 2.5 % lateral separation, when using the same navaid
straight approach ≤ 30◦ VOR > 15 NM or > 15◦
angle initial to intermediate 90 ◦ PA, 120 ◦ NPA NDB > 15 NM or > 30◦
turning departure ≥ 15◦ , no turn below 400 ft
track guidance, turning DEP 10 km
radar separation
track guidance, straight DEP 20 km
5 NM normally
3 NM prescribed by authority
holding
2.5 NM final approach within 10 NM

• offset sector 70 ◦
• offset entry turn 30 ◦
• zone flexibility 5 ◦
• outbound timing:
≤ 14 000 ft 1 min
> 14 000 ft 1.5 min
• buffer area 5 NM
• holding area includes entries
• DME arc entry only 1 and 3 /
parallel or direct
ATS aerodromes, SAR
airspace classes lighting systems
class separation service speed lim radio+clearance system dimension approaches
A IFR All ATC ✗ ✓ 420m total NPA: when practiable
IFR All ATC ✗ ✓ SALS
B 30m crossbar at 300m visual: recommended
VFR All ATC ✗ ✓ 900m total, min. 720m
IFR IFR/all ATC ✗ ✓ PALS CAT I
C 30m crossbar at 300m
VFR VFR/IFR ATC, FIS ✓ ✓ 30m crossbar at 150m
IFR IFR/IFR ATC ✓ ✓ PALS CAT II/III + CAT II/III
D red lights to THR
VFR - ATC (FIS) ✓ ✓
IFR IFR/IFR ATC ✓ ✓
E SAR - symbols
VFR - FIS as pract. ✓ ✗
IFR IFR/IFR as pract. advisory ✓ ✗ by survivors by rescue team
F
VFR - FIS on req. ✓ ✗ require assistance operation completed
IFR - FIS on req. ✓ ✗ require medical assistance found everybody
G
VFR - FIS on req. ✓ ✗
no found some, still counting
SERA.6001/SERA.5025(b)
yes returning to base
random facts
proceeding in direction divided in groups
FPL deviation 5 % TAS, 10 kts, 2 min aircraft in this direction
FPL cancelled controlled 30min EOBT
uncontrolled 60min EOBT
max FL VFR FL200 SAR boxes color
TMA/CTA height ≥ 700 ft red medical, first aid
CTR extent 5 NM in approach direction blue food, water
changeover points 60 NM yellow blankets, clothing
black other
approach facts
rep. wind change TWC 2, XWC 5, HWC 10
speed instruction max 20 kts, none when < 4 NM from THR
intercept angle LOC 45 ◦ , independent parallel approaches 30 ◦
unfamiliar approach ATC: final approach track, initial level, procedure turn

SRA - surveillance radar approach

• from 4 NM: longer than 5s from radar screen → missed
• from 2 NM: any time from radar screen → missed
• from 4 NM: distance and level given each 0.5 NM
• at 2 NM: missed when no landing clearance
AFS

jet fuel types

Jet A Jet A-1 Jet B AVGAS 100LL AVGAS 100
density 0.8 kg/l 0.78 kg/l 0.72 kg/l
flashpoint 38 ◦ C 38 ◦ C -20 ◦ C
freezing point -40 ◦ C -47 ◦ C –60 ◦ C
color blue green

batteries
lead acid NiCd Li-Ion/Li-Po
cell voltage 2.0 V 1.2 V 3.6 V
electrolyte H2 SO4 KOH anhydrous/polymere
voltage when
steadily decrease constant, then drop constant, then drop
discharging
temp danger - runaway danger runaway danger
weight high low very low
temp range -40 ◦ C - 50 ◦ C -40 ◦ C - 60 ◦ C 0 ◦ C - 40 ◦ C

continous loop fire detection

dual loop, low resistance, low capacity fault
dual loop, low resistance, high capacity fire alert
single loop, low resistance fault OR fire

gaseous loop fire detection

high pressure fire/heat detection
low pressure fault

compression ratios
type per stage overall
centrifugal 1:5 1:12
axial 1:1.2 1:35

cabin pressurisation
normal cabin pressure altitude 6000-8000 ft
cabin differential pressure 8-9 psi

piston engines
thermal efficiency 30 %
Instruments

temperature warnings
2


Ttot = Tstat · 1 + 0.2 · Kr · M EGPWS Color Codes
magenta unknown
misc red > 2000 ft above
capacitance (general) C = Vq amber 1000 - 2000 ft above
A
capacitance (capacitor) C =ϵ· d light yellow 500 ft below - 1000 ft above
dark green 1000 - 500 ft below
light green 2000 - 1000 ft below
black > 2000 ft below
gyro/compass
direct reading compass EGPWS Alerting Times
turning N/S UNOS, E = bank+latitude Caution 40-60s
2
accelerating W/E (WE)ANDS Warning 20-30s
liquid swirl (L)INDS
TCAS low altitude inhibitions
directional gyro < 1500 ft AGL no INCREASE DESCENT -RA
• apparent wander: on NH drifting right, heading gets smaller, 15 · sin ϕ < 1000 ft AGL no RA at all
< 800 ft AGL no voice commands
attitude indicator
• acceleration: pitch up, deceleration: pitch down
• turn error: pitch always too high, bank like ”− sin” autopilot

speed/pitch-priority
priority autopilot pitch channel autothrust
ALT
pitch V/SPEED SPEED
priority FPA MACH
VNAV
THR CLB
speed OP DES IDLE
priority OP CLB N1, FLEX
TOGA

series/parallel autpilot
parallel controls move with autopilot, Boeing
series controls dont move, Airbus
Mass and Balance

Load Addition/Shifting aircraft weighing

• weighed every 4 years
mshift · dshift = mtotal · dCG shift • newly evaluated when CG ±0.5% MAC
• newly evaluated when ±0.5% MLM
madd · (dadd − dCG,new ) = mtotal, old · CG shift

• no weighing needed for changes, can be calculated
madd · (dadd − dCG,old ) = mtotal, new · dCG shift AMC1 CAT.POL.MAB.100(b)

masses aircraft weighing - fleet masses

BEM • CG deviations < ±0.5% MAC aeroplanes (n) number weighed (w)
+VL • weight deviation < ±0.5% MLM 2-3 n
• individual aeroplanes weighed at n+3
DOM 4-9
F + least every 9 yrs 2
TL n + 51
TO • every 4 years, w aeroplanes are > 10
+ operational items 10
VL variable load weighed, see table
OM +UL ZFM crew/ crew baggage
AMC2 CAT.POL.MAB.100(b)
+ F UL useful load TL + useable fuel
TL
TO Volume
+
TOM 1 US Gal = 3,785 l
+T
F ax 1 imp gal = 4,55 l
-T i
LM RM

standard masses - passengers

• pax can be asked when MOPSC < 20-29 pax > 30 pax
10, add 4 kg of clothes and 6 kg of type male female adults
hand baggage normal 88 70 84
• flight crew: 85 kg charter 83 69 76
• cabin crew: 75 kg
• children, up to 12 yrs: 35 kg
AMC1 CAT.POL.MAB.100(e)

standard masses - baggage

• MOPSC > 19: standard masses flight mass [kg]
• MOPSC ≤ 19: weighing domestic 11
europe/other 13
intercont 15
AMC1 CAT.POL.MAB.100(e)
Performance

General Enroute
performance classes net driftdown flight path
multi-jet multi-turboprop piston increase driftdown gradient by...
MTOM > 5,7t or MOPSC > 9 A A C Class B: 0.5%
MTOM ≤ 5,7t and MOPSC ≤ 9 A B B Class A: 1.1% for 2-engined
⇒1-4-6
1.4% for 3-engined
1.6% for 4-engined
aquaplaning
p
Dynamic - Non-rotating tyre: · tire pressure [psi]
7.7p
Dynamic - Rotating tyre: 9 · tire pressure [psi]
Viscous: rubber layer near touchdown zone Landing
Vref
optimum speeds 
Class B: Vref ≥ max VMC,T/O flaps , 1.3 · VS0 /1.23 · VSR0
vMP vMD 1.32 · vMD Class A: Vref ≥ max {VMCL , 1.23 · VSR0 }
both glide ROD glide angle -
prop vX vY (bit smaller then vMD ) -
Landing - commercial factors
jet - vX vY
Class B, Class A Turboprop: LDA ≥ 1.43 · LDAFM / 0.7 · LDA ≥ LDAFM
clearway - dimension Class A, Jet: LDA ≥ 1.67 · LDAFM / 0.6 · LDA ≥ LDAFM
CAT.POL.A.330, CAT.POL.A.230
length < 0.5· TORA
width > 500 ft Landing - surface factors
wet: 1.15
cost index grass: 1.15
general operating costs
CI = min. (balked) landing climb gradient (AEO)
fuel costs
Class B: 2.5% (Cessna 250) • OEI, other engine TOGA
Class A: 3.2% (A320) • landing flaps
• gear extended
CS 25.119

min. approach climb gradient (OEI)

Class B: 0.75% • OEI, other engine TOGA
Class A: 2.1% 2 engines • approach flaps
2.4% 3 engines • gear retracted
2.7% 4 engines
CS 25.121
take-off speeds take-off climb
VR vertical obstacle clearance
Class B, SEP: VR ≥ VS1 Class A: 35 ft, 50 ft when banking
Class B, MEP: VR ≥ max {1.05 · VMC , 1.1 · VS1 } Class B: 50 ft
Class A: VR ≥ 1.05 · VMCA VR ≥ V1
+ reach V2 before 35ft, and satisfy VLOF conditions horizontal obstacle clearance
clearance = A + 0.125 · D, but max. B = 300m
V2 / V50ft D= distance from the DER
1.13 · VSR for 2+3 engined turboprops A = 90m for aeroplanes with wingspan ≥ 60m
V2 ≥ max{... 1.08 · VSR for 4 engined turboprops + jets A = 60m + 12 wingspan for aeroplanes with wingspan < 60m
1.1 · VMC B increased by 300m for turning departure
B increased by 300m when not visual or equivalent navigational accuracy
Class B, SEP: V50ft ≥ 1.2 · VS1
Class B, MEP: V50ft ≥ max {1.1 · VMC , 1.2 · VS1 }
NTOFP - net takeoff flight path
VLOF Class B, MEP: 0.77· AEO CG to cloud base, then OEI CG
VLOF ≥ 1.05 · VMU,OEI (1.04 if geo. limited) Class A: gross climb gradient reduced by
VLOF ≥ 1.10 · VMU,AEO (1.08 if geo. limited) 0.8, 0.9, 1.0 % for 2, 3, 4 engines
VLOF ≤ Vmaxtyre
VLOF ≥ VR max bank angle
0◦ below 50 ft or half wingspan
take-off segments 15◦ 50 - 400 ft (20◦ above 200 ft with special approval)
25◦ 400 - 1500 ft (30◦ with special approval)

T/O screen height

Class B: 50 ft
Class A, dry: 35 ft
Class A, wet+OEI: 15 ft

min climb gradients - class B

MEP 4.0%
MEP, OEI > 0 until 400 ft, 0.75% 400-1500 ft

min. (gross) OEI climb gradient - class A

Segment 2-Eng 3-Eng 4-Eng
1 >0 0.3 0.5
2 2.4 2.7 3.0
3+4 1.2 1.5 1.7
CS 25.121
take-off safety factors

class B - T/O commercial factors

if no stopway/clearway TODAFM · 1.25 ≤ TORA
else TODAFM ≤ TORA
TODAFM · 1.15 ≤ TODA
TODAFM · 1.30 ≤ ASDA

class B - T/O surface factors

grass, dry 1.2
grass, wet 1.3
paved 1.0

class A - TORR
greatest of:
• AEO (wet+dry): 1.15 · [BRP → VLOF + 0.5 · (VLOF → 35 ft)]
• OEI (dry): BRP → VLOF + 0.5 · (VLOF → 35 ft)
• OEI (wet): TOD to 15ft

class A - TODR
greatest of:
• AEO (wet, dry): 1.15 · TOD
• OEI, dry: TOD to 35ft
• OEI, wet: TOD to 15ft

class A - ASDR
greatest of:
• AEO (wet): BRP → V1 → 2s → stop
• OEI (wet): BRP → engine failure at VEF → V1 → 2s → stop
• dry runway ASD

V1 - factors
mass ↗ ↗ higher CAS at liftoff
config ↗ ↘ lower CAS at liftoff
pressure alt ↗ ↗ higher GS for same CAS
slope ↗ ↗ stop distance gets less
headwind ↗ ↗ lower GS for same CAS, less stop dist
CWY > SWY ↘ more OEI TOD available
SWY > CWY ↗ more ASD available
FPL

fuel planning no destination alternate needed

• duration from takeoff to landing not 6 hrs, or 4 hrs from inflight replanning
final reserve fuel • two separate runways usable
piston 45min holding at 1500 ft AGL (alternate) • from 1hr before to 1hr after ETA:
turbine 30min holding at 1500 ft AGL (alternate) – ceiling > 2000 ft or circling height + 500 ft. whichever is higher
– vis > 5 km
additional fuel • 15 min holding at 1500 ft as additional fuel!
AMC2 CAT.OP.MPA.182
3 different types/cases:
no ALTN needed 15min at 1500 ft AGL at destination fuel ERA requirements
isolated aerodrome as in isolated AD procedure • radius 20 % of trip distance
• enough for diversion and 15 min at 1500 ft • center max{25 % of trip dist from dest; 20 % + 50 NM } from dest
eng failure / decompression • from most critical point
• if at some point fuel on board not enough

IFR
contingency fuel
• minimum: 5min at 1500ft AGL at holding speed minimum flight altitude
• normally: at least 5% of TF
• fuel monitoring scheme, any of: variation elevation MOCA
– 3% if fuel ERA (check rules) < 3000 ft 1000 ft
for route design
– 20 min flying at cruise FF 3000 ft - 5000 ft 1500 ft
– fuel determined by monitoring program > 5000 ft 2000 ft
AMC6 CAT.OP.MPA.181
elevation MOCA
by operator (KSS Formula) < 6000 ft 1000 ft
isolated aerodrome / PDP procedure > 6000 ft 2000 ft
fuel is the greater of: normal 1000 ft
• normal flight to destination via the PNR MSA/not otherwise established
mountaneous 2000 ft
– no alternate or FRF
piston min{45min + 15% cruise; 2 hrs} GM1 CAT.OP.MPA.145a
– additional fuel:
jet 2 hrs, cruise consumption airway altitudes
• flight to the fuel ERA AD via the PNR
MOCA 3000T • clearance see above
– no alternate or FRF
piston 45 min holding at 1500 ft • clearance see above
– additional fuel: (=FRF) MORA 3000a • 10 NM L and R of route
turbine 30 min holding at 1500 ft
• 10 NM radius around endpoints
•
AMC7 CAT.OP.MPA.182
clearance see above
reduced contingency fuel procedure MEA 3000 • navaid reception
fuel is the greater of: • airspace considerations
MAA MAA 3000 • maximum altitude
• trip fuel DEP → DP → DEST 1 • trip fuel DEP → DP → DEST 2
• contingency fuel only for • normal contingency fuel to DEST
DP → DEST 1, 5% rule 2 (any rule)
• alternate fuel, or none, if less than • alternate fuel, if required
6 hrs from DP • FRF/additional/extra/PIC
• normal FRF/additional/extra/PIC
AMC6 CAT.OP.MPA.181
planning minima/OPS stuff
max distance to takeoff alternate
2-engine, non-ETOPS 60min at OEI
2-engine, ETOPS 120m at OEI
3,4-engine 120min, AEO
SET-IMC 30min
AMC1 CAT.OP.MPA.182

planning minima
for which airport? approach min ceiling min RVR/vis
destination/ type B - type B
takeoff alternate type A/circ type A/circ MDH type A/circ
CAT II/III - CAT I
ALTN/
CAT I NPA MDH NPA
fuel ERA/
NPA NPA MDH + 200 ft NPA + 1000 m
isolated AD
circling circling MDH circling
ETOPS ALTN/ type B DH + 200 ft type B + 800 m
new regulation type A/circ MDH + 400 ft type A + 1500 m
AMC5 CAT.OP.MPA.182, AMC6 CAT.OP.MPA.182

mandatory weather conditions

when? DEST, T/O ALTN, ALTN, fuel ERA, isolated
planning stage planning min. ETA ± 1 hr
T/O, inflight replan. DEST or req. ALTN > planning min. ETA
inflight/PNR/PDP DEST or 1 ALTN > operating min. ETA
approach, 1000 ft aerodrome VIS/RVR > operating minima
AMC5 CAT.OP.MPA.182, CAT.OP.MPA.305

max. flight time from diversion for twin-engine without ETOPS

class A, MOPSC > 19 60 min OEI cruise
class A, MOPSC < 19 120 min OEI cruise
180 min OEI cruise with special approval
class B/C 120 min OEI cruise or 300 NM, whichever less
CAT.OP.MPA.140
HPL

time of useful consciousness

40 000 ft 15 - 20s
35 000 ft 30 - 90 s
30 000 ft 1 - 2 min
25 000 ft 2 - 3 min
20 000 ft 30 min

BMI
underweight < 18.5
mass [kg] normal 18.5 - 24.9
BMI = 2
(height [m]) overweight 25.0 - 29.9
obese ≥ 30

hypoxia altitudes
0 - 6 000 ft indifferent zone
5 000 ft night vision effects
6 000 - 8 000 ft normal cabin pressure
6 000 - 15 000 ft compensatory zone
10 000 - 12 000 ft effects start
15 000 - 20 000 ft disturbance zone
> 20 000 ft critical zone

diseases
dengue fever mosquito, active by day
malaria mosquito bites
yellow fever mosquito bites
tetanus wounds
hepatitis A contaminated water, direct contact
cholera contaminated water, bacteria
typhoid fever contaminated water
dysentery contaminated water
Met

tropopause heights fronts

850 700 500 300 200 150 parameter warm front cold front
FL050 FL100 FL180 FL300 FL380 FL430 slope 1:100-1:150 1:50-1:80
speed 10 kts 30 kts
formulas precipitation zone 300 km 100-150 km
total width 800 km 500 km
density altitude DA ≈ PA ± 120 · ∆TISA [ft]
relative humidity rH ≈ 100 − 5 · (T − τ )
frontal lows
cloud base CLVL ≈ 400 · (T − τ )
travel time from US 4 days
lapse rates interval 1-2 days
lifetime 4-7 days
ISA lapse rate 2 K / 1000 ft 0.65 ◦ C / 100 m
DALR 3 K / 1000 ft 1 ◦ C / 100 m
thunderstorms
SALR 1.8 K / 1000 ft 0.6 ◦ C / 100 m
• lasts 15-20 min
initial stage
• mainly updrafts
jet streams
• lasts 30 min
mature stage
name FL location season • updrafts and downdrafts
arctic front jet (AFJ) 200-250 70◦ N winter dissipating stage • mainly downdrafts
polar front jet (PFJ) 300-350 45◦ (W) - 60◦ (S) all year
subtropical jet (STJ) 350-400 30◦ (W) - 40◦ (S) all year • 5000 ft or 10 NM upwind
tropical easterly jet (TEJ) 450-550 india/middle east summer avoidance
• weather radar 20 NM
• jet stream: > 60 kts, on charts > 80 kts
• change bars: change of > 20 kts or > 3000 ft jet core height visibility/particle size
code phenomenon diameter visibility remarks
friction layer effect (NH)
FG fog - < 1000 m
◦
backed % free stream v HZ haze - 1000 - 5000 m
over sea 10 ◦ 70 % →10-30-50-70 BR mist - 1000 - 5000 m
over land 30 ◦ 50 % SA sand 0.08 mm - 20 kts winds
DZ drizzle 0.2 - 0.5 mm 500-3000 m
RA rain 0.5 - 5.5 mm 3-5 km, +RA 1000m
SN snow > 4 mm 200-50 m, blowing 1-50 m
SG snow grains < 1mm - opaque
GS graupel > 2-5 mm - opaque
PL ice pellets ≤ 5 mm - translucent
GR hail ≥ 5 mm - translucent
climate met info
climate classifications CAVOK
A tropical every month > 18 C ◦ • ceiling > 5000 ft or highest MSA
B arid precipitation < potential evaporation • no CB/TCU, no significant weather
C temperate coldest month between −3◦ C and 18◦ C, one month > 10◦ C • vis > 10 km
D snow warmest month > 10◦ C, coldest month < −3◦ C
E polar warmest month < 10 ◦ C sigmet - symbols
rain snow
tornadoes - facts
drizzle widespread mist
diameter 100-300 m
hail widespread fog
most likely spring, summer
life span up to 30 min showers widespread haze
speed 20-40 kts mountain waves widespread smoke
amount in north america > 1000 mountain obscuration widespread blowing smoke
freezing precipitation tropical cyclone
tropical revolving storms - facts
severe sand/dust severe sandstorm
diameter 500 km
volcanic eruption
eye diameter 30-50 km

sigmet - TS/CB area descriptions

tropical revolving storms - occurences
OBSC obscured by haze or smoke
north atlantic may-nov hurricane 6
EMBD embedded in cloud layers
bengal/india may-jun, sep-nov cyclone 12
ISOL individual, < 50 % of area
SE indian ocean/west of darwin dec-apr tropcial cyclone 5
OCNL well separated, 50-75 %
SW indian ocean/madagascar dec-apr tropcial cyclone 5
FRQ not separated, > 75 %
SW pacific/east of darwin dec-apr tropcial cyclone 9
NW pacific/japan may-nov typhoon 16-20 ICAO Annex 3, Appendix 6, Chapter 4

NE pacific/hawaii may-nov typhoon 9 abbreviations

FG fog DZ drizzle
BR mist RA rain
HZ haze SN snow
VA volcanic ash SG snow grains
DU/PO/DS dust/duststorm GS graupel
FU smoke GR hail
SA/SS sand/sandstorm PL ice pellets

reporting
vertical visibility steps 100 ft, up to 2000 ft
aerodrome wind shear alert updated every minute
ATIS averaged wind 2 min, gusts last 10 min, MN
METAR averaged wind 10 min, gusts last 10 min, TN
gusts 10 kts
GNav

mercator chart chart symbols

scale m = cos φ · mEq FIR boundary basic navaid
great circle concave to equator, bends to pole airway NDB
rhumb line rhumb line = straight line
map con mapcon = 0 control zone VOR
uncontrolled route DME
lambert chart advisory airspace VOR/DME
• scale is map scale at standard parallels lightship TACAN
scale
• increases when moving away from PO ground light VORTAC
great circle concave to parallel of origin
rhumb line bends towards equator, compared to straight line
map con mapcon = CC · ∆λ = sin φPO · ∆λ

polar stereographic chart

scale m = cos ϕ · mEq
great circle bends to equator, compared to straight line
rhumb line bends to equator, compared to straight line
map con mapcon = ∆λ

time
• time, such that sun in zenith at 12:00
LAT local apparent time
• changes every day
• depends on longitude: LMTλ = UTC + ∆λ
15◦
LMT local mean time
• LAT averaged over year
ST standard time • time according to local regulation
RNav

line of sight markers

p p
LOS [NM] ≈ 1.23 · ( Htransmitter [ft] + Hreceiver [ft]) outer 4-7 NM blue dashes 400 Hz
middle 0.5-0.8 NM amber dots/dashes 1300 Hz
inner at THR white dots 3000 Hz
frequency ranges
NDB 190 - 1750 kHz GNSS
markers 75 MHz
LOC 108 - 111.875 MHz, odd decimals system satellites orbit planes
terminal VOR 108 - 111.975 MHz, even decimals GPS 24 6
enroute VOR 112 - 117.975 MHz GLONASS 24 3
GBAS 108 - 117.975 MHz (channel number) GALILEO 30 3
VHF RTF 119 - 136
GS 328.6 - 335.4 MHz (auto tuned) radar
DME 960 - 1215 MHz min range Rmin = 12 · τ · c
SSR 1030 MHz, reply 1090 MHz max range Rmax = 21 · PRI · c
GPS L1: 1575.42 MHz; L2: 1227.6 MHz
radio altimeter 4200 - 4400 MHz navigation specifications
MLS 5031 - 5091 MHz (channel number)
AWR 9 GHz specification oce cont arr dep appr final remarks
2 LRNS
RNP/RNAV-10 ✓
errors manual WPTs

RNAV 5 (B-RNAV) ✓ > 30 NM manual WPTs

DME ± 0.25 NM + 1.25 % slant range
RNAV 2 ✓ ✓ ✓
ADF ±5◦
RNAV 1 (P-RNAV) ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
VOR ±1◦
FRT
VDF ±2◦ /±5◦ /±10◦ / ± >10◦ (error class A/B/C/D) RNP 4 ✓
manual WPTs

RNP 2 ✓ ✓ FRT
maximum deflections RNP 1 ✓ ✓ ✓ GPS only
LOC 2.5 ◦ on both sides (DDM 0,155) RNP APCH 1 0.3 GPS only
G/S 0.7 ◦ on both sides (0.24 ·θ) RNP AR APCH 1-0.1 0.3-0.1 GPS only
VOR 10 ◦ A-RNP ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ 1 0.3 FRT
RNP APR 1 NM, 0.3 NM from FAP (LPV: angular) RNP 0.3 ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ Helicopters
GM1 SPA.PBN.100

coverage area
FRT (fixed radius turn) - radius
MLS 40 ◦ on both sides, up to 20 NM
≤ FL190 15 NM
LOC 35 ◦ on both sides, up to 17 NM
≥ FL200 22.5 NM
10 ◦ on both sides, up to 25 NM
G/S 8 ◦ L/R, up to 10 NM
vertical: 0.45 to 1.75 ·θ
GBAS 35 ◦ L/R, up to 15 NM
10 ◦ L/R, up to 20 NM
approaches
type approach 2D/3D 2D guidance 3D guidance min. (M)DH A/B deflection notes
ILS 3D LOC G/S CAT IIIb, no DH B angular
MLS 3D MLS azimuth MLS elevation CAT IIIb, no DH B angular
PA
GLS 3D GNSS+GBAS GNSS+GBAS CAT I, 200 B angular
PAR 3D 3D radar+RTF 3D radar+RTF CAT I, 200 B -
LPV 3D GNSS+SBAS GNSS+SBAS CAT I, 200 A/B angular PA/B if DH < 250; APV/A else
APV LP 2D GNSS+SBAS - 250 A angular
(PBN) LNAV/VNAV 3D GNSS Baro or GNSS+SBAS 250 A linear check QNH/temp. correct!!
LNAV 2D GNSS - 250 A linear
LOC 2D LOC - 250 A angular LDA: LOC offset from RWY
VOR 2D VOR - 300, VOR/DME 250 A angular
NPA
NDB 2D NDB - 350, NDB/DME 300 A angular
SRA 2D SRA+RTF - 250/300/350 A - DH depending on end dist. from THR
OPS

General operator record keeping

3 months flight prep documents
type B approach minima
15 months recent crew experience
DH (ft) RVR (m) 2 years flight duty records
CAT I ≥ 200 550 3 years training records + T/LOG
CAT II < 200, ≥ 100 300 60 days CVR/FDR after incident
CAT III A < 100 200
CAT III B < 100 or no DH 75 CPL only commanders for single pilot CAT
VFR, if carrying passengers more than 50 NM from AD:
runway friction coefficients • 500 hrs on aeroplanes, or IR rated, or class B and VMC
≥0.40 good 5 IFR:
0.36-0.39 medium to good 4 • 700 hrs on aeroplanes
0.30-0.35 medium 3 • 100 hrs IFR, 40 hrs multi-engine
0.26-0.29 medium to poor 2 • 400 hrs PIC, can be substituted by 2 hrs copilot = 1 hr PIC
≤0.25 poor 1 • if multi-engine: at least 50 hrs of multi-engine

inexperienced crew members

not inexperienced, if:
ORO/FTL • ≥ 100 hours and ≥ 10 sectos within 120 consecutive days or
• ≥ 150 hours and ≥ 20 sectors (total)
max duty time max flight time
60 h 7 consecutive days 100 h 28 consecutive days cabin crew
110 h 14 consecutive days 900 h calendar year • for MOPSC >19 when carrying ≥ 1 passenger
190 h 28 consecutive days 1000 h 12 consecutive months • 1 for every 50 or fraction of 50 passenger seats, or more, if so certified by
manufacturer
• 1 SCCM nominated by operator if more than 1 CC required
• at least 18 years old
max consecutive FDP
ORO.CC.100
13h normal max
14h + 1h operator extended, max. 2 times in 7 days command course
15h + 1h PIC extension (2h if no operator extension), unforeseen! • ≥ 10 LIFUS sectors
16h + augmented crew

duty periods - facts

WOCL 02:00 - 05:59
night duty 02:00 - 04:59
min rest at home base 12 hrs or last duty period, whichever is longer
min rest away from home 10 hrs or last duty period, whichever is longer
NAT CAT.OP
NAT separations Also see FPL planning minima section!!
15 min turbojet
minimum MDH/DH allowed
10 min turbojet, mach number technique
longitudinal: ILS/MLS/GLS, LPV, PAR 200
30 min non-turbojet
20 min non-turbojet, WATRS LNAV, LOC, LNAV/VNAV 250
25 NM RLatSM for RNP4 A/C SRA (up to 0.5/1/≥ 2 NM) 250/300/350
50 NM RNP10 aircraft (NY East) VOR 300
lateral: 60 NM MNPS airspace VOR/DME 250
90 NM non-MNPS NDB, VDF 350
120 NM other NDB/DME 300

NAT OTS tracks needed facilities for LVTO

published tracks: RVR facilities
westbound/day 1130 UTC to 1900 UTC at 30°W A,B,C,... 300m (day) RCLM, edge lights
eastbound/night 0100 UTC to 0800 UTC at 30°W ...X,Y,Z 300m (night) RCLM, edge lights, end OR center lights
defined points and reporting points: 150m RCLM, edge lights, end AND center lights
south of 70 ◦ N every 10 ◦ latitude 125m RCLM, edge lights, end (≤ 60m) AND center (≤ 15m)
north of 70 ◦ N every 20 ◦ latitude
minimum circling heights
NAT OTS deviating from track (ATC not available)
A B C D
deviating generally min MDH 400 500 600 700
• 30 ◦ turn to 5 NM offset, L/R (operational reasons) min Vis 1500 1600 2400 3600
• can choose to descend to FL290
• fly intermediate FL, 500 ft climb/descent, 1000 ft above FL410
deviating due to weather NADP1
• deviating < 5 NM → no action • power reduction at ≥800 ft
• deviating north > 5 NM → descent 300 ft • no turns scheduled at thrust reduction
• deviating south > 5 NM → climb 300 ft • climb at V2 +10 with takeoff config to 3000 ft
loss of LRNS
• climb or descent 500 ft NADP2
• accelerate and retract flaps at ≥800 ft while climbing
other NAT facts • then climb at VZF +10, clean to 3000 ft
HF frequencies 24 frequencies between 2.8 MHz and 18 MHz
CAT.IDE other equipment
wiper MTOM > 5.7t
hand fire extinguishers
alt. alerting jets; all turboprops MTOM > 5.7t or MOPSC > 9
7-30 31-60 61-200 201-300 301-400 401-500 501-600 ≥ 601 TAWS MTOM > 5.7t or MOPSC > 9, 2019: turb. MOPSC > 6
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 ACAS turbine and (MTOM > 5.7t or MOPSC > 19)
WX expected and
• 1 (separate) in flight crew compartment AWR
(press. or MTOM > 5.7t or MOPSC > 9)
• 1 (separate) in galleys not on main deck FC interphone more than 1 pilot
CC interphone MTOM > 15t or MOPSC > 19
first aid kits PA system MOPSC > 19
0-100 101-200 201-300 301-400 401-500 ≥ 501 belt/smoke signs not every seat visible from flight deck
1 2 3 4 5 6 emergency med kit MOPSC > 30, flight > 60min away from help
crash axe MTOM > 5.7t or MOPSC > 9, 2 if MOPSC > 200
flight over water megaphones (per deck) 61-99 → 1; > 100 → 2
crew PBE MTOM > 5.7t or MOPSC > 9
ditching provisions MOPSC > 30 and
dist. > 120 min cruise or 400 NM
life jackets dist. > 50 NM
life rafts+ELT dist. 120 min cruise or 400 NM, if OEI capable
dist. 30 min cruise or 100 NM, if not

Supplemental oxygen
who pressurised non-pressurised
> 13000ft
10000-13000ft after 30min
flight crew > 10000 ft
≥ 30min when certified ≤ FL250
≥ 2hrs when certified > FL250
> 13000ft, at least 30min > 13000 ft
cabin crew
10000-13000ft after 30min 10000-13000ft if > 30min
100% pax > 15000ft, at least 10min > 13000 ft
30% pax 14000-15000ft -
10% pax 10000-14000ft after 30min 10000-13000ft after 30min

• masks: 110 % of passenger seats

POF

Formulas gust load factor - influences

1
ideal gas law p·V =n·R·T / p· ρ =R·T wing area ↗ ↗ higher relative change of cL
altitude ↗ ↘ higher TAS
turn cL -α-curve steepness ↗ ↗ higher relative change of cL
aspect ratio ↗ ↗ less steep cL -α-curve
wing sweep ↗ ↘ less steep cL -α-curve
m · v2 mass ↗ ↘ load factor lower for same lift increase
centripetal force C=
r wing loading ↗ ↘ load factor lower for same lift increase
C = tan ϕ · W

2
v [ ms ]
turn radius r=
g · tan θ
g · tan θ
rate of turn RoT =
v [ ms ]
1
load factor nturn =
cos ϕ

climb/descent

T −D
angle of climb α sin α =
W
lift L = W cos α

gust load factor

CS25 2.5 -1
n2 − 1 v2 CS25, flaps down 2.0 0
gust load factor =
n1 − 1 √ v1 CS23 normal, commuter 3.8 -1.52
VA VA = VS · nlimit CS23 utility 4.4 -1.76
CS23 aerobatic 6.0 -3
2

Comms flight plan - flight rules

I IFR
facts V VFR
Y first IFR, later change
rate of speech 100 words per minute
max. test transmission length 10s Z first VFR, later change

automated, regular weather observations flight plan - flight type

auto/mode S during climb, first 10 min every 30 s S scheduled

auto/mode S enroute every 15 min N non-scheduled
not equipped exempt from reporting G general aviation
M military
X other
readability scale
1 Unreadable call sign abbreviations
2 Readable now and then
3 Readable but with difficulty call sign abbreviations
4 Readable D-ABCD D-CD / D-BCD
5 Perfectly readable Cessna D-ABCD Cessna CD / Cessna BCD
Lufthansa D-ABCD Lufthansa CD / Lufthansa BCD
Lufthansa 867 -
distress call
• name of the station addressed (time and circumstances permitting);
VOLMET content
• identification of the aircraft;
• nature of the distress condition; VHF METAR + TRENDS
• intention of the person in command; HF METAR + TRENDS + TAF
• present position, level (i.e. flight level, altitude, etc., as appropriate) and
heading

holding procedure - message content

F Fix
L Level
I Inbound track
R Right or left turns
T Time of leg + EAT