MI ILS

Date: OOOOOOO

Atom: hesmallest paticle an elament possasingits paricuor prapeies.

Soade up of droe kndamental poricles. Structure &an afom

(aricles ChageMoss
Prolon SNuckas (ProtontNeuron
Eechon Path thet docron Rallo
LNeulronNaulral A elron

atoms s called an
he subslance made up ot some

elament.
t is pesenad b Ambol.E.q Na
FlavertsPrebonFlechonNoueo»
HHe
Be
5

N
3
F
Ne lo
No
Mg
A 13 13
si
P 5 15 KInG'S
norg

16 6
 Date: OOOOOOO
wwwwwww oan a****

Elemont ProonElechonbreuten
11 11 19
Ar 18 18 23 This tbmion shous the
K141 -pein Prst20 elamsns
Ca 20 0 0 theponcdic table.

In_on aBom elbchrons a arranged in particghr paths aled elkand

olechrons ae Kiled on the baia & 3t
Group t Nurmber d dachons in he oukemssnel
Poriod t Nanborshals to bg_drauh.4

B 3 2,6

He 2

C 2,4
31
Li

N 25 Ne 28 KinGs
Be 2 nOTES
 M TW IP S S
Date: QOCOOOO
*******

Na A8L

Ma A8,2

C 3,1

AL Ar 288

388,1
KInGS
 MT
Date: OOOOOOCD

Elements alunyg rios o oxhiee noble ga_trkiguration.Ia ochioe hode

ges onftqunlion adom_lo0se or gin clecrons to fom ions.. Ihe_
atoms thak loose eleckrons omposhivduy chago ion uhich ave
cale aHons. The aloms tat gain lechons fonnegibiv chae
whch an taBed An rons.

Li E 21

Be 2 2
Na33,1

B2,3 Ha 82
1y

N 35
AA93

O b
 Date:
-OOOOOO0

SX8,6

8,8

C 81
13,

8,8

J4

Ca A8,8,3 KInG 'S

aOTE
 Date: M I I S
OOOOOOO
AAU Aloms_of the same elomer utth 20e mbor d
prokans bt dikooontk numlbor- & heutons.
Noke :
Mg Mg Hsolops-ane phyisically
ditforent but
P:12 P-l2 P12 chemically Same
E:13 L12 E:12
N:2 N=l3 N=|U_
Rebfive Atonc Mass:
The_moss d on atm&
pal1 P:4 on omont os ompored
E6 E:19 e-l4 to te mas& lizh d_
N6 N: I8 hel6 Cautoh 2

KInG's
norEs
 Date: OOÖÓÓ`

lONIC DONDINGE QHEMLALKNPUNa

The bond that is fomed bs ompleke ansler
clochrons from moal "ohonis to pon- mdnl dons.
lhou hae hghor melking and boilng paints & heu have strag
olechostali forces k Cthrackondnona pposeldharged
-lOns.
lheu do not conduc electicbyin old_shake as heJons ore
Aixed in crysjnl lcttare buB hey do orcluc dechricity in mollen
and oaquas hm as cns o. hee 3o mowe
V
lheu ae soluble in unler
RENDE
LGL CG VI.G VIL
Maling Chanical omula
N NaO A
NaCA Naz0 AlOs

Nacl MaO Ka0.Li,0,Lizs Maal

Nad

-2
MaQ
KInG'S
noTis
 Date: MT WI S
OOOCOOO

Ckueskion hat ofon Coma h cxam

QHow Magnajum_ ond oxgen ms ons n Maqeaium oXide
Ans: Magoasum ons Mognestn ion b oosing dwo eledrors Ma"
two elacrons O.
ahd oxugen iorms xide jonb uning

KO

LiO

Lias

Mgs

KIAG'S
noTEs
 Date:
************************

ONAL ENT ONDNG Theand that s emed h the multual

sharina ot _elechons betueon on metal atams
lh ha lou nalting ond boln poiots as ts have mk
Van dor unls oru A ainctioh omtho malecules

Thos no corduick oleckiclyin _any 3haBe oshoy dont

haehee elochrana
TREND:
H Non-Metnls Non- Netalac kancly Non- Metals

C-ingks Caolant Band) 0=0(Dauslo_Conalant Rend)

O

NIple Canalat Boad)- H-0-HH

Na HA0

KInG
 MIW I SS
Date: OOOOOOOD
*********** . *********************

H-
He CO

H-C-HL CH4

HN NHa CHCA3
CL

KinG's
 Date: OOOÓÓÓÒ
*****

MABA MoCLES lhetz ae gjant aolort hrolecules uhich howe

hiph meing and boilingpáint touu oe
glvan:
Damond (Carbon)(Elenent
Grmphike (Cartbon) Elomnt)
Sand(Corbon)Elennon)/SilinDieate lormoand) (Si9g-
Feuw Aueshions That chBen come
in eXams

Desaribe tuuo dibfocnces behueen dianand and gmphileo n te

basis her srucdture and bonding.
Ang.: Diamand bas klrahedal shruckune andik oakes four
SCovalont bond ulth roighbosing carban atohns. Gnraphio has
hexaqordl strucfue and it makes three covdant bonds uth
noigh bouring carbon Ohionns.

Q2:whu an not Conduc aeciat uhile qraph1le Can. tonduch

olechiciliy?
Ans: Diamond can not conduct elechriak" becausot doestot hae
ree electons.uwhene as phile an conduck dechiah as
i hauQ ree electon_0ach Carbon.

3:why dlamond hase

high molhing and boiling poit?
Ans:Dbmond have heh neltHng hd boiling point barauxe
have giantmolecular suckung
Ond it
requishigh on
to breok o any oovalont bonda.
KInGS
nOTES
 Date: M TW IP
OOOCOC

Desctbe _one dieexa batuean diamond and Sond olso

one slmilaity
Ans Both diamond and sand have krohydral shuckue
uwhile h diamond carton tmakes 4 Coralert bonds
wth neighbouring Carbon doms,whule Sand
slicon makes y conalort bonds wth hoghbouring
Op afoms.

5: hy uraphite can be useo aa a lubricant

Anss Graphik has a layarod Arückure a
o torce, layers
upon pplication
hogin o aude oor each_ molking t
A n 966d lukricank.
&6: What are the Uss & diamenol and qaphte ?
Awa: Diamond is ued or
dillihg and cuting & motal and
olob. Caraphike. is usad as olechodes in elecrolysis cell
Gnd lubitant..

Electro_posine lons m the aea o olechons

is Called_methli bonding.

O009O-
-O0DKOQGElectha.positie ion
SERchon-
h sonduci ecrcig idolan ond linud otm
TLon ano hard os a
ihp GRpt
&
as
thy hare
stong elechoskaic bra athocHan oo ohe ion
ae rallabla_ard ducila
andadechon
h KInG
norG
 Date: OOOOOOO
******************" ******
******

MATtER: Anuhing, hat has mass andoccupiesspace is

calledmstay Jt _hasthe ttesjn
SOLID LIQUID GAS
Detinahe dhan and_ No defiae shape. No detiake shapo
dekinake volume but dekinake rolum or volume
Tese Cannot be These con be
Compreaaech. Compresdeo ComPhasod
heuy do not They do Theu do fbw.
ow

1CHANGES OE ATRE
Cas
Koan lemporokure: 25C
Cass Mpt Bpt
Evaporalin Liquid Mpk:Bpt
Helhing
Solid: Mpt. BT
Solid Liquid
Far HEsma CunvE O blkteR

120 AB:Solid
8C Melting(StL)
0
KeyCD: Liquid
DE Boilig4)
EF- Caos

-30

Tine KInGS
oT
 Date:
CoouNG ARvE OF VNaTER

***"
ABCaases
BC: Condansation Ca+1)
CD Liqud
DE Freezing (L+S)
EF Solid

Tirme)
Moverror-tdpartíclasHam highor conanration to _

egion louer concontafion

in Collisions d parhiclos
U)_ ndom_ mouemert
Diksion depands upon elalha dtomic mass And reakoe roleulor
mass

KINEIC Paeuae Tlea

As tempexatune incChease, lk.E increases parktclea ror tastor.Hoavg
oncdom moliors mDr vgnious collsoas.
 Date: MTWI S S
OOOOOD
*****************************aas********m***************

hepOLadic table
B he kemonts a o n g d i n h e inaeasing order
theu prolon mbar
hoir orghtgroups and san porols.Te vartica
Otrangemans ho eemers oe called qroups.The hori-
ZonBal. amoganan é he elenents ara cálled paricdls.
AOn the e! side & polpdic tabe Mtals oe proxon
n the right side non- motals one pteanh In the
middlo a poriodi. tabted-blorkeloments _clled
Transilioh mools ae presant
Oroup 1 SAs wa 90 0uwn
i the group he
Na reacHiviircreasos
Akali melos and to boihhg
Rb oint decreases
Cs

Pysn PRoPERTIES OF AALL MerALS

1. Jhey haw low mp ond bp 9s ompated o ditohd
melals
Theu one so t hat ta Can ba at by knike or a
Su'ssor.
8 Thayhave such low nsilky hat ho can Floak on 4he
SArkace & uale
omhact wh
4hese heals oe So reacte that uhen hey cam in
ogen aor or_maise a airta reack_ugrcusig-
SD kore tLon thou hae ba sdored undor ol
or atume ube KInG'S
nor
 Date:
************eaaaano c

HEMCA POFEADES OEANKALLNETALS

Reaction ulth Oxyg
uhon these neals a kroughin ai thoy neack utth oppn
Éair uth particulr Aamo color o produe whtla ocdouned
Sold poudo moal oxide doa hasa basie nattre.
uGHun)i +0A sLia0 Yellou Flame
NaLSodiud UNa +0aAaa0 Yeuou Flomd
KCotassium uK +OA ka0 ioc flomea
BbRbidium 9Rb4OaRAb,0Red Fam
CCoiom) CS+0 sa0 No olor
FFro iom E HondFul
Rechioh uilth ulte
itHa0 iOH +Ha
Observabon
imells aB de zurtae watd Qd disappars
- Darting Hdbl
- Effonnesonce (Bubblesa
Na Ha0>NaOH +Ha
E debon Aurtata ot watdr
-IE bums
Eflavesang
Ha0KOH + Ha
- IE bams with l1kx colorthme
- l tdarks
-Eferesonce

KInG'S
 Date: M S
OOOOOOO
*****************************

Rb+ HaO RbOH&Ha

-Explosion
Burning wtth flame3
Efferxesane
Cs +Ha0->CsOH +Ha
-Expleston
Buning uith flames»
- EfovesanR
SeacON EGeoue MesRLSU ChuoRNEL
. Tey burn i h bright Platne
ali+da > l i d
Na+ Cl Nac
kt Ua kkd
RRbrCla ARbd
As tda sda
AROUP VI
Jhou ar halogon
Halo meons a l t
Laens eans omors
Ko they ae called salk_ lormos
They x'sk as diakormic nolecules.
Dia1ONICMOLECULES;. Tho ole.cule in which u o atomy a r e
chemiçally Combinec As we qo doun te
Fa Yellow olouned G4as group 4he colour darte
Ca Yetlowish gheen colord gaa The reackky ckekean
Bra Brown colcared liquid b u t a mefa
la Solid Gnreyapous prple/Disolet gie bren os potht inuecyes
ab ue do 1
A Hanctfal KInG
 M T WTP S
Date:
m

IPLACMENTKEACDQN: More reachve halogen displaces ass readie

halogen hom ikssplt colubion.
Cla 2NoBraNac +Pra e KE No
shm .

-Bra +2KI 2KBr+La_

Fa tNacd-> 2NaE + cl-
NoRI AES:Thaya mono ofomic and ihort o theu
do nch react with ony othe akmont_o he
ha cohpkts outermos shell 8lectronk conlipiatisn.
He Air Sips, wathr balloo
Ne AdvartHsng ghs
Ar Dsed n lamcht bulbs
KrCas Filled elachronic dooa
X Lasor Gths, tosh liglets
Dagnoshs
Jreurics
I-
Hs: y ar oo allad d bkck lmerts.
Have high m.p hd b
2- Form colored Compounds
3-Show multple paida Hon stat
A egooda t a lysks

NI Marqin Ptodocioh.
Ee Harori pote
VaOs onkach prosea
Bh PE: Catalytic Conocbe
 Date: M T

OOOO

ALcoHOLS-0-H
Alcohols: CnHan *1OH

CHOH Methanol /Meth Alcohol

H-C 0-4

CaHsOH EHanolEthy Alchol

-0-H

CaHO:Prcpanal/Propy Acohel

- C-0-H

CaHaOHGutanol/Butyl Alcohal
C- -0-H

CsHhO:Ponhalnol/ fbnhyl Alcohsl

_
KInGs
noTs
 Date:
OQOOOO
Heperakon Methods
tementakon
Idushrial Method
ERMENTHTCN
Kkomarnhakon Carried oukin hepresenca d me
tollowing condilions:
YeastZmaze.
18-30C
Absexa f Oa

CHAOs -2CaHsOH +2CD - Thiss o pu

Ihis alcohol produced not pureso o increase
tsyieldk has be passed out hough
achional distilation.
Industrial Methoda
Sream passed ok ethene_ok300c
ond ain tha. reaca dphosphonic acid(HoPOs) ond high
PreA

CaHu HaO 2 CaHsOH

= + H0-H C-0H

KInG'S
nor
 Date:
*************** aaanannaaananmnnecer
Properies oAlcobols
Combastion
Oidaion
Campleb Combuskion Jncmplate ombustion
CHsOH+Oa > COa+ Ha) CHEOHOa CO+ Ma0
GHsOH + Oa-> COatHaO CaHEOH +Oa O + Ha0
CaHOHtOa> COa+HaO CthOH +Oa->0 +HaoO
LCaHaOH +Oa + HaO

Oxidation
Oxidahion d oloholss carried out olka bububbing
ougan into olcoho or by adding anysullable
oxidizing agont ike pokassium omanganate(KMnO)
oa
5
palassiun
wamíng
dithroma. (KaCra07).Anethor
0nd auidi¥fed e n urohmon.
condahion vequed

AOC Alcohols oe oxidized o carboxulic acd

-0-H+ O:0 4- -0-H+

CH3-CHa-OH+ Oa CH3 COoH + Ha0

-0-H O=0.