I

SAVITRIBAI PHULE PUNE

UNIVERSITY

Mini Project Report

On

Water level indicator using transistor

Submitted towards the partial fulfilment of the requirement
of

Project Base Learning (Code: 203152)

(Electrical Engineering)

Second Year SEM-II Academic Year -2022-2023

Sr No. Student name Roll no.

1 Vishal Sawant 66

2 Ritesh Sonawane 57

3 Siddheswar Raut 67

4 Satpute Aditya 70

By

Under the Guidance of

Prof. Rajendra B Sadaphale

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CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project report entitles

Water level indicator using transistor

Submitted by

Sr No. Student name Roll no.

1 Vishal Sawant 66
2 Ritesh sonawane 57
3 Siddeshwar Raut 67
4 Aditya Satpute 70

Is a bonafide student of this institute and the work has been carried out by
him/her under the supervision of Prof. Sadaphale R.B and it is approved for
the partial fulfillment of the requirement of Savitribai Phule Pune University,
for the completion of mini project under subject Project Base Learning

(Code: 203152)

(Prof. R.B Sadaphale) (Prof.Dr. N.S. Patil)

Guide Head,

(Department of Electrical ( Department of Electrical

Engineering ) Engineering )

Place : Nashik. Date :

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Index

Sr No Name of Topic Page

No.

1 Chapter 1 – Introduction

1.1 Aim 4
1.2 Objective

2 Chapter 2 – Literature Survey

2.1 Need Of Water Level Indicator

2.2 Use Of Water Level Indicator 6

2.3 Working Of Water Level Indicator

2.4 Condition

2.5 Advantage

2.6. Application

3 Chapter 3 – Proposed System

3.1 Purpose Of Water Level Indicator 10

3.2 Importance Of Water Level indicator

4 Chapter 4 – System Development

4.1 Components Used

4.2 Circuit Diagram 11

4.3 Future Scope

4.4 Conclusion

4.5 Reference
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Chapter 1

Introduction

This project provides complete information on the topic “WATER LEVEL

INDICATOR USING TRANSISTOR” and maximum efforts have been taken
to make the project more comprehensive and lucid to understand. This project
covers a variety of sub topics like basic information, its working,day to day
uses in life and different aspects of Water Level Indicator System. One may
notice a perceptible change in written in an easy dialogue style engaging the
readers constantly and included with more informatics comments.

Nowadays everybody has overhead tank at their homes, but the one who has
water tank above knows the kind of problems that they face. Water tank
overflow is a common problem which leads to the wastage of water. Being
electronics enthusiastic made a simple and handy circuit which will detect the
water level and will raise an alarm upon getting the water tank full or a preset
level.This simple transistor based water level indicator circuit is very useful to
indicate the water levels in a tank. Whenever tank gets filled, we get alerts on
particular levels. Here we have created levels by alarms & we have added LEDs
to indicate the level of water and one buzzer to indicate full level. When tanks
gets filled completely we get beep sound from buzzer.

So now we do not have to worry about overflow and water out anymore.

AIM

In this project we will be building a water level indicator using transistor

with three levels that consist of inside a tank with the help of 3 LED and a
buzzer to indicate that the tank is full.
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OBJECTIVE

1. To learn the working of a water indicator

2. Measure the water level when the circuits indicate when the tank its half
and full.

3. To learn how to build simple circuits.

4.The water level indicator circuits are used in factories, chemical plants, and

electrical substations and in other liquid storage systems.

5.There are many possible uses for this simple system, examples include

monitoring a sump pit (to control pump activation), rainfall detection, and

leakage detection.
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Chapter 2

Literature Survey

1.1 NEED OF WATER LEVEL INDICATOR

 Overflow problems.
 To prevent wastage of energy.
 To prevent wastage of water
 Observation.
 Attention.
 Automatic switch off.

1.2 USE OF WATER LEVEL INDICATOR

Water level indicator used as different area as below.

 Home
 Building
 Textile market
 Power plant industries
 Solar heater
 Water distributor plant
 Stone and marble industries
 Food industries
 Small industries
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1.3 Working of automatic water tank level controller

As shown in figure, in the beginning when without water on a bucket transistors

will not works, because the base of the transistors is not triggered from the
common point.

There are Four parts in this project:-

(i) The Sensor Part: It is generally a fixed support inside the tank having
some nuts and bolt with wires coming out.
(ii) The Circuit Part: It comprises the brain of the module; where in all
the various inputs from the sensors are fed. It is the unit from where
you will get all the information of how much of water is in the tank.
(iii) The Power Supply: It is the part where in you will be converting the
A/C voltage to a regulated voltage of 5V to the Circuit.
(iv) The Buzzer Part:It is responsible for bringing up the sound when the
water level fills up in the tank. It will also be having a speaker or a
buzzer to alert.
The connections and arrangements are made as shown in the figure above. The
+9V is supplied to water using a metal contact. In this circuit all the transistors
are working as a switch. When the water touches the metal contact in which
base of each transistor is connected, small current flows and turns on the
transistor. When a transistor turns on, LED connected to it glows. Thus LEDs
will be turned on depending up on the level of water. And finally when it
reaches to its top most level, there will be a visual display as well as a sound
from the unit indicating that the water has filled in the tank and one can be
alerted that the tank has been filled up and the water pump has to be switched
off saving the electricity bill as well as over flow of water from the tank.
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1.4 CONDITIONS

Condition 1:Water is not available

When the tank is empty there is no conductive path between any of the 3
indicating probes and the common probe (which is connected to 9v+ supply) so
the transistor base emitter region will not have sufficient biasing voltage hence
it remains in cut off region and the output across its collector will be Vc
approximately 9v and thus indicates, the tank is empty.

Condition 2: intermediate levels

Now as the water starts filling in the tank a conductive path is established
between the sensing probes and the common probe and the corresponding
transistors get sufficient biasing at their base, they starts conducting and now
the outputs will be Vce (i.e. 1.2v-1.8v) approximately which is given to
microcontroller. Here the microcontroller is programmed as a priority encoder
which detects the highest priority input and displays corresponding water level
in the seven segment display. In this project while the water level reaches the
7th level i.e. last but one level along with display in seven segment a
discontinuous buzzer is activated which warns user that tank is going to be full
soon.

Condition 3:Water full

When the tank becomes full, the top level probe gets the conductive path
through water and the corresponding transistor gets into conduction not only
displays the level in Five segment display but also activates the continuous
buzzer by which user can understand that tank is full and can switch off the
motor and save water
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1.3 ADVANTAGES

 Easy installation.
 Low maintenance.
 Compact elegant design.
 Avoid seepage of roofs and walls due to overflowing
tanks.
 Consume very little energy, ideal for continuous
operation.

1.4 APPLICATIONS

 Water Distributor Plant

 Home
 Power Plant Industries
 Stone And Marble Indusries
 Drainage
 Industry or factory
 Textile Market
 Fuel level indicate in vehicle
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Chapter 3

Proposed System

3.1 PURPOSE OF WATER LEVEL INDICATOR

The purpose of a water level indicator is to gauge and manage water levels in a
water tank. The control panel can also be programmed to automatically turn on
a water pump once levels get too low and refill the water back to the adequate
level.

3.2 IMPORTANCE OF WATER LEVEL INDICATOR

Water level indicators are important for many different industries. For example,
cooling towers use water level indicators to monitor water levels in a tank and
make corrective actions based on the level of water. Without water level
indicators in a water tank, you would have to manually check whether enough
water is in the tank, and should your tank ever go empty, it could mean your
chiller overheating. Water level indicators allow you to remotely monitor water
levels and make corrective actions automatically so you can focus on more
important issues
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Chapter 4
System Development

4.1 Components used

Sr no. Components Name Specifications Quantity

1 TRANSISTOR BC547 4
2 RESISTOR 1K ohm 3
3 LED RED 1
WHITE 2
4 BUZZER SOUND LEVEL 1
85dB(Minimum)
5 BATTERY 9V 1

1. TRANSISTOR BC547

A BC547 transistor is a negative-positive-negative (NPN) transistor that is used

for many purposes. Together with other electronic components, such as
resistors, coils, and capacitors,it can be used as the active component for
switches and amplifiers. Like all other NPN transistors, this type has anemitter
terminal, a base or control terminal, and a collector terminal. In a typical
configuration, the current flowing from the base to the emitter controls the
collector current. It is a medium gain, general-purpose transistor purposely for
signal generation, a,udio amplifiers applications and low power consumptions.
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Usually the frequency is about 250MHz and has a gain of 330. The dc gain and
frequency transmission ensures wide usage.

2. LIGHTEMITTING DIODE (LED)

A light-emitting diode (LED) is a two-lead semiconductor device that emits

visible light when an electric current passes through it. The light is not
particularly bright, but in most LEDs it is monochromatic, occurring at a single
wavelength. The output form an LED can range from red (at a wavelength of
approximately 700 nanometers) to blue-violet (about 400 nanometers). Some
LEDs emit infrared (IR) energy (830 nanometers or longer); such a device is
known as an infrared-emitting diode (IRED). An LED or IRED consists of two
elements of processed material called p-type semiconductors and N-type
semiconductors. These two elements are placed in direct contact, forming a
region called the P-N junction.

3. RESISTOR
A resistor is an electrical component that limits or regulates the flow of
electrical current in an electronic circuit. Resistors can also be used to provide
a specific voltage for an active device such as a transistor. Resistors can also be
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used to provide a specific voltage for an active device such as a transistor. All
other factors being equal, in a direct-current (DC) circuit, the current through a
resistor is inversely proportional to its resistance, and directly proportional to
the voltage across it. This is the well-known Ohm's Law. In alternating-current
(AC) circuits, this rule also applies as long as the resistor does not contain
inductance or capacitance. Resistors can be fabricated in a variety of ways. The
most common type in electronic devices and systems is the carbon-composition
resistor. Fine granulated carbon (graphite) is mixed with clay and hardened. The
resistance depends on the proportion of carbon to clay; the higher this ratio, the
lower the resistance.

4. BATTERY

A battery is an electro chemical cell (or enclosed and protected material) that
can be charged electrically to provide a static potential for power or released
electrical charge when needed. A battery generally consists of an anode,
cathode and an electrolyte. Common types of commercial batteries and some
of their characteristics and advantages are summarized in the following table.
Battery types not shown include the zinc-air, flooded lead acid, and alkaline
batteries.
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5. WATER GLASS

This is water glass is used as little water tank. As shown in figure there are 4
different colours wire inserted in the glass. First Black wire used for the ground
level to complete the circuit and other there are used for the different level like
low, medium and high. This level can be decided as your requirement.

6. JUMPER WIRE

Jumper wire is copper laminated aluminium wire is used to join the component
like transistor, resister, capacitor, and etc.
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4.2 Circuit Diagram

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4.3 Future Scope

 This circuit not only indicates the amount of water present in the
overhead tank but also gives an alarm when the tank is full. This worthy
device starts ringing as soon as the water tank becomes full. It helps to
check overflow and wastage of water by warning the customer when the
tank is about to brim. It also provides automatic control of pumps at a
remote location.
 Now no need to go on the roof to look the water level.
 It shows the water level in your room like 1/4 tank, ½ tank, 3/4 tank
and full tank.
 Alarm starts ringing as soon as tank becomes full.
 Suitable for every tank.

4.4 References

● www.SCRIBD.COM
● WWW.ELECTRONICSFORYOLL.COM
● www.WIKIPEDIA.COM
● Fisher WLT Water-Level Indicator Operating Manual. Fisher Research
Laboratory, 200 W.
● Willmott Road, Los Banos, CA 93635.
● Geotech Tuff Tape Water Level Measuring Device Instruction Manual
(11/00).
● James, H. (1993). Industrial control electronics. James Humphries,
Delmar
Cengage Learning; 4th edition
● WWW.homemade-circuit.com
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4.5 Conclusion

The water level indicator is the best electronic starter device indicating the water
level and saves water correspondingly. The led blinks according to their level of water
reaches to them and indicates the buzzing sound to stop pouring when it reaches its
final limited on the results and testing of the system .