1

bhar

Amnë`mbm {XgUmam àH$me bhmZ bhmZ bhatÀ`m àdmhmMm ~Zbobm AgVmo. EH$mnwT>o EH$ Aem R>odë`mg EH$m B§MmV
gmYmaUnUo 50,000 àH$mebhar _mdVrb. `mMmM AW© àË`oH$ àH$mebha 1/50,000 B§M bm§~ Amho. `mbm
åhUVmV 'bharMr bm§~r' (doìh b|W).
nwT>o OmÊ`mnydu, B§MmMm dmna Z H$aVm AmnU `m 'bhabm§~r'Mo dU©Z H$ê$`m. A_o[aHo$V B§MmMm dmna hmoVmo nU OJmV
gd©Ì '_rQ>a' `m _mnmMm dmna Ho$bm OmVmo. gd© {R>H$mUMo emók, `mV A_o[aHo$Vrb emók XoIrb `oVmV, _rQ>aMmM
dmna H$aVmV.
EH$ _rQ>a åhUOo 39.37 B§M qH$dm gw_mao gìdmVrZ \y$Q>. ho A§Va ~aoM _moR>o Amho, nU AmnU Ogo `mS>m©Mo \y$Q> d
B§MmV {d^mOZ H$aVmo, VgoM _rQ>aMo bhmZ bhmZ ^mJ H$aVm `oVmV. EH$ `mS>© åhUOo VrZ \y$Q>, Am{U EH$ \y$Q> AmnU
~mam B§MmV {d^mJVmo. _rQ>a _mÌ Zoh_r Xhm, e§^a qH$dm hOma Aem ^mJmVM {d^mJbm OmVmo. `m_wio hr '_o{Q´>H$
nÕV' A{YH$ gmo`rMr hmoVo.
1 g|Q>r_rQ>a = 1/100 _rQ>a, qH$dm gw_mao 2/5 B§M.
1 {_{b_rQ>a = 1/1000 _rQ>a , {H$§dm gw_mao 1/25 B§M.
1 _m`H«$mo_rQ>a = 1/1000 {_{b_rQ>a qH$dm _rQ>aMm EH$ Xebjm§e ^mJ.
1 Z°Zmo_rQ>a = 1/1000 _m`H«$mo_rQ>a qH$dm _rQ>aMm EH$ AãOm§e ^mJ.
EH$ àH$mebha gw_mao 500 Z°Zmo_rQ>a bm§~ AgVo. Ë`mMmM AW© Vr 1/50,000 B§M bm§~ AgVo, nU OJ^amVrb
emók Z°Zmo_rQ>aMmM dmna H$aVmV.
AWm©V, gd© àH$mebhatMr bm§~r gmaIr ZgVo. H$mhr A{YH$ bm§~ AgVmV Va H$mhr WmoS>çm AmIyS>. Ë`m§À`mH$S>o
ZwgVo nmhÿZhr AmnU hm \$aH$ gm§Jy eH$Vmo, H$maU {Za{Zamù`m bm§~rÀ`m àH$mebhar Omo àH$me XoVmV Vmo S>moù`m§Zm
{Za{Zamù`m a§JmV {XgVmo.
gdm©{YH$ bm§~r AgUmè`m àH$mebhar Amnë`mbm JS>X bmb a§JmÀ`m {XgVmV. Ë`m§Mr bm§~r AgVo 780 Z°Zmo_rQ>a.
JS>X Om§^ù`m a§JmÀ`m bhar gdm©V AmIyS> åhUOo 390 Z°Zmo_rQ>a bm§~rÀ`m AgVmV. Zm[a¨Jr, {ndù`m, {haì`m d
{Zù`m a§JmÀ`m bhar `m XmoÝhrÀ`m _Ü`o `oVmV.
àË`oH$ a§JmÀ`m bhar bhmZem A§VamV ngaboë`m AgVmV Am{U Ë`m§Mr bm§~r ~XbVmZm a§J EH$_oH$m§V {_giVmV.
Ë`m_wio Ë`m§À`mV {ZpíMV Aer {d^mJUr ZgVo. {Za{Zamù`m a§Jm§À`m bhatÀ`m bm§~rMm Oa AmnU EImXm Vº$m
~Zdbm, Va Vmo Agm {Xgob:
 2

bmb 780 Z°Zmo_rQ>a

Zm[a¨Jr 600 Z°Zmo_rQ>a
{ndim 580 Z°Zmo_rQ>a
{hadm 520 Z°Zmo_rQ>a
{Zim 450 Z°Zmo_rQ>a
Om§^im 410 Z°Zmo_rQ>a
hdoVyZ nmÊ`mV qH$dm H$mMoV OmVmZm àH$me{H$aU WmoS>ogo diVmV. bhabm§~r {OVH$s H$_r Agob, {VVHo$ Vo A{YH$
diVmV. gy`©àH$memV gd© bhatMo, gd© a§Jm§Mo {_lU AgVo, nU Ooìhm Vo hdoVrb gyú_ Obq~Xy§VyZ OmVmV, Voìhm
{Za{Zamù`m bhar doJdoJù`m à_mUm§V diVmV d {_lUmVrb gd© a§J doJio Pmbobo {XgVmV. Amnë`mbm Ooìhm
B§ÐYZwî` {XgVo Voìhm Zo_Ho$ hoM Pmbobo AgVo. nmÊ`mÀ`m q~Xy§_wio bhabm§~r doJdoJir hmoVo Am{U Amnë`mbm
EH$_oH$m§V {_gibobo a§Jm§Mo nÅ>o {XgVmV.
nU `m \$º$ Amnë`m S>moù`m§Zm {XgUmè`m bm§~rÀ`mM bhar AmhoV.
780 Z°Zmo_rQ>ahÿZ A{YH$ bm§~rÀ`m XoIrb àH$mebhar AgVmV nU Ë`m Amnë`m S>moù`m§Zm {XgV ZmhrV. VgoM
390 Z°Zmo_rQ>ahÿZhr AmIyS> bharhr AgVmV nU Ë`m§Mmhr àH$me Amnë`m S>moù`m§Zm {XgV Zmhr. na§Vw Aem
àH$maÀ`m bhar ApñVËdmV AmhoV.
1800 gmbr {dë`_ hf©b (1738-1822) `m O_©ZrV OÝ_boë`m B§J«O emókmZo A{YH$ bm§~rÀ`m `m bhatMm
emoY bmdbm. Ë`m§Zm 'Adaº$ {H$aU' (BÝ\«$m aoS>, åhUOo bmbÀ`m nbrH$S>bo) åhUVmV. `m bhar§Mr bm§~r 780
Z°Zmo_rQ>anmgyZ Vo 1 H$moQ>r Z°Zmo_rQ>an`ªV åhUOoM 1 g|Q>r_rQ>a BVH$shr Agy eH$Vo.
1801 gmbr `mohmZ {dëho_ [aQ>a (1776-1810) `m O_©Z emókmZo A{V-AmIyS> bhatMm emoY bmdbm. Ë`m§Zm
åhUVmV 'A{VZrb {H$aU' (AëQ´>m ìhm°`moboQ>, åhUOo Om§^ù`mÀ`m a§JmÀ`m nbrH$S>M)o . Aem A{VZrb {H$aUm§Mr
bm§~r 390 Z°Zmo_rQ>anmgyZ Vo 10 Z°Zmo_rQ>an`ªV Agy eH$Vo.
ho gd© Hw$R>o g§nVo? AmIyS> bhar {H$Vr AmIyS> Am{U bm§~ bhar {H$Vr bm§~ Agy eH$VmV?
1873 gmbr Ooåg ŠbmH©$ _°Šgdob (1831-1879) `m B§J«O eñÌkmZo Ago XmIdyZ {Xbo H$s {dÚwV d Mw§~H$Îd ho
EH$mM ~m~rH$S>o nmhÊ`mMo XmoZ {Za{Zamio _mJ© AmhoV. `m§À`m EH${ÌV Aä`mgmbm '{dÚwVMw§~H$Îd'
(BboŠQ´>mo_°¾o{Q>P_) Ago Zmd Amho.
{dÚwVàdmh ZoUmè`m dñVy qH$dm Mw§~H$Îd AgUmè`m dñVy Amnë`m^modVr EH$ Mw§~H$s` joÌ {Z_m©U H$aVmV. `m
{dÚwVMw§~H$s` joÌmVyZ {dÚwVMw§~H$s` {H$aUmoËgJm©À`m bhar (BboŠQ´>mo_°¾o{Q>H$ ao{S>EeZ) {Z_m©U hmoD$ eH$VmV.
Amnë`m S>moù`m§Zm {XgUmam àH$me VgoM Amnë`mbm Z {XgUmao A{VZrb d Adaº$ {H$aU hr gd© {dÚwVMw§~H$s`
{H$aUmoËgJm©Mr CXmhaUo AmhoV.
 3

Agm {H$aUmoËgJ© H$moUË`mhr bm§~rÀ`m bhat_YyZ - hOmamo _rQ>anmgyZ Vo Z°Zmo_rQ>aÀ`m N>moQ>çmem ^mJmn`ªV - `oD$
eHo$b Ago _°ŠgdobMo åhUUo hmoVo.
1888 gmbr ho{Z«H$ éS>m°ë\$ hQ>©P (1857-1894) `m O_©Z emókmZo A{Ve` bm§~ bhat_YyZ `oUmè`m
{H$aUmoËgJm©Mm emoY bmdbm. Aem bhatZm 'ao{S>`mo bhar' Ago Zmd XoÊ`mV Ambo Am{U Ë`mn¡H$s H$mhr IamoIaM
hOmamo _rQ>a bm§~rÀ`m AgVmV. A_o[aHo$À`m _mnmZo _moObo AgVm `m bhatMr bm§~r _¡bmVM _moOVm `oB©b.
gdm©V AmIyS> ao{S>`mo bhar, åhUOo Adaº$ {H$aUm§nojm WmoS>çmM A{YH$ bm§~ AgUmè`m, åhUOo '_m`H«$modoìhO'.
`m§Mr bm§~r 1 {_{b_rQ>anmgyZ Vo 150 {_{b_rQ>an`ªV Agy eH$Vo. (B§MmV _moOë`mg, Ë`m§Mr bm§~r 1/25 Vo
gìdmghm B§Mm§n`ªV ^aob.)
1895 gmbr {dëho_ H$m°Za°S> am±Q>OoZ (1845-1923) `m AmUIr EH$m O_©Z emókmZo A{V-AmIyS> bhatÀ`m
{dÚwVMw§~H$s` {H$aUmoËgJm©Mm emoY bmdbm. Ë`mbm Ë`mZo Zmd {Xbo 'j' {H$aU, d Ë`m§Mr bhabm§~r 10 Z°Zmo_rQ>a Vo
1/1000 Z°Zmo_rQ>aÀ`m Xaå`mZ Agë`mMo Ë`mbm AmT>ibo.
nwT>ë`mM dfu AmÝËdmZ hoZ«r ~oH$aob (1852-1908) `m \«|$M emókmZo Agm emoY bmdbm H$s `wao{Z`_gma»`m
H$mhr _ybÐì`m§VyZ H$m`_M {H$aUmoËgJ© ~mhoa nS>V AgVmo. nm°b `w{b«M pìhbmS>© (1860-1934) `m AmUIr EH$m
\«|$M emókmZo Agm emoY bmdbm H$s `wao{Z`__YyZ ~mhoa nS>Umè`m {H$aUmoËgJm©V EH$ àH$maMm {dÚwVMw§~H$s`
{H$aUmoËgJ© hmoVm d Ë`m bhatMr bm§~r Va j {H$aUm§nojmhr H$_r hmoVr. hm Zdm {H$aUmoËgJ© åhUOo 'J°_m' {H$aU d
Ë`mÀ`m bhatMr bm§~r 1/100,000 Vo 1 Z°Zmo_rQ>a qH$dm Ë`mhÿZhr H$_r AgVo.
gdm©V bm§~ bhatnmgyZ CVaË`m H«$_mZo {dÚwVMw§~H$s` {H$aUmoËgJm©À`m bhatMr Zmdo Imbr {Xbr AmhoV:
ao{S>`mo bhar
_m`H«$modoìhO
Adaº$ {H$aU
S>moù`m§Zm {XgUmam àH$me
A{VZrb {H$aU
j {H$aU
J°_m {H$aU
 4

2
{H$aUmoËgJ© d D$Om©

àH$me hr EH$ àH$maMr D$Om© Amho. Á`mÛmao H$m_ hmoD$ eH$Vo Vr D$Om©, Am{U àH$me H$m_ H$ê$ eH$Vmo.
 5

nmÊ`mÀ`m àdmhmà_mUoM àH$memÀ`m òmoVmVyZ gbJnUo D$Om© `oVmZm {XgVo. hr D$Om© H$m`_M A{YH$m{YH$ bhmZ
VwH$S>çmV {d^mJVm `oB©b Ago dmQ>Vo. nmÊ`mMm òmoVhr VgmM ^mgVmo, nU nmUr {Xgy eH$Uma ZmhrV Aem gyú_
AUy§Mo ~Zbobo AgVo, d AUy hm gd©gm_mÝ` Ðì`mMm gdm©V bhmZ KQ>H$ AgVmo ho Amnë`mbm _mhrV Amho.
nmUr AI§S> òmoVmÀ`m ñdénmV dmhVo Ago {Xgbo, Var Vo IamoIa gyú_ AUy§Mo ~Zbobo AgVo, _J D$Om© XoIrb
AemM H$gë`m Var gyú_ H$Um§Mr ~Zbr Agob H$m?
1900 gmbr _°Šg H$mb© AZ}ñQ> ë`wS>{dJ ßb±H$ (1858-1947) hm O_©Z emók `mMm {dMma H$arV hmoVm. CîU
dñV§yVyZ {Za{Zamù`m bhabm§~rMm {H$aUmoËgJ© H$em àH$mao `oV Agmdm `mg§~§Yr Vmo g§emoYZ H$arV hmoVm. Ë`mVyZ
H$mhr àH$maÀ`mM bhar BVa bhar§nojm A{YH$ à_mUmV H$m `oV Agmì`mV?
AZoH$ emókm§Zr `mMo ñnï>rH$aU XoÊ`mMm Am{U Ë`mM àH$maÀ`m bm§~rÀ`m bhar H$m `m`bm hì`mV `mMo dU>©Z
H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm. VWm{n, Ë`m§Mo ñnï>rH$aU àË`j n[apñWVrbm bmJy nS>V ZìhVo. Oo emór` ñnï>rH$aU
àË`j n[apñWVrbm bmJy hmoV Zmhr Vo {Zén`moJrM AgVo.
na§Vw BVa emókm§Zr, D$Om© gbJ òmoVmVyZM AI§S>nUo `oVo Am{U Vr VwH$S>çm§Mr ~Zbobr ZgVo Aem H$ënZoZoM
{dMma Mmby R>odbm. ßb±§H$Zo {dMma Ho$bm: g_Om Ago H$U/VwH$S>o AgVrbM Va?
Ja_ dñVy§VyZ {H$aUmoËgJ© ~mhoa nS>Vm§Zm {Za{Zamù`m bm§~rÀ`m bhar H$m `oV Agmì`mV `mg§~Y§ r BVa eŠ`Vm§Mm
{dMma H$aVmZm Ë`mZo `m eŠ`VoMmhr {dMma _ZmV R>odbm. Ë`mMo ñnï>rH$aU n[apñWVrbm MnIbnUo bmJy Pmbo.
`m àË`oH$ bhmZem VwH$S>çmV Zo_H$s {H$Vr D$Om© Agob `mMm ßb±H$ {dMma H$ê$ bmJbm, åhUyZ Ë`mZo `mg§~§Yr Oo
g§emoYZ Ho$bo, Ë`mbm '¹$m°ÝQ>_ {W`ar' ('nw§O {gÕm§V', ¹$m°ÝQ>_ `m b°{Q>Z eãXmMm AW© Amho '{H$Vr?') AgoM åhQ>bo
OmVo. `m àË`oH$ VwH$S>çmV AË`ën D$Om© AgVo Ago Ë`mbm AmT>ibo. Ë`mM H$maUmZo Ago bhmZ bhmZ VwH$S>o
ApñVËdmV AgmdoV ho bjmV `oÊ`mg emókm§Zm BVH$m doi bmJbm.
1918 gmbr ßb±H$bm `m g§emoYZ H$m`m©gmR>r Zmo~ob nm[aVmo{fH$ {_imbo.
H$mbm§VamZo `m N>moQ>çmem VwH$S>çmbm '\$moQ>m°Z' Ago Zmd XoÊ`mV Ambo. \$moQ>m°Z_Ü`o AgUmar D$Om© hr {dÚwVMw§~H$s`
{H$aUmoËgJm©À`m {Za{Zamù`m bm§~rÀ`m bhatnojm {Zamir AgVo hm ßb±H$Zo bmdbobm EH$ A{Ve` _hÎdmMm emoY
Amho. bharMr bm§~r {OVH$s H$_r Agob, {VVH$s Ë`mVrb \$moQ>m°ZMr D$Om© A{YH$ AgVo.
CXmhaUmW©, Om§^ù`m a§JmVrb àH$mebhatMr bm§~r bmb a§JmÀ`m àH$mebhatnojm gw_mao AYuM AgVo. `mMm AW©,
Om§^ù`m àH$memVrb \$moQ>m°Z_Ü`o bmb a§JmÀ`m àH$memVrb \$moQ>m°Znojm OdiOdi XwßnQ> D$Om© AgVo. `mM
H$maUmZo Om§^im àH$me A{YH$ H$m_ H$ê$ eH$Vmo. D$O}À`m EImÚm Om§^ù`m a§JmÀ`m d bmb a§JmÀ`m àH$memV EHy$U
D$Om© Oar g_mZM Agbr, Var Om§^im àH$me _moR>çm \$moQ>m°ZÛmao `oVmo d Ë`m_wio hm \$aH$ nS>Vmo.
 6

CXmhaUmW©, H$ënZm H$am H$s H$moUrVar Vw_À`mda EH$ nm¢S> nmdS>a Q>mH$br. Vwåhmbm H$mhr Vr bmJUma Zmhr. nU VoM
Oa Hw$Ur Vw_À`mda EH$ nm¢S> IS>o Q>mH$bo, Va Ë`mVrb àË`oH$ IS>m Vwåhmbm bmJob. Am{U Oa Hw$Ur EH$ nm¢S>mMm
EH$M XJS> Vw_À`mda Q>mH$bm, Va Ë`mZo Mm§JbrM BOm hmoB©b.
àH$me Or AZoH$ àH$maMr H$m`} H$aVmo, Ë`mn¡H$s EH$ Amho, \$moQ>moÀ`m ßboQ>darb agm`Z JS>X H$aUo, åhUOo Ë`mda
\$moQ>mo KoVm `oVmo. bmb a§JmÀ`m àH$memVrb \$moQ>m°Z BVHo$ bhmZ AgVmV H$s Zoh_rÀ`m {\$ë_darb agm`Zmda Ë`m§Mm
H$mhrM n[aUm_ hmoV Zmhr. åhUyZM \$moQ>moMr {\$ë_ YwÊ`mMo åhUOoM S>oìhbn H$aÊ`mMo H$m_ bmb a§JmÀ`m àH$memV
Ho$bo OmVo. AmnU H$arV Agbobo H$m_ Va {XgVo nU {\$ë_da _mÌ Ë`mMm H$mhr n[aUm_ hmoV Zmhr. AmIyS>
àH$mebhatÀ`m àH$memV gd©M {\$ë_ EH$X_ H$mir hmoB©b.
AWm©VM, bmb àH$memÀ`m bhatnojmhr A{YH$ bm§~rÀ` bhatV Ë`mhÿZhr H$_r D$Om© Agob. S>moù`m§Zm {XgUmè`m
àH$memnojm Adaº$ {H$aUm§V H$_r D$Om© AgVo. _m`H«$modoìhO_Ü`o Ë`mhÿZhr H$_r D$Om© AgVo Am{U ao{S>`mobharV
gdm©V H$_r D$Om© AgVo.
dU©nQ>mÀ`m Xwgè`m Q>moH$mbm Zo_H$s `mCbQ> n[apñWVr AgVo. A{VZrb {H$aUmVrb S>moù`m§Zm Z {XgUmè`m
àH$memVrb AmIyS> bhat_wio Ë`mV S>moù`m§Zm {XgUmè`m àH$memnojm A{YH$ D$Om© AgVo. j {H$aUm§V Ë`mhÿZ A{YH$
D$Om© AgVo Va J°_m {H$aUm§V gdm©{YH$ D$Om© AgVo.
àH$mebhatMr bm§~r OgOer H$_r hmoV OmVo, VgVer Ë`m§À`mVrb D$Om© dmT>V Agë`mMo Amnë`mbm g_OyZ `oVo.
ao{S>`mo bhar Amnë`m AdVr^dVr gd©Ì AgVmV H$maU ao{S>`mo Am{U XyaXe©ZMo àgmaU Ë`m§À`mÛmaoM hmoVo, nU
Ë`m§À`mV A{Ve` H$_r D$Om© Agë`mZo Amnë`mbm Ë`m§VyZ hmZr nmohmoMV Zmhr. `mCbQ> gy`©àH$memZo Amnbr ËdMm
H$mid§S>Vo. ËdMm Oa Jmoar Agob, Va Vr Mm§JbrM ^mOyZ {ZKVo.
gy`©àH$memV ~amM H$mi H$mT>ë`mg, {deofV: gy`©àH$memVrb AmIyS> bhatMm à^md Pmë`mg, ËdMoMm H$H©$amoJ
XoIrb hmoD$ eH$Vmo. gy`©àH$memV A{VZrb {H$aU AgVmV Am{U Ë`m§À`m_wio gdm©{YH$ YmoH$m g§^dVmo.
j {H$aU Am{U J°_m {H$aU `mhÿZhr A{YH$ YmoH$mXm`H$ AgVmV. S>m°ŠQ>a Am{U X§Vd¡Ú earamVrb noetMr n[apñWVr
OmUyZ KoÊ`mgmR>r j {H$aUm§Mm dmna H$aVmV. na§Vw, Vo j {H$aUm§Mm dmna H$_rV H$_r doimgmR>r H$aVmV. J°_m {H$aU
Va `mhÿZhr A{YH$ YmoH$mXm`H$ AmhoV.
EImÚm dñVy^modVr {VÀ`mhÿZ A{YH$ W§S> AmdaU AgVo, Voìhm Ë`m dñVyVyZ {dÚwVMw§~H$s` {H$aUmoËgJ© ~mhoa nSy>Z
Vr dñVy W§S> hmoVo. `mCbQ> dñVy^modVmbMo AmdaU AWdm dmVmdaU {VÀ`mhÿZ A{YH$ Ja_ Agë`mg, AmOy~mOyÀ`m
BVa dñVyVyZ ~mhoa nS>Umam {dÚwVMw§~H$s` {H$aUmoËgJ© Vr dñVy emofyZ KoVo d {VMo Vmn_mZ dmT>Vo. {dÚwVMw§~H$s`
{H$aUmoËgJ© Zoh_rM Ja_ dñVyH$Sy>Z W§S> dñVyH$S>o OmVmo d Vmn_mZmMr EH$M nmVir amIbr OmVo.
åhUyZ {dídmV gd©Ì \$moQ>m°Z EH$m dñVyH$Sy>Z XwgarH$S>o Ago gVV CS>V AgVmV. H$mhr dñVy§VyZ Vo H$m`_ ~mhoa nS>V
AgVmV d Ë`mbm '{H$aUmoËgJ©' (E{_eZ Am°\$ ao{S>EeZ) åhUVmV.
 7

dñVy§_YyZ ~mhoa `oUmao \$moQ>m°Z {Za{Zamù`m bm§~rÀ`m bhat_YyZ `oVmV, nU H$mhr bm§~rÀ`m bhar BVam§nojm A{YH$
à_mUmV `oVmV. gm_mÝ`V: _Ü`_ñdê$nmMr bm§~r AgUmè`m bhar gdm©{YH$ à_mUmV `oVmV. A{YH$ bm§~ AWdm
A{YH$ AmIyS> bhar H$_r doim `oVmV. A{Ve` bm§~ AWdm A{Ve` AmIyS> bhar ¹${MVM `oVmV. ho gd© nw§O
{gÕm§VmV (¹$m°ÝQ>_ {W`ar) ñnï> H$aÊ`mV Ambo.
EImXr dñVy A{YH$m{YH$ Ja_ hmoV Amho Aer H$ënZm H$am. AWm©VM Ago hmoVmZm Ë`mVyZ A{YH$m{YH$ \$moQ>m°Z ~mhoa
nS>Vrb. {deof åhUOo, OgOer dñVy A{YH$ Ja_ hmoVo, Vgo Ë`mVyZ {ZKUmè`m \$moQ>m°Z_Ü`o gamgarZo A{YH$ D$Om©
AgVo. `mMm AW©, W§S> dñVy§VyZ {ZKUmè`m \$moQ>m°ZÀ`m VwbZoV Ja_ dñVy§VyZ {ZKUmè`m \$moQ>m°Z_YyZ gamgarZo
{ZKUmè`m gdm©{YH$ bhar AmIyS> bm§~rÀ`m AgVmV.
åhUOo, A{Ve` W§S> dñVyVyZ ao{S>`mo bhatMo d _m`H«$modoìhOMoM \$moQ>m°Z ~mhoa nS>VmV. EImXr dñVy _mZdr
earamBVŠ`m Vmn_mZmbm nmoMVo, Voìhm {VÀ`mVyZ _w»`V: Adaº$ {H$aU ~mhoa nS>VmV.
nmUr CH$iV Agboë`m {H$Q>brVyZ ~aoMgo Adaº$ {H$aU ~mhoa nS>VmV, Am{U AmnU Oa Amnbm hmV {H$Q>brOdi
Zobm, Va CîUVoÀ`m ê$nmZo Amnë`mbm `m {H$aUm§Mm AZw^d `oVmo. Amnbm hmV {H$Q>brnojm W§S> Amho, åhUyZ Vmo
Adaº$ {H$aUmVrb \$moQ>m°Z emofyZ KoVmo d hmV Ja_ hmoVmo.
EImXr dñVy Oa Iyn Vmndbr, Va AIoarg Ë`mVyZ S>moù`m§Zm {XgUmè`m àH$memMo {H$aU ~mhoa nS>Vrb. `mVyZ
A{YH$ H$ê$Z bm§~ àH$mebhar ~mhoa `oVrb, åhUyZ Vr dñVy 'bmb Ja_' {Xgy bmJob. Vr Oa AmUIr Vmndbr, Va
{XgUmè`m àH$memMo d A{YH$m{YH$ AmIyS> bm§~rMo {H$aU ~mhoa nS>Vrb, d dñVy 'g\o$X Ja_' {Xgy bmJob.
gy`m©Mm n¥ð>^mJ Agm g\o$X Ja_ Amho. AmnU Ooìhm eoH$moQ>r noQ>dVmo, Voìhm Vr H$mhr gy`m©À`m n¥ð>^mJmBVH$s Ja_
ZgVo åhUyZ Ë`m Ádmim {ndiga qH$dm Zm[a¨Jr {XgVmV.
H$moUË`mhr dñVyVrb {Za{Zamù`m AUy§V qH$dm AUy§À`m {_lUmV D$Om© gm_mdbobr AgVo Am{U Vo Zoh_rM EH$_oH$m§Zm
T>H$bV BH$S>o {VH$S>o {\$aV AgVmV. `m T>H$bmT>H$brVyZM \$moQ>m°ZÀ`mÛmao D$Om© EH$m AUyH$Sy>Z Xwgè`m AUyH$S>o
nmR>dbr OmVo d Ë`mVrb H$mhr ~mhoaÀ`m OJmV `oVo.
gm_mÝ`V: àË`oH$ AUyVyZ EH$m {d{eï> bhabm§~rMm \$moQ>m°Z Aem àH$mao ~mhoa `oVmo H$s Ë`mMr {d{eï> {Xem AgVo.
Xwgam EImXm AUw {Zamù`mM bhabm§~rMm \$moQ>m°Z doJù`m {XeoZo nmR>dob.
`mMmM AW©, H$moUË`mhr EH$m dñVyVyZ \$moQ>m°ZMm \$dmam gd© {Xem§Zm CS>V AgVmo d Ë`mVyZ AZoH$ {Za{Zamù`m
bm§~rÀ`m bhar `oV AgVmV. gy`©àH$me, eoH$moQ>r, _oU~Î`m, {dOoMm {Xdm, Ja_ {H$Q>ë`m `m gdmª~m~VM ho Iao Amho.
\$moQ>m°Z ~mhoa nS>Ê`mMm `m{edm` Xwgam EImXm _mJ© Agy eHo$b Ago dmQ>Umahr Zmhr.
 8

3
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1917 gmbr Amë~Q>© AmB©ZñQ>mB©Z (1879-1955) `m O_©Z emókmZo \$moQ>m°Z Á`màH$mao ~mhoa nS>VmV Ë`mMm {dMma
Ho$bm. EImXm AUw qH$dm AUy§Mm EImXm JQ>, Ë`mÀ`mgmR>r `mo½` AmH$mamMm Agm EImXm \$moQ>m°Z {ZdSy>Z Ë`mbm
D$O}À`m Cƒ nmVirda nmR>dy eHo$b, Am{U Vmo \$moQ>m°Z Ë`mÀ`m aMZoVhr `mo½` àH$mao gm_mdbm OmB©b Ago
AmB©ZñQ>mB©Zbm dmQ>bo. Agm AUw qH$dm AUy§Mm JQ> _J CÎmo{OV H$aVm (EŠgmBQ>) `oB©b d Ho$ìhmVar Ë`mÀ`mH$S>rb
A{YH$Mr D$Om© Vmo ~mhoa Q>mHo$b d Ë`mbm Á`mZo CÎmo{OV Ho$bo hmoVo, Ë`mM AmH$mamMm \$moQ>m°Z V`ma H$arb. {Za{Zamio
AUy Ago \$moQ>m°Z doJdoJù`m doir d doJdoJù`m {XeoZo ~mhoa Q>mH$Vrb.
EImÚm {d{eï> Ðì`mVrb gd©M AUy Ago CÎmo{OV Ho$bo AmhoV Aer H$ënZm H$am. _J gdmªVM hr A{YH$Mr D$Om©
Agob. Aem doir Zo_H$m `mo½` AmH$mamMm \$moQ>m°Z Ë`m§Zm CÎmo{OV H$aÊ`mgmR>r Ambm Amho Aer H$ënZm H$am. Vmo EH$m
AUyda AmXiob nU Ë`mZo Vmo AUy CÎmo{OV Ho$bm OmUma Zmhr H$maU Vmo AJmoXaM CÎmo{OV Pmbobm Agob. Ë`mEodOr
Á`m jUr hm \$moQ>m°Z Ë`mÀ`mda AmXiob, Ë`mM jUr Vmo Amnë`mH$S>rb A{YH$Mm \$moQ>m°Z ~mhoa Q>mH$m`bm ^mJ
nmS>ob. Ë`mVyZ ~mhoa nS>Umam \$moQ>m°Z Ë`mÀ`mda AmXiboë`m \$moQ>m°ZÀ`m AmH$mamMmM Agob, Am{U Xwgam \$moQ>m°Zhr
n{hë`mÀ`mM {XeoZo {ZKyZ OmB©b.
AmVm ho `mo½` AmH$mamMo XmoZ \$moQ>m°Z AmUIr XmoZ \$moQ>m°ZZm Q>¸$a XoVrb d Ë`mVyZ AmUIr XmoZ \$moQ>m°Z {ZKVrb.
_J Vo Mma \$moQ>m°Z AmUIr Mma AUy§Zm YS>H$ XoVrb d Ë`mVyZ Mma Zdo \$moQ>m°Z ~mhoa nS>Vrb d Ago KS>VM amhrb.
ho gd© AË`§V ObX JVrZo KS>ob, åhUOo AmnU S>moù`m§Mr CKS>Pmn H$ê$ VodT>çm jUmYm©V AãOmdYr \$moQ>m°Z V`ma
Pmbo AgVrb, Ë`m gdmªMr bhabm§~r VrM Agob Am{U Vo gd© EH$mM {XeoZo ~mhoa nS>V AgVrb.
hm H$mhr Zoh_r {XgVmo Vgm H$moUË`mhr {XeoZo \$moQ>m°Z CS>dUmam, gd© àH$maÀ`m bm§~rÀ`m àH$mebhatMm eoH$moQ>rVrb
qH$dm gy`m©Vrb {H$aUmoËgJ© Zìho. {S>dMboë`m AUy§Zm Zo_Š`m `mo½` AmH$mamÀ`m \$moQ>m°ZZo Q>¸$a {Xbr AgVm {Z_m©U
hmoUmam hm CËgJ© Amho. AUy§Zm \$moQ>m°ZZo MmbZm (pñQ>å`wboeZ) {Xbr Amho åhUyZ `mbm åhUVmV 'MmbZm {Xë`mZo
~mhoa nS>Umam {H$aUmoËgJ©' (pñQ>å`wboQ>oS> E{_eZ Am°\$ ao{S>EeZ).
 9

{edm` gwédmV Oar EH$m \$moQ>m°ZnmgyZ Ho$br Agbr, Var Ë`mVyZ AJ{UV \$moQ>m°Z {_iVmV. gwédmVrMm EH$ \$moQ>m°Z
H$Xm{MV {XgUmahr Zmhr, nU Ë`mVyZ _moR>çm g§»`oZo {ZKUmao \$moQ>m°Z AmoiIUo gmono hmoB©b. _yiMm \$moQ>m°Z OUy H$mhr
_moR>m Ho$bm Amho qH$dm Ë`mMr eº$s dmT>dbr Agmdr Ë`màH$mao hr D$Om© {Xgy bmJob. ho Pmë`mda Amnë`mbm 'eº$s
dmT>dyZ MmbZm {Xë`mZo ~mhoa nS>Umam {H$aUmoËgJ©' (A°påßb{\$Ho$eZ ~m` pñQ>å`wboQ>oS> E{_eZ Am°\$ ao{S>EeZ)
`m{df`r ~mobVm `oVo.
H$moUË`mhr {XeoZo ~mhoa nS>Umao d H$moUË`mhr bhabm§~rMo \$moQ>m°Z EH${ÌV amhV ZmhrV. Vo {dIwabo OmVmV.
àH$me{H$aU EH$mM {XeoZo namd{V©V ìhmdoV `mgmR>r JmS>rÀ`m {Xì`m§V qH$dm {dOoarV AgVmo Vgm dH«$ Amagm Oar
dmnabm, Varhr àH$me MQ>H$Z gd©Ì {dIwabm OmVmo. Aem àH$membm '{dñVm[aV òmoV' (BZH$mo{ha§Q>) åhUOo Omo
EH${ÌV ahmV Zmhr Agm, Ago åhUVmV. VgoM Vmo AZoH$a§Jr (nm°{bH«$mo_°{Q>H$) qH$dm {Za{Zamù`m bm§~rÀ`m bhar
AgUmam AgVmo.
`mCbQ>, MmbZm XoÊ`mZo CËg{O©V Pmboë`m àH$memÀ`m bhatMr bm§~r EH$M AgVo. Vmo EH$mM a§JmMm
(_moZmoH«$mo_°{Q>H$) qH$dm EH$mM bm§~rMm AgVmo. VgoM gd© \$moQ>m°Ýg EH$mM {XeoZo OmV Agë`mZo àH$me OdiOdi
{dIwabm OmV Zmhr. åhUyZ hm àH$me 'q~Xy òmoV' (H$mo{ha§Q>), EH$Ì amhUmam qH$dm EH$m OmJr EH$dQ>bobm AgVmo.
AmB©ZñQ>mB©Z hm g¡ÕmpÝVH$ ^m¡{VH$emók hmoVm. `mMm AW©, ßb°ÝH$Mm 'nw§O {gÕm§V' Oa AMyH$ R>abm, Va H$m`
KS>m`bm hdo `mMm {dMma Vmo Amnë`m _Zmer qH$dm H$mJXmda H$arV Ago. nU ßb°ÝH$Mm {gÕm§V AMyH$ R>abm Zmhr,
Va? `mgmR>r EH$ à`moJ H$ê$Z àË`jmV MmbZm XoD$Z {H$aUmoËgJ© ~mhoa nS>Vmo H$m ho nhm`bm hdo. {gÕm§V d
dñVwpñWVr `m§Mm _oi ~gVmo H$s Zmhr ho VmSy>Z nmhUo Amdí`H$M AgVo.
1924 gmbr, Ago à`moJ H$aÊ`mV Ambo. MmbZm XoÊ`mZo IamoIaM Agm {H$aUmoËgJ© ~mhoa nS>Vmo d Ë`mVyZ {Z_m©U
hmoUmam àH$me 'q~Xy òmoV' (H$mo{ha§Q>) ñdê$nmMm d EH$mM a§JmMm AgVmo Ago {XgyZ Ambo.
na§Vw Aä`mg H$aÊ`mOmo½`m à_mUmV Agm {H$aUmoËgJ© H$gm H$m` {Z_m©U H$aUma? ho H$mhr gmono Agob Ago dmQ>V
Zmhr. AJmoXaM {dídmV Amnë`m AmOy~mOybm _moR>çm à_mUmV {H$aUmoËgJ© AgVmo, nU Vmo gd© '{dñVm[aV' ñdê$nmMm
(BZH$mo{ha§Q>) AgVmo. Ë`m_wio Zoh_rMm {H$aUmoËgJ© {Z_m©U H$aUo gmono Amho _mÌ MmbZm {Xbobo CËgO©Z _mÌ {Z_m©U
H$aÊ`mg H$R>rU Amho AgoM {XgVo.
Ago MmbZm {Xbobo CËgO©Z {Z_m©U H$aUo H$R>rU AgÊ`mMo EH$ H$maU åhUOo EImXo {d{eï> \$moQ>m°Z emofyZ
KoÊ`mgmR>r AUy§Zm CÎmo{OV Ho$bo H$s Vo Ë`mM \$moQ>m°ZZm \$ma H$mi {MH$Qy>Z amhV ZmhrV. nwaoem AUy§Zm CÎmo{OV H$ê$Z
_J Ë`m§Zm MmbZm XoÊ`mgmR>r Amdí`H$ VodT>m doi Ë`m§Zm CÎmo{OV AdñWoV {Q>H$dyZ R>odVm `oV Zmhr.
ho BVHo$ ñnï> {XgV hmoVo H$s MmbZm XoD$Z {H$aUmoËgJ© {Z_m©U H$aUo eŠ` Amho ho g_Oë`mda XoIrb H$moUrM Vo
_moR>çm à_mUmda H$ê$Z nmhÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm Zmhr.
 10

nU _J 1951 gmbr Mmëg© hmS>© Q>mCÝg (1915- ) hm A_o[aH$Z emñÌk _m`H«$modoìhOMm eº$sembr PmoV {Z_m©U
H$aÊ`mMm _mJ© emoYV hmoVm. A_mo{Z`m dm`yMo aoUy Ë`mbm hì`m AgUmè`m AmH$mamMo _m`H«$modoìhMo \$moQ>m°Z emofyZ KoD$
eH$Vrb Agm EH$ {dMma Ë`mÀ`m _ZmV Ambm. Oa A_mo{Z`m dm`yMo nwaogo aoUy CÎmo{OV H$ê$Z Ë`m§Zm MmbZm XoVm
Ambr Va _m`H«$modoìhOMm eº$sembr PmoV {Z_m©U hmoB©b.
A_mo{Z`mMo aoUy Ho$di VmndyZ Ë`m§Zm CÎmo{OV H$ê$Z Ë`mM CÎmo{OV AdñWoV R>odVm `oUma Zmhr ho Q>mCÝgÀ`m bjmV
Ambo. Ë`mgmR>r BVa H$mhr Var _mJ© dmnamdo bmJVrb. H$Xm{MV {dÚwVàdmh Cn`moJr R>aob, qH$dm àH$memMm PmoV
AWdm amgm`{ZH$ à{V{H«$`m. Vo Oa H$aVm Ambo, Va CÎmo{OV A_mo{Z`mbm MmbZm XoD$Z Ë`mbm hdm Vmo
_m`H«$modoìhOMm eº$sembr PmoV {_idVm `oB©b.
{S>g|~a 1953 _Ü`o Q>mCÝg d Ë`mÀ`m {dÚmÏ`mªZm Ago CnH$aU ~ZdÊ`mV `e Ambo. `mV A_mo{Z`mMo gd© aoUy
CÎmo{OV H$ê$Z Ë`mV `mo½` Ë`m AmH$mamMm \$moQ>m°Z gmoS>on`ªV Vo CÎmo{OV amhV AgV d Z§Va gd©H$mhr EH$mM jUr
KSy>Z `oB©. hm 'eº$s dmT>dyZ MmbZm {Xbobm {H$aUmoËgJ©' (A°påßb{\$Ho$eZ ~m` pñQ>å`wboQ>oS> E{_eZ Am°\$ ao{S>EeZ)
hmoVm, nU `mV _m`H«$modoìhOMm g§~§Y Agë`mZo, Vmo 'eº$s dmT>dyZ MmbZm {Xbobm _m`H«$modoìhOMm {H$aUmoËgJ©'
(_m`H«$modoìh A°påßb{\$Ho$eZ ~m` pñQ>å`wboQ>oS> E{_eZ Am°\$ ao{S>EeZ) hmoVm.
`m CnH$aUmg§~§Yr qH$dm à`moJmg§~§Yr ~mobVmZm àË`oH$ doir EdT>o gd© åhUUo emókm§Zmhr J¡agmo`rMoM hmoVo, åhUyZ
_J Q>mCÝgZo `m bm§~bMH$ eãXmVrb 'E_ E Eg B Ama' hr AÚmjao KoD$Z '_oPa' Agm N>moQ>m eãX V`ma Ho$bm.
gmYmaUnUo Ë`mM gw_mamg gmopìhEQ> a{e`mVrb XmoZ emókhr '_oPa' ~ZÊ`mÀ`m à`ËZmV hmoV.o Ë`mn¡H$s EH$ hmoVm,
AboŠPm§S>a E_. àmohmoam°ìh (1916- ) Am{U Xwgam hmoVm {ZH$mobm` Or. ~mgm°ìh (1922- ). 1964 gmbr _oPa
g§~§YrÀ`m g§emoYZH$m`m©gmR>r Q>mCÝg, àmohmoam°ìh d ~mgm°ìh `m {VKm§Zm {_iyZ Zmo~ob nm[aVmo{fH$ XoÊ`mV Ambo.
gwédmVrbm V`ma H$aÊ`mV Amboë`m _oPa_YyZ \$º$ WmoS>mM doi _m`H«$modoìhO {_iV AgV. EH$Xm AUy qH$dm aoUy§Zm
CÎmo{OV Ho$bo H$s A{YH$Mo gd© \$moQ>m°Ýg EH$m {Z{_fmYm©V ~mhoa Q>mH$bo OmV Am{U _oPa_Ü`o CÎmo{OV AUy qH$dm aoUy
{e„H$M amhV ZgV. Ë`m§VyZ AmUIr {H$aUmoËgJ© {_idÊ`mgmR>r àW_ gd© AUy-aoUy CÎmo{OV H$amdo bmJV.
na§Vw 1956 gmbr {ZH$mobg ãby_~J©Z (1920- ) `m S>M-A_o[aH$Z emókmbm D$O}À`m VrZ nmVù`m AgUmam
aoUy dmnaÊ`mMr H$ënZm gwMbr. gdm©V Imbr AgVrb Zoh_rMo gmYo aoUy, Ë`mda AgVrb CÎmo{OV Ho$bobo AUy d
Ë`mdaÀ`m WamV AgVrb A{YH$M CÎmo{OV Ho$bobo AUy.
Aem VrZ nmVù`m AgUmam _oPa Agob, Va aoUy§Zm EH$m nmVirVyZ {Vgè`m nmVirn`ªV n§nmÀ`m ghmæ`mZo nmR>dVm
`oB©b. `mo½` AmH$mamMm \$moQ>m°Z {Vgè`m nmVirdarb aoUy Xwgè`m nmVirda T>H$byZ XoB©b d Ë`mVyZ _m`H«$modoìhOMm
\$dmam {ZKob. _J Vo aoUy Xwgè`m nmVirdê$Z n{hë`m nmVirda nS>Vrb, Ë`m~amo~a bJoM n§nmZo Ë`m§Zm naV
{Vgè`m nmVirda Zobo OmB©b. EH$m àH$maMm \$moQ>m°Z n§nmMo H$m_ H$arb Va Xwgè`m àH$maMm \$moQ>m°Z CÎmoOZm XoÊ`mMo
 11

H$m_ H$arb. EH$_oH$m§Zm ~mYm Z AmUVm Vo EH$_oH$m§À`m ghmæ`mZo H$m_ H$arV amhVrb åhUOo _oPa CÎmo{OVM amhrb
d Ë`mVyZ {H$aUmoËgJ© {ZKV amhrb.
Aem àH$maMo 'AI§{S>V H$m`© H$aUmao _oPa' ~ZdUmam ãby_~J©Z hm n{hbmM emók hmoVm Am{U 1981 gmbr `m
H$m`m©gmR>r Ë`mbm Zmo~ob nm[aVmo{fH$ {d^mJyZ XoÊ`mV Ambo.
_oPa ho 'A°åßbr\$m`g©' åhUOo 'eº$s dmT>dUmao' AmhoV ho bjmV R>odUo JaOoMo Amho. AdH$memVyZ `oUmam {H$aUmoËgJ©
_oPada `oD$ {Xbm Aer H$ënZm H$am. `mo½` Ë`m D$Om©nmVirdarb EImXm \$moQ>m°Z Oa Ë`mV Ambm, Va Ë`mVyZ
_m`H«$modoìhOMm PmoV CÎmo{OV hmoD$ eHo$b. emókm§Zm Ë`m _yiÀ`m \$moQ>m°ZEodOr hm PmoV AmoiIUo A{YH$ gmono
OmB©b. Ë`m_wio _oPa ho AdH$memVrb KS>m_moS>r OmUyZ KoÊ`mgmR>r emókm§Zm {_imbobo EH$ A{Ve` g§doXZerb
CnH$aU ({S>Q>oŠQ>a) R>abo.
AWm©V, EImXm _oPa \$º$ EH$mM àH$maÀ`m D$O}Mo \$moQ>m°Z emoYyZ H$mT>ob, nU _J AZoH$ àH$maMo _oPa bJoMM
~ZdÊ`mV Ambo. H$mhr§Zr `mV {Za{Zamù`m dm`y§Mm Cn`moJ Ho$bm, Va H$mhtZr KZ Ðì` dmnabo. àË`jmV Ë`m_wio
{Za{Zamù`m _oPaÀ`m Ûmao AZoH$ {Za{Zamù`m bhabm§~rÀ`m _m`H«$modoìhO emoYyZ H$mT>Vm Amë`m.
_oPa_YyZ {ZKUmao _m`H«$modoìhOMo PmoV ho q~XyòmoV EH$mM bhabm§~rMo AgVmV ho bjmV R>odm. Iyn _moR>çm A§VamV
XoIrb Vo \$mago {dIwabo OmV ZmhrV. Aem _m`H«$modoìhOMm PmoV `mo½` {XeoZo nmR>dbm, Va Vmo \$magm Z {dIaVm
ewH«$mn`ªV OmB©b. ewH«$mda AmnQy>Z namd{V©V hmoB©b, Am{U _m`H«$modoìhOMm n¥Ïdrda naV Ambobm à{VÜdZr (EH$mo)
AmoiIVm `oB©b.
_m`H«$modoìhO àH$memÀ`m JVrZo àdmg H$aVmV Am{U Amnë`mbm àH$memÀ`m JVrMm Zo_H$m doJ _mhrV Amho. hm PmoV
gmoS>ë`mnmgyZ Vo Ë`mMm nS>gmX naV `oB©n`ªV Omo doi bmJob Vmo _m`H«$modoìhOMm àH$memÀ`m JVrZo ewH«$mn`ªV
OmD$Z naV `oÊ`mÀ`m àdmgmMm H$mbmdYr hmo`. (Ë`mbm Ho$di H$mhr {_ZrQ>oM bmJVmV!) `mdê$Z _m`H«$modoìhO
ewH«$mÀ`m n¥ð>^mJmda AmXië`m Voìhm ewH«$ n¥ÏdrnmgyZ Zo_H$m {H$Vr A§Vamda hmoVm ho g_OVo.
IJmobemór` A§Vao _moOÊ`mgmR>r _m`H«$modoìhOMm PmoV nmR>dUo hm AmVmn`ªV Amnë`mbm gmnS>bobm gdm}Îm_ _mJ©
Amho. IJmobemókm§Zm AmVm J«hm§À`m ^«_UH$jm nydunojm AMyH$nUo _mhrV AmhoV.
g§nyU© ewH«$mda H$m`_M T>Jm§Mo OmS> AmdaU AgVo. {H$Vrhr CÎm_ Xw{~©U Agbr Var Amnë`mbm T>Jm§À`m nbrH$S>o
nmhVm `oV Zmhr, åhUyZ AJXr AbrH$S>on`ªV ewH«$mMm KZ n¥ð>^mJ H$gm Amho `m~m~V H$moUmbm H$mhrM H$ënZm
ZìhVr. ewH«$ ñdV:^modVr H$m` doJmZo {\$aVmo qH$dm H$moUË`m {XeoZo {\$aVmo ho XoIrb _mhrV ZìhVo.
na§Vw _m`H«$modoìhO ewH«$mÀ`m T>Jm§À`m Amanma OmD$Z KZ n¥ð>^mJmda AmXiVmV. VoWyZ Ë`m T>Jm§Mm nS>Xm nma H$ê$Z
Amnë`mH$S>o naV `oVmV d Amnë`mbm Ë`m§Mm à{VÜdZr (EH$mo) {_iVmo.
_oPa_YyZ gmoS>bobm PmoV EH$mM a§JmMm d EH$mM bhabm§~rMm AgVmo. ewH«$mMm n¥ð>^mJ Oa JwiJwirV Am{U pñWa
AgVm, Va hm PmoV namd{V©V hmoVmZm Ë`mÀ`m bhabm§~rV H$mhrhr ~Xb Pmbm ZgVm. VoM Vmo J«h Oa {\$aV Agob
 12

Am{U Ë`mMm n¥ð>^mJ ApñWa Agob, Va _mÌ Ë`mÀ`m bhabm§~rV \$aH$ nS>Vmo. Vmo {OVŠ`m ObX JVrZo {\$aV
Agob, {VVH$m Ë`mÀ`mVrb \$aH$ A{YH$ AgVmo. _m`H«$modoìhOÀ`m à{VÜdZr§Mm Aä`mg H$ê$Z 1962 gmbr
emókm§Zr ewH«$mÀ`m ñdV:^modVrÀ`m ^«_UmMr Zo_H$s JVr emoYyZ H$mT>br. ho `mnydu _mhrV ZìhVo.
{edm` ewH«$mMm n¥ð>^mJ IS>~S>rV Agë`mg, Ë`mÀ`mda S>m|Ja d Xè`m Agë`mg Ë`mdê$Zhr _m`H«$modoìhOÀ`m
à{VÜdZrV \$aH$ nS>Vmo. àË`jmV Ago PmoV dmnê$Z Ë`m§Mr ñWmZohr {ZpíMV H$aÊ`mV Ambr AmhoV. 1978 gmbr
ewH«$m^modVr ^«_U H$aUmao EH$ emoY`mZ nmR>dÊ`mV Ambo Am{U _m`H«$modoìhOÀ`m à{VÜdZrMm dmna H$ê$Z Ë`mZo
ewH«$mÀ`m n¥ð>^mJmMm g§nyU© ZH$mem V`ma Ho$bm.
_m`H«$modoìhOMo PmoV ewH«$mÀ`mhr nbrH$S>o OmD$Z nmoMbo AmhoV. Ë`m§Zr ~wY, _§Ji, gy`©, Jwé dJ¡a|n`ªVhr àdmg Ho$bm
Amho. 1989 gmbr _m`H«$modoìhOMm PmoV Q>m`Q>Z `m e{ZÀ`m _moR>çm CnJ«hmdê$Zhr namd{V©V hmoD$Z naV Ambm Amho.
ewH«$ n¥ÏdrÀ`m gdm©V Odi AgVmZm Ë`mMo Amnë`mnmgyZ Oo A§Va AgVo, Ë`mÀ`m 35 nQ> A§Vamda Q>m`Q>Z Amho.
Q>m`Q>Z `m EH$mM CnJ«hm^modVrMo dmVmdaU BVHo$ XmQ> d Yyga Amho H$s emoY`mZ XoIrb Ë`mÀ`m n¥ð>^mJm{df`r
H$mhrM _m{hVr XoD$ eH$bo Zmhr.
_m`H«$modoìhOÀ`m PmoVmbm Q>m`Q>Z n`ªV OmD$Z naV `oÊ`mg 2 1/3 (XmoZ nyUmªH$ EH$ V¥{V`m§e) Vmg bmJbm nU Vmo
T>Jm§À`m Amanma OmD$ eH$bm d Ë`mZo Q>m`Q>ZÀ`m n¥ð>^mJmg§~§Yr _m{hVr nwadbr. hm CnJ«h ñdV:^modVr {\$aV
Agë`mZo VrZ {Za{Zamù`m {Xder nmR>dbobo PmoV {Za{Zamù`m {R>H$mUr AmXibo. n{hë`m d {Vgè`m {XderMm
à{VÜdZr, EImÚm Ðd nXmWm©da AmXië`mgmaIm, IynM H$_Hw$dV hmoVm. Xwgè`m {XderMm à{VÜdZr _mÌ EImÚm
KZ nXmWm©da AmXië`mgmaIm eº$sembr hmoVm.
H$Xm{MV n¥Ïdrà_mUoM Q>m`Q>Zda XoIrb I§S>o d _hmgmJa AgVrb. nU AWm©V Q>m`Q>Zdarb I§S>o d _hmgmJa ho
n¥Ïdrdarb I§S>o d _hmgmJa `m§À`mnojm \$maM {Zamù`m Ðì`mMo ~Zbo AgmdoV.
 13

4
boPg©
g

Amnë`mbm Oa H$moUË`mhr bm§~rÀ`m bhatÀ`m _m`H«$modoìhO {Z_m©U H$aVm `oVmV, Va _J _m`H«$modoìhO ZgUmè`m
{dÚwVMw§~H$s` {H$aUmoËgJm©Mo PmoV H$m {Z_m©U H$aVm `oD$ Z`oV? `mgmR>rMo Ðì` Oa H$miOrnyd©H$ {ZdS>bo, Va
Ë`mVyZ AgmYmaU D$Om© AgUmam {H$aUmoËgJm©Mm PmoV {Z_m©U hmoB©b Aer D$Om© {_im`bm hdr. `m {H$aUmoËgJm©À`m
bhatMr bm§~r Zoh_rnojm AË`§V AmIyS> Agob. H$Xm{MV Adaº$ bhatMm qH$dm H$Xm{MV S>moù`m§Zm {XgUmè`m
àH$memMmhr PmoV {Z_m©U H$aVm `oB©b.
1958 gmbr Q>mCÝg `mMm {dMma H$arVM hmoVm d _m`H«$modoìhOÀ`m EodOr àH$memMm PmoV {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mgmR>r
H$moUË`m Ðì`mnmgyZ _oPa ~Zdmdm bmJob `mg§~§Yr Ë`mMo g§emoYZ Mmby hmoVo. àH$me {Z_m©U H$aUmam _oPa hm 'Ñí`
_oPa' (Am°pßQ>H$b _oPa) Agob.
na§Vw emókm§Zr Ë`mÀ`mgmR>r ho Zmd {ZdS>bo Zmhr. _oPa åhUOo '_m`H«$modoìh A°påßb{\$Ho$eZ ~m` pñQ>å`wboQ>oS>
E{_eZ Am°\$ ao{S>EeZ' ho Amnë`mbm _mhrV Amho, åhUyZ hm Agob 'bmBQ> A°påßb{\$Ho$eZ ~m` pñQ>å`wboQ>oS> E{_eZ
Am°\$ ao{S>EeZ'. `mMr AÚmjao KoVë`mg 'Eb E Eg B Ama' `m§Mm eãX ~ZVmo 'boPa' åhUyZ Aem CnH$aUmbm Vo
Zmd XoÊ`mV Ambo.
n{hë`m Ajamdê$ZM Amnë`mbm g_OVo H$s _oPa _YyZ EH$mM q~XyV EH$dQ>Umè`m d EH$mM a§JmÀ`m _m`H«$modoìhO
{Z_m©U Ho$ë`m OmVmV; Va boPa _YyZ EH$mM q~XyV EH$dQ>Umam, EH$m a§JmMm àH$mePmoV {Z_m©U Ho$bm OmVmo.
1960 gmbr {WAmoS>moa h°am°ëS> _o_Z (1927- ) `m A_o[aH$Z emókmZo n{hbm boPa ~ZdÊ`mV `e {_idbo.
Ë`mZo `mgmR>r EH$ H¥${Ì_ _mUH$mMr H$m§S>r dmnabr. Aë`w{_{Z`_ Am°ŠgmBS>_Ü`o WmoS>çm à_mUmV H«$mo{_`_
Am°ŠgmBS> {_giyZ Vr ~ZdÊ`mV Ambr hmoVr. H«$mo{_`_À`m AUy§_wio `m Ðì`mbm bmb a§J `oVmo d Ë`m_wioM ho _m{UH$
~ZVo.
 14

H«$mo{_`_À`m AUy§Zm CÎmo{OV H$ê$Z n§nmZo da ZoVm `oVo d Vo Ooìhm ImbÀ`m nmVirda `oVmV, Voìhm Ë`m§À`mV bmb
a§J {Xgob Aem bhabm§~rMo \$moQ>m°Z ~mhoa Q>mH$Ê`mBVH$s D$Om© AgVo. hr H$m§S>r CÎmo{OV Ho$br H$s `mo½` Aem
bhabm§~rMm EH$ \$moQ>m°Z Ë`m H$m§S>rV gmoS>bm OmVmo. _J Ë`mVyZ Ë`mM bhabm§~rMo AmUIr \$moQ>m°Z ~mhoa {ZKy
bmJVmV. ho _mUH$mÀ`m H$m§S>rVyZ ~mhoa `oVmZm JS>X bmb a§JmMm q~XyòmoV ~mhoa nS>Vmo.
n{hbm boPa I§{S>V àH$maMm (B§Q>a{_Q>§Q>) hmoVm. Ë`mVyZ àH$memMr EH$ M_H$ (âb°e) {ZKmbr d Xwgar M_H$
{ZKÊ`mgmR>r Ë`mbm naV CÎmoOZm Úmdr bmJbr. VWm{n, 1960 gmb g§nÊ`mnyduM BamU_Ü`o OÝ_boë`m A{b
OdmZ `m emókmZo {ZAm°Z d ho{b`_ `m dm`y§Mo {_lU dmnê$Z AI§{S>V boPa {Z_m©U Ho$bm.
1960 gmbmnydu emókm§Zr EH$m a§JmMm àH$me q~Xyñdê$nmV H$Yr nm{hbm ZìhVm. n¥Ïdrdarb Zoh_rÀ`m
àH$meòmoVmVyZ åhUOo gy`m©H$Sy>Z d Vmè`m§_YyZ {_iUmam àH$me {dIwaUmam d AZoH$ a§Jm§Mm hmoVm.
1960 gmbmnmgyZ _mÌ H$mhr IJmobr` dñVy§_YyZ Ambobm àH$mehr q~XyòmoV àH$maMm Agbobm AmT>ibmAmho.
Vmè`m§Xaå`mZÀ`m AdH$memV {dai dm`yMo T>J AgVmV, Ë`m§Zm 'Vmè`m§Xaå`mZMo T>J' (B§Q>añQ>oba ŠbmCS>g)
åhUVmV. H$mhr doim AmOy~mOyÀ`m Vmè`m§Vrb àH$memZo `m dm`yVrb H$mhr AUy CÎmo{OV hmoVmV, d `mMm n[aUm_
åhUyZ _m`H«$modoìhOMo EH$dQ>bobo PmoV {Z_m©U hmoVmV. Aem T>Jm§Zm '{dídmVrb _oPg©' (H$m°pñ_H$ _oPg©) åhUVmV.
_§Ji d ewH«$mÀ`m dmVmdaUm§V XoIrb H$mhrgo AgoM KS>Vo. `m XmoÝhr J«hm§darb dmVmdaUm§V _w»`V: H$~©{ÛàmUrb
dm`yM (H$m~©Z S>m`m°ŠgmBS>) Amho. dmVmdaUmVrb C§Mmdarb WamVrb H$~©{ÛàmUrb dm`w gy`©àH$memZo CÎmo{OV hmoVmo
d Ë`mVyZ Adaº$ a§JmÀ`m q~XyòmoV àH$memMo PmoV ~mhoa nS>VmV. àË`jmV H$~©{ÛàmUrb dm`yÀ`m dmnamMo boPg©
n¥Ïdrda V`ma H$aÊ`mV Ambo AmhoV d Ë`mVyZ {ZKUmam {H$aUmoËgJ© _§Ji d ewH«$mÀ`m dmVmdaUmVrb daÀ`m WamV
Z¡g{J©H$[aË`m {Z_m©U hmoUmè`m {H$aUmoËgJm©gmaImM AgVmo.
VWm{n, {dídmVrb _oPg© d boPg© AmnU n¥Ïdrda {Z_m©U H$aVmo Ë`m _oPg© d boPg© BVHo$ à^mdr ZgVmV.
AdH$memVrb EH$dQ>boë`m àH$mePmoVm§Mo JQ> {Za{Zamù`m {Xem§Zm OmVmV. Ë`m_wioM Vo H$m` emoYV AmhoV ho _mhrV
hmoB©n`ªV emókm§Zm Vo AmoiIy Ambo ZìhVo.
n¥Ïdrda {Z_m©U Ho$boë`m boPg©_Ü`o q~XyòmoV àH$memMr EH$mM {XeoZo OmÊ`mMr d¥Îmr Amaem§À`m dmnamZo A{YH$
dmT>dbr OmVo. Vmè`m§Xaå`mZÀ`m T>Jm§Zm qH$dm BVa J«hm§darb dmVmdaUm§V Ago H$aUo AWm©VM eŠ` ZgVo. H$m§S>rÀ`m
Á`m XmoZ Q>moH$m§Zm boPg© V`ma hmoVmV Ë`m§Zm ì`dpñWV nm°{be H$ê$Z Vo AmaemgmaIo ~Zdbobo AgVmV. _J Ë`m
PmoVmVrb \$moQ>m°Z Zo_Ho$ gai aofoVM nwT>o-_mJo OmVmV d àË`oH$ doir A{YH$ \$moQ>m°Z d A{YH$ D$Om© O_dVmV.
MwHy$Z EImXm \$moQ>m°Z Oa BVam§nojm qH${MV {Zamù`m {XeoZo OmV Agob, Va goH§$XmÀ`m EH$m bhmZem A§emV Vmo
Xm§µS>çmÀ`m EH$m ~mOybm nmoMVmo Am{U _J Vmo ~mhoa Var nS>Vmo ZmhrVa emofyZ Var KoVbm OmVmo. VgoM MwHy$Z EImXm
\$moQ>m°Z Oa ~mhoê$Z Xm§S>çmH$S>o Ambm d MwH$sÀ`m {XeoZo OmD$ bmJbm, Va Vmo Xm§S>çmVyZ Xwgè`m ~mOyZo ~mhoa Q>mH$bm
OmVmo.
 15

AIoa, boPaMm òmoV A{Ve` Zo_Ho$nUmZo H|${ÐV (\$moH$g) Ho$bm OmVmo. `mVrb EH$ Amagm H$mhrgm nmaXe©H$ AgVmo
d Ooìhm EImXm boPaMm òmoV nwaogm eº$sembr hmoVmo (ho bJoMM KS>Vo), Voìhm Vmo Ë`m ~mOyH$Sy>ZM ~mhoa nS>Vmo.
boPaMm òmoV BVŠ`m AMyH$nUo d Zo_Ho$nUmZo H|${ÐV H$aVm `oVmo H$s Xebj _rQ>a A§Vamdarb EH$m bhmZem
^m§S>çmda Vmo gmoS>bm Var Vmo Ë`mVrb H$m°\$s Ja_ H$ê$ eH$Vmo. 1962 gmbr boPaMm EH$ òmoV M§Ðmda, åhUOo gw_mao
38.3 H$moQ>r _rQ>g©da, nmoMbm Am{U EdT>çm _moR>çm A§VamV XoIrb Vmo Ho$di XmoZ _¡b BVH$mM {dIwabm Jobm hmoVm.
AmVm AmnU `mhÿZhr A{YH$ Mm§Jbr H$m_{Jar H$ê$ eH$Vmo. 1969 gmbr AdH$medram§Zr M§Ðmda EH$ Amagm R>odbm
Am{U boPaMo òmoV Ë`mdê$Z n¥ÏdrH$S>o naV `oD$ bmJbo. Ë`m_wio emókm§Zm n¥Ïdr d M§ÐmVrb A§Va A{YH$M
AMyH$nUo _moOVm `oD$ bmJbo.
1964 gmbr Ooamo_ ìhr.ìhr. H°$ñna `m A_o[aH$Z emókmZo n{hbm amgm`{ZH$ boPa V`ma Ho$bm. Aem àH$maÀ`m
boPa_Ü`o amgm`{ZH$ à{H«$`m D$O}Mm òmoV åhUyZ dmnabr OmVo. `m amgm`{ZH$ à{H«$VoVyZ {Z_m©U Pmbobr D$Om©
boPa_Yrb aoUy§Zm CÎmo{OV H$aVo d Ë`mVyZ EH$dQ>bobm, q~XyòmoV {Z_m©U hmoVmo.
gm_mÝ` boPa EImÚm {dÚwV CnH$aUmgmaIm AgVmo, d D$Om© {_iÊ`mgmR>r Vmo q^VrVrb {dOoÀ`m gm°Ho$Q>bm OmoS>mdm
bmJVmo åhUOo Ë`mbm ~mhoê$Z D$Om© nwadbr OmVo. amgm`{ZH$ boPa_Ü`o D$O}Mm òmoVhr boPaMmM ^mJ AgVmo.
EImÚm ~°Q>ar KmVboë`m {dÚwV CnH$aUmà_mUo `mMo H$m_ MmbVo. D$O}gmR>r `mbm gm°Ho$Q>bm OmoS>mdo bmJV Zmhr.
AWm©V, AIoa Ho$ìhmVar `mVrb ~°Q>ar g§nVoM Am{U amgm`{ZH$ boPa_Yrb amgm`{ZH$ à{H«$`mhr Wm§~Vo. Varhr, Mmby
pñWVrVrb amgm`{ZH$ boPa gmÜ`m boPanojm A{YH$ H$m`©j_ AgVmo. gmÜ`m boPanojm amgm`{ZH$ boPa_Yrb
A{YH$ D$O}Mm dmna q~XyòmoV {Z{_©VrgmR>r Ho$bm OmVmo.
1966 gmbr Om°Z Ama. b°ÝH$S>© d nrQ>a gmoamo{H$Z `m§Zr n{hbm àmH¥${VH$ boPa (Am°aJ°{ZH$ boPa) V`ma Ho$bm. `mV
àmH¥${VH$ (Am°aJ°{ZH$) aoUy§Mm dmna Ho$bm OmVmo. H$m~©ZÀ`m AZoH$ AUy§gh Ago aoUy AZoH$ AUy§Mo {_iyZ ~Zdbo
OmVmV.
àmH¥${VH$ aoUy BVHo$ Jw§VmJw§VrMo AgVmV H$s aoUyVrb H$moUVmhr AUw CÎmo{OV Pmë`mda Vo {Za{Zamù`m ñVamda D$Om©
{_idy eH$VmV. `mMm AW©, àmH¥${VH$ boPa {Za{Zamù`m bhabm§~rMo EH$dQ>bobo PmoV {Z_m©U H$ê$ eH$VmV, Am{U Vo
`mo½` àH$mao 'Q>çyZ' H$ê$Z Ë`mVyZ Amnë`mbm hì`m Ë`m doir hì`m Ë`m àH$maMr bhabm§~r AgUmam PmoV {_idVm
`oVmo.
AmOH$mb, 'go_r H§$S>ŠQ>a boPa' `m àH$maMo boPa gd©Ì AmT>iVmV. g§JUH$mV Oem N>moQ>çmem '{Mßg' dmnaë`m
OmVmV, VgoM Ðì` `mVhr dmnabobo AgVo. Aem àH$maMm boPa {_R>mÀ`m EImÚm H$UmEdT>mM AgVmo. `mVyZ
{dÚwVàdmh Jobm H$s Ë`mVyZ {M_wH$bo q~XyòmoV ~mhoa `oVmV.
 16

5
boPaMo Cn`moJ

_oPa d boPaMm gd©àW_ emoY bmdÊ`mV Ambm Ë`mdoir Vo \$º$ emókm§À`mM H$m_mMo R>aVrb AerM H$ënZm hmoVr.
amoOÀ`m OrdZm§V gd©gm_mÝ`m§Zm Ë`m§Mm H$mhr Cn`moJ hmoD$ eHo$b Ago H$moUmbmM dmQ>bo ZìhVo. na§Vw Ago AZoH$
Cn`moJ AmhoV Ago Z§Va bjmV Ambo.
 17

gd©àW_ _hÎdmMr Jmoï> åhUOo boPa H$moUË`mhr à_mUmV q~XyòmoV {Z_m©U H$ê$ eH$VmV d Ë`m gdm©Mm dmna H aVm
`oVmo. 'go_r H§$S>ŠQ>a {Mn'_YyZ AË`§V bhmZ à_mUmV boPaMm PmoV {_iVmo d ~mOmamV IaoXr Ho$boë`m dñVy§darb
~maH$moS> dmMyZ Ë`mMr qH$_V Zm|XdÊ`mgmR>r Ë`mMm Cn`moJ hmoVmo. hm PmoV BVH$m gyú_ AgVmo H$s Vmo bjmVhr `oV
Zmhr. Ë`mMr eº$s EH$m d°Q>À`m EH$ hOmam§emhÿZhr H$_r AgVo. amÌ^a R>odÊ`mÀ`m ZmBQ> bmBQ>Mr eº$s Ë`mÀ`m
VwbZoV hOma nQ>thÿZhr A{YH$ AgVo.
Ë`mM~amo~a, Iyn _moR>m boPa ~ZdyZ Ë`mÀ`mV A{dídgZr` Aem Cƒ eº$sn`ªV D$Om© gmR>dbr OmB©b Am{U Vr
gd© EH$X_ ~mhoa Q>mH$br OmB©b Agohr H$aVm `oV.o Aem doir àM§S> à_mUmda D$Om© V`ma hmoV,o nU Vr gd© EH$m
jUmV dmnabr OmVo Am{U Vmo PmoV AJXr WmoS>m doiM {Q>H$Vmo.
20 bj d°Q> eº$sÀ`m EH$dQ>boë`m àH$memMm bIbImQ> hmoB©b Agohr boPa ~ZdVm `oVmV nU Ë`m§Mm àH$me \$º$
H$mhr goH§$XM {Q>H$Vmo. EH$ bmI AãO (EH$mda 14 eyÝ`o) d°Q>Mm àH$me jUmYm©V XoB©b Agmhr EH$ boPa Amho. hr
D$Om© EImÚm AUwD$Om© H|$ÐmVyZ {_iob Ë`mÀ`mnojm bmInQ>rZo A{YH$ Amho. VWm{n, Agm bIbImQ> Ho$di EH$
AãOm§e goH§$XmhÿZhr H$_r H$mi {Q>Ho$b. Ago àM§S> boPa \$º$ emór` H$m`m©gmR>r qH$dm eómóo åhUyZM dmnabo
OmVmV. Vo H$mhr gd©gm_mÝ`m§gmR>r ~mOmamV CnbãY hmoUma ZmhrV.
àË`jmV boPa_YyZ OodT>r D$Om© {Z_m©U hmoVo Ë`mnojm {H$VrVar A{YH$ D$Om© Vo {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mgmR>r IMu nS>Vo.
aoUy§Zm CÎmo{OV H$aÊ`mgmR>r OodT>r D$Om© IMu nS>Vo Ë`mn¡H$s ~hþYm 20 Q>ŠŠ`m§hÿZhr H$_rM D$Om© àH$memÀ`m
PmoVmgmR>r Cn`moJr R>aVo. ~mH$sÀ`m D$O}Mo CîUVoVM ê$nm§Va hmoVo.
Aem VèhoZo Vr {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mgmR>r dmnaboë`m D$O}n¡H$s OdiOdi 80 Q>¸o$ D$Om© dm`mM OmV Agob, Va boPaMm
PmoV {_idÊ`mMr H$m` JaO Amho Agm {dMma H$Xm{MV Vw_À`m _ZmV `oB©b. na§Vw, BVa ñdénmVrb D$Om© Oo H$m`©
H$ê$ eH$V Zmhr Vo boPaÀ`m PmoVmH$Sy>Z H$ê$Z KoVm `oVo ho Ë`mMo Iao CÎma Amho. Ë`mVyZ dm`m Joboë`m D$O}Mr EH$
àH$mao ^anmB©M hmoVo Ago åhUVm `oB©b.
CXmhaUmW©, boPaMm PmoV gyú_ q~Xynmer H|${ÐV H$aVm `oVmo. gmÜ`m àH$memMm Vgm Cn`moJ hmoD$ eH$V Zmhr
H$maU Ë`mÀ`m bhar gd© {Xem§Zm {dIwaë`m OmVmV d Ë`m EH$m q~Xynmer H|${ÐV H$aVm `oV ZmhrV. boPaMm PmoV
1,000 Z°Zmo_rQ>a é§XrÀ`m (åhUOo àH$mebharÀ`m Ho$di XwßnQ> A§Va) q~Xynmer XoIrb ghO EH$dQ>Vm `oVmV.
boPaÀ`m PmoVmVrb g§nyU© D$Om© Ë`m {M_wH$ë`m q~XynmerM H|${ÐV hmoVo d Ë`m q~XyMo Vmn_mZ dmT>Vo.
boPaMr eº$s WmoS>rerM Agob, Va Ë`mMm H$mJX d a~a H$mnÊ`mgmR>r Cn`moJ hmoD$ eH$Vmo. Ë`mhÿZ eº$sembr boPa
OmS> ßb°pñQ>H$ AWdm bmHy$S> H$mny eH$Vo. hm PmoV Oa EImÚm bhmZ q~Xyda nwaogm H|${ÐV Ho$bm Va Ë`mMo Vmn_mZ
BVHo$ dmT>Vo H$s Ë`m {R>H$mUMm YmVy {dViyZ Ë`mbm ^moH$ nmS>Vm `oVo.
 18

Q>m°M© qH$dm H$adVrnojm EH$dQ>boë`m boPaÀ`m PmoVmZo YmVy H$mnÊ`mMo H$m_ ghOnUo, MQ>H$Z, A{YH$
ì`dpñWV[aË`m d Zo_Ho$nUmZo H$aVm `oVo. boPaMm PmoV {Z_m©U H$aVmZm Oar 80 Q>¸o$ D$Om© dm`m OmV Agbr,
Varhr YmVy H$mnÊ`mgmR>r boPabm Amdí`H$ AgUmar EHy$U D$Om© H$_rM AgVo.
boPaÀ`m ghmæ`mZo A{Ve` ZmOyH$ H$m_hr H$aVm `oVo H$maU boPaMm PmoV goH§$XmÀ`m EH$m gyú_ ^mJmV gwê$ qH$dm
~§X H$aVm `oVmo. Vmo gwê$ AgVmZm Zo_Š`m Á`m q~Xyda PmoV H|${ÐV Ho$bm Agob, VoWrb Vmn_mZ IynM dmT>Vo, nU Vr
CîUVm BVaÌ ngaÊ`mnyduM PmoV jUmYm©V ~§Xhr hmoVmo.
CXmhaUmW©, boPaMr ImoS>a~ao ~ZdÊ`mV Ambr, Ë`mV Q>mBnam`Q>aMr emB© OmiyZ Q>mH$Ê`mBVH$s CîUVm BVŠ`m
MQ>H$Z {Z_m©U hmoVo d ~§X hmoVo H$s {Vbm H$mJX OmiÊ`mBVH$m doiM {_iV Zmhr. AWm©V gmÜ`m ImoS>a~amZo qH$dm
nm§T>è`m emB©Zo Oo H$m_ ghO hmoD$ eH$Vo, Ë`mgmR>r boPaMm dmna H$aUo doS>onUmMo R>aob, nU boPa H$m` H$ê$ eH$Vmo
ho XmIdÊ`mgmR>rM ho CXmhaU {Xbo Amho.
_mZdr earamVhr boPaMm Aem àH$mao Cn`moJ Ho$bm OmD$ eH$Vmo. CXmhaUmW©, Am§YionUm `oB©b Aem àH$mao
S>moù`mVrb nS>Xm g¡b hmoV Amho Aer {MÝho {Xgë`mg ~w~wimVyZ jUmYm©V Joboë`m boPaÀ`m PmoVmZo ho nQ>b
S>moù`mÀ`m _mJÀ`m ~mOyg Q>mMyZ Q>mH$Vm `oVo d OmoS>mMm hm q~Xy BVH$m gyú_ AgVmo, H$s Ë`mZo Ñï>rV H$mhrM \$aH$
nS>V Zmhr. boPaZo ho H$m_ BVŠ`m MQ>H$Z hmoVo H$s CîUVoZo AmOy~mOyÀ`m BVa ^mJmbm BOm nmoMÊ`mg doiM ZgVmo.
boPaÀ`m àH$memZo Mm_Iri, ËdModarb S>mJ, Jm|XU, nm`mVrb ^modè`m ghO H$mT>yZ Q>mH$Vm `oVmV qH$dm gmYr
eó{H«$`mXoIrb H$aVm `oVo.
N>nmB©gmR>rhr boPaMm Cn`moJ hmoVmo. gwédmVrÀ`m g§JUH$mÀ`m {à§Q>a_Ü`o Ajao EH$m H$mù`m {\$Vrda AmXiyZ _J
H$mJXmda C_Q>V AgV. Ë`mMm ~amM AmdmO hmoB©. boPa qàQ>a_Ü`o boPaM H$mJXmda Ajao N>mnVmo Am{U ho Vmo
A{Ve` ObX d AmdmO Z H$aVm H$aVmo. bdH$aM gd©M H$m°åß`wQ>aMo qàQ>a boPa qàQ>a AgVrb.
AmdmOmMr nwZ{Z©{_©Vr H$aÊ`mgmR>r boPaMm AmOH$mb gdm©V OmñV dmna hmoVmo. AJXr AbrH$S>on`ªV gnmQ>
V~H$S>rda AmdmO aoH$m°S>© Ho$bm OmV Ago. `mV ObX JVrZo H§$n nmdUmè`m gwB©À`m ghmæ`mZo ImM ~Zdbr OmVo.
eãX d g§JrV `m§À`m Jw§VmJw§VrÀ`m ÜdZrbhatà_mUo gwB© H§$n nmdVo. Z§Va V~H$S>r (aoH$m°S>©) H$S>H$ Pmë`mda Xwgar
gwB© `m ImMoVyZ {\$aVmZm n{hë`m gwB©à_mUoM H§$n nmdVo. åhUOo _yiÀ`mM ÜdZrbhar naV {Z_m©U hmoVmV. _J
Ë`m§Mr eº$s dmT>dyZ (A°påßb{\$Ho$eZ) AmnU eãX d g§JrV EoHy$ eH$Vmo.
`m nÕVrV gwB© hiyhiy {POVo d ~Xbmdr bmJVo. H$Yr H$Yr hbH$mgm Kf©UmMm AmdmOhr `oVmo.
na§Vw AmVm Zì`m àH$maÀ`m aoH$m°S>©_Ü`o ÜdZrbhar M_H$Umè`m n¥ð>^mJmda gyú_ H$mù`m {R>nŠ`m§V ê$nm§V[aV
Ho$ë`m OmVmV. ho {R>nHo$ S>moù`m§Zm {XgV ZmhrV. EH$m bhmZem go_rH§$S>ŠQ>a_YyZ `oUmam A{Ve` H$_r eº$sÀ`m
boPaMm Adaº$ PmoV hm n¥ð>^mJ 'dmMVmo' (ñH°$Z H$aVmo) d {R>nŠ`m§Zm ÜdZrbharV ê$nm§V[aV H$aVmo.
 19

aoH$m°S>©Mm àË`j YmVyer g§~§Y `oVM Zmhr, åhUyZ Kf©U hmoÊ`mMm àíZM ZgVmo. AmdmOmMr {Z{_©Vr AË`§V ewÕ
ñdê$nmV d BVa H$moUVmM AmdmO Z `oVm Ho$br OmVo. {edm`, EH$m {d{eï> AmH$mamÀ`m Aem H$mi`m {R>nŠ`m§À`m
Zì`m aoH$m°S>©_Ü`o, ImMm AgUmè`m OwÝ`m aoH$m°S>©nojm {H$VrVar A{YH$ eãX d g§JrV Zm|XdyZ R>odVm `oVo. `mM
H$maUmZo, `m Zì`m boPaÀ`m aoH$m°S>© AmH$mamZo bhmZ AgyZ OmñV g§JrV gmR>dyZ R>odV Agë`mZo Ë`m§Zm 'H$m°ån°ŠQ>
{S>ñH$' qH$dm WmoS>Š`mV 'grS>r' AgoM åhQ>bo OmVo. Aem 'grS>r' AmVm BVa àH$maÀ`m aoH$m°S>©Mr OmJm PnmQ>çmZo KoV
AmhoV.
boPaMm AmUIr EH$ _hÎdmMm Cn`moJ g§Xoem§Mo XiUdiU `m joÌmVrb Amho. AZoH$ dfm©§nmgyZ bmoH$
ao{S>`mobhatÛmao g§nH©$ gmYV AmhoV. {Za{Zamir ao{S>`mo d Q>o{bpìhOZ H|$Ðo EH$mM doir H$m`©H«$_ H$arV AgVmV,
H$maU àË`oH$mÀ`m ao{S>`mobhatMr bm§~r doJdoJir AgVo. Amnë`m ao{S>`mo qH$dm Q>o{bpìhOZdarb ~Q>U {\$adyZ AmnU
hdr Vr bhabm§~r {ZdSy> eH$Vmo. `m àH$mao \$º$ Amnë`mbm hì`m Ë`mM H|$ÐmMo H$m`©H«$_ EoH$Vm qH$dm nmhVm `oVmV d
BVam§H$S>o Xwbj
© H$aVm `oVo.
AWm©V ao{S>`mo qH$dm Q>o{bpìhOZ H|$Ðm§Zr Amnmnë`m bhabm§~rV H$mhr A§Va R>odUo AJË`mMo R>aVo, åhUOo XmoZ
H|$Ðm§À`m gma»`m bhabm§~r_wio H$m`©H«$_mV Jm|Yi hmoUma Zmhr. `mMm AW© Vw_À`m ao{S>`mo qH$dm Q>o{bpìhOZda {H$Vr
H|$Ðm§Mo H$m`©H«$_ EoH$Vm qH$dm nmhVm `oVrb `mda _`m©Xm `oVo.
bhatMr bm§~r {OVH$s H$_r Agob, VodT>o A{YH$ g§Xoe VodT>çmM OmJoV _mdVrb. CXmhaUmW©, àH$mebhatMr bm§~r
ao{S>`mobhatÀ`m gw_mao EH$ Xebjm§e BVH$sM AgVo, åhUyZ ao{S>`mobhatÀ`m VodT>çmM OmJoV àH$mebhar
dmnaë`mg Xebj {Za{Zamir H|$Ðo ~gdVm `oVrb.
AWm©V `mV EH$ AS>MU Amho. ao{S>`mobhar nmD$g, YwHo$, T>J, PmS>o, q^Vr `m gdm©§_YyZ àdmg H$ê$ eH$VmV. àH$me Vo
H$ê$ eH$V Zmhr. ao{S>`mobhar dmVmdaUmÀ`m ~è`mM C§Mmdarb Wam§VyZ namd{V©V hmoVmV åhUyZ n¥ÏdrÀ`m
JmobmH$mamà_mUo OmD$Z Ë`m Iyn _moR>o A§Va nma H$ê$ eH$VmV. àH$me _mÌ gai aofoVM àdmg H$aVmo d n¥ÏdrÀ`m
JmobmH$mamdê$Z bdH$aM ~mhoa \o$H$bm OmVmo.
na§Vw AmnU AdH$memVrb CnJ«hmg§~§Yr ~mobV AmhmoV Aer H$ënZm H$am. AdH$memV hdm_mZ qH$dm KZ dñVy§Mm
AS>Wim Zmhr Am{U n¥ÏdrÀ`m JmobmH$mamMrhr AS>MU hmoV Zmhr. H$YrH$mir Ooìhm AZoH$ bmoH$ AdH$memV AgVrb,
Voìhm Vo EH$_oH$m§er boPa PmoVm§Ûmao bjmdYr {Za{Zamù`m bhabm§~rMm dmna H$ê$Z g§nH©$ gmYy eH$Vrb.
n¥Ïdrda XoIrb AmnU ho H$ê$ eH$Vmo, nU ao{S>`mo AWdm Q>o{bpìhOZÛmao Zmhr H$maU `mV {H$aUmoËgJm©Mo PmoV hdoVyZ
OmVmV. Ë`mEodOr Q>o{b\$moZMm {dMma Ho$bm Va?
{dOoMm àdmh Vm§ã`mÀ`m Vmam§VyZ OmVmo åhUyZ AmnU Q>o{b\$moZda ~moby eH$Vmo. AZoH$ g§Xoe Vmam§VyZ ZoVm `oVmV, nU
H$mMoÀ`m A{Ve` ~marH$ V§Vy§VyZ àH$memMo PmoV nmR>dbo AmhoV Aer H$ënZm H$am. AmnU Oa boPaÀ`m PmoVm§Mm
dmna Ho$bm, Va eoH$S>mo qH$dm hOmamo {Za{Zamio g§Xoe Aem àH$maÀ`m V§Vy§_Ü`o (Am°pßQ>H$b \$m`~a) _mdVrb.
 20

Vm§ã`mnojm H$mM IynM ñdñV Amho d q~XyòmoVmVyZ {dOoÀ`m àdmhmnojm {H$VrVar A{YH$ g§Xoe nmR>dVm `oVrb. AmO
XoIrb AZoH$ eham§_Ü`o '\$m`~a Am°pßQ>H$'À`m Q>o{b\$moZMo Omio Amho. 1988 À`m AIoarÀ`m gw_mamg \$m`~a
Am°pßQ>H$Mr g§XoedhZ `§ÌUm A°Q>bm§{Q>H$ _hmgmJamÀ`m VimVyZ KmbÊ`mV Ambr.
_mZdr earamV \$m`~a Am°pßQ>H$Ûmao àH$me AmnU hdm VoWo ZoD$ eH$Vmo.
1989 gmbr boPaÀ`m PmoVmMm dmna H$ê$Z H$mhr àH$maMm H$H©$amoJ ~am H$aÊ`mg§~§Yr S>m°ŠQ>am§Mo à`moJ Mmby AmhoV.
àW_ amo½`mbm àH$me emofyZ KoB©b Ago EH$ Am¡fY XoÊ`mV `oVo. XmoZ-VrZ {Xdgm§Zr ho Am¡fY earamV gd©Ì ngabo
H$s _J EH$ ~marH$ H$mMV§Vy (Am°pßQ>H$b \$m`~a) earamV KmbyZ JmR>rn`ªV Zobm OmVmo. Ë`mVyZ boPaMm PmoV jU^a
JmR>rV gmoS>bm OmVmo. Am¡fY Vmo àH$me emofyZ KoVo d Ë`mÛmao D$Om© AgUmao AUy-aoUy V`ma hmoVmV d Vo AmOy~mOyÀ`m
noer Zï> H$aVmV. `màH$mao Ho$di H$H©$amoJmÀ`m JmR>rVrb noerM _aU nmdVrb, nU Ë`m~mhoarb Zoh_rÀ`m Mm§Jë`m
noetZm _mÌ Y¸$mhr bmJUma Zmhr.
N>m`m{MÌUmÀ`m H$m_mVhr boPaÀ`m PmoVm§Zr Amnbr Cn`wº$Vm XmIdyZ {Xbr Amho. Zoh_rÀ`m N>m`m{MÌUmV gmÜ`m
àH$memMm PmoV dñVydê$Z \$moQ>moÀ`m {\$ë_da nS>Vmo. Á`m {R>H$mUr ~amM àH$me namd{V©V Pmbm Amho Ë`m {R>H$mUMr
{\$ë_ H$mid§S>Vo; OoWo WmoS>mgmM àH$me namd{V©V Pmbm Amho, VoWo {\$ë_ VodT>r H$mid§S>V Zmhr. H¥ îU-Ydb a§JmV
AmH¥$Vr V`ma hmoVo, {\$ë_ 'YwVbr', åhUOo 'S>oìhbn' Ho$br H$s Amnë`mbm \$moQ>mo {_iVmo. AWm©V hm \$moQ>mo gnmQ>
AgVmo. `mV H$mhrM {Ì{_VrV {XgV Zmhr.
Ë`mEodOr EImXm àH$mePmoV XmoZ ^mJmV {d^mJbm Amho Aer H$ënZm H$am. PmoVmMm EH$ ^mJ \$moQ>mo H$mT>md`mÀ`m
dñVyda AmXiyZ namd{V©V hmoVmo, Va Xwgam ^mJ EH$m Amaemda AmXiyZ namd{V©V hmoVmo. _J Vo XmoÝhrhr PmoV
EH$_oH$m§VyZ Amanma OmVmV. Ë`m§À`m {_lUmZo EH$ Jw§Vm V`ma hmoVmo H$maU EH$ PmoV dñVydê$Z namd{V©V Pmë`mZo
{dIwabm OmVmo, nU Xwgam _mÌ ~XbV Zmhr.
Á`m {R>H$mUr XmoÝhr PmoV EH$_oH$m§V {_gibo OmD$Z Jw§Vm Pmbm Ë`m {R>H$mUMo PmoV Oa \$moQ>moÀ`m {\$ë_da AmXibo,
Va amImS>r a§JmMo YwHo$ H$emgmaIoM {XgV Zmhr. nU Ë`m YwaH$Q> {\$ë_da Oa àH$memMm PmoV gmoS>bm, Va Ë`mVrb
XmoÝhr namd{V©V àH$mePmoVm§Vrb gd© bhar§_wio hdoV EH$ AmH¥$Vr V`ma hmoVo . hr {Ì{_Vr AmH¥$Vr AJXr Iè`mgmaIr
{XgVo, {Vbm 'hmobmoJ«m\$' Ago åhUVmV.
S>o{Zg J°~moa (1900-1979) `m h§JoarV OÝ_boë`m B§J«O emókmZo 1947 gmbr hm {gÕm§V _m§S>bm. 1971 gmbr,
åhUOo 24 dfmªZ§Va hmobmoJ«m\$gmR>r Ë`mbm Zmo~ob nm[aVmo{fH$ XoÊ`mV Ambo.
gmÜ`m àH$mem_wio nwaogm ì`dpñWV 'Jw§Vm' {_iV Zmhr, hoM `mgmR>r BVH$m doi bmJÊ`mMo H$maU hmoVo. EH$Xm
boPaMm emoY bmJë`mda hmobmoJ«m\$ KoVm `oD$ bmJbo. 1965 gmbr E_oQ> EZ. boW d Á`w[ag AßQ>mZoŠg$`m XmoZ
A_o[aH$Zm§Zr n{hbm hmobmoJ«m\$ {Z_mm©U H$aÊ`mV `e {_idbo.
 21

hmobmoJ«m\$ AÚmnhr ghOnUo àË`jmV CVabobo ZmhrV, na§Vw, H$Xm{MV Amnë`mbm Q>o~bmda {Ì{_Vr ñdê$nmV
Q>o{bpìhOZMo H$m`©H«$_ nmhVm `oVrb Ago H$mhr bmoH$m§Zm dmQ>Vo. Amnë`mbm àË`jmV nmhV Agë`mà_mUo EImXr
{H«$Ho$Q>Mr _°M qH$dm g§JrVmMr _¡\$b {Xgob Am{U Vmo \$º$ {H$aUmoËgJ© Agë`mZo Ë`mbm hmV bmdm`Mm à`ËZ
Ho$ë`mg hmVmbm H$mhrM bmJUma Zmhr.
H$mhr Jmoï>r AÚmn ^{dî`mV XS>boë`m AmhoV. hm`S´>moOZÀ`m AUy§Mo ho{b`_À`m AUy§V ê$nm§Va H$ê$Z Ë`mVyZ D$Om©
{Z_m©U H$aÊ`mMm emók AÚmn à`ËZ H$arV AmhoV. Aem àH$maÀ`m EH$ÌrH$aUmVyZ (â`wOZ) D$Om© {Z_m©U
H$aUmar H|$Ðo ~ZdVm Amë`mg AmVmÀ`m AUwD$Om© H|$Ðm§nojm {H$VrVar A{YH$ nQ>rZo D$Om© {Z_m©U H$aVm `oB©b. `m
AUwD$Om© H|$ÐmVyZ A{Ve` bhmZ à_mUmV {H$aUmoËgJ© {Z_m©U hmoB©b d Ë`m_wio YmoH$mXm`H$ AnKmV KS>Ê`mMr
eŠ`Vm XoIrb IynM H$_r hmoB©b. {edm` nma§nm[aH$ AUwD$Om© H|$ÐmV dmnaë`m OmUmè`m B§YZmnojm EH$ÌrH$aUmgmR>r
dmnaÊ`mV `oUmao AUy gd©Ì _w~bH$ à_mUmV CnbãY Agë`mZo ho B§YZ Amnë`mbm AãOmdYr dfmªn`ªV nwaogo R>aob.
AWm©V, hm`S´>moOZ A{Ve` D$ƒ Vmn_mZmn`ªV VmndyZhr nwaogm H$mi EH$mM OmJr OISy>Z R>odÊ`mV `e
Amë`mIoarO EH$ÌrH$aUmMr à{H«$`m gwê$ hmoV Zmhr hr `mVrb Iar AS>MU Amho. OdiOdi 40 dfmªnmgyZ
emókm§Mo `m~m~VMo g§emoYZ Mmby Amho nU AÚmn Ë`m§Zm `mV `e Ambobo Zmhr.
EH$ÌrH$aU gwê$ hmoÊ`mgmR>r JmoR>boë`m hm`S´>moOZMm dmna H$aUo hr EH$ eŠ`Vm Amho. JmoR>boë`m hm`S´>moOZÀ`m
bhmZem Jmoù`mda gd© ~mOy§Zr boPaÀ`m PmoVm§Mm _mam H$aVm `oB©b. Ë`m_wio Ë`mMo Vmn_mZ H$moQ>çdYr A§em§n`ªV
dmT>dVm `oB©b. gm_mÝ`V: V`ma Pmbobm Ja_ hm`S´>moOZ dm`w àgaU nmdyZ ~mhoa nS>ob. na§Vw boPa_wio Vmn_mZ
goH§$XmÀ`m EImÚm bhmZem ^mJmVM BVHo$ dmT>ob H$s dm`ybm ~mhoa nS>Ê`mBVH$mhr doi {_iUma Zmhr. Ë`mEodOr
EH$ÌrH$aUmMr à{H«$`mM gwê$ hmoB©b.
AÚmn ho KS>bobo Zmhr. `mgmR>r IynM eº$sembr boPaÀ`m PmoVm§Mr JaO Amho Am{U emókm§Mo `m g_ñ`oda g§emoYZ
Mmby Amho.
eÌyH$Sy>Z `oUmè`m AUy~m°å~Mm AdH$memVM boPaÛmao ñ\$moQ> KS>dyZ Ë`m§Zm Zï> H$aÊ`mMr `§ÌUm V`ma H$aÊ`mMmhr
emókm§Mm à`ËZ Mmby Amho. ho àË`jmV KS>ob H$m `m~m~V AÚmn e§H$m AmhoV. nU AUw~m°å~ ZoUmao A{¾~mU
AdH$memV BVŠ`m ObX JVrZo àdmg H$aVmV H$s AË`§V àJV Aem g§JUH$mÀ`m ghmæ`mZo Zo_Š`m {ZemUmda
gmoS>boë`m boPaÀ`m PmoVmbmM ho H$m_ ~hþYm O_y eHo$b.
`mMm {dMma Ho$ë`mg AmíM`©M dmQ>Vo Zm? boPa {H$Vr àH$maÀ`m Jmoï>r H$ê$ eH$VmV Am{U ^{dî`mV Vo AmUIr
{H$Vr H$m_o H$ê$ eH$Vrb `mMm {dMma Var H$ê$Z nhm. Am{U Vrg dfmªnydun`ªV boPaMr H$moUmbm _m{hVr XoIrb
ZìhVr.