Occupational Health & Safety
Lecture # 3
Imad Hassan
Lecturer
Energy Engineering Technology
University of Technology Nowshera
CONTENTS
• Types of Accidents
• Workers Compensation
• Record Keeping
Types of Accidents
• FALL TO • CONTACT WITH
– same level – chemicals
– lower level – electricity
• CAUGHT – heat/cold
– in – radiation
– on • BODILY REACTION
– between FROM
– voluntary motion
– involuntary motion
Types of Accidents (continued)
• STRUCK • RUBBED OR ABRADED BY
– Against – friction
• stationary or moving object – pressure
• protruding object
– vibration
• sharp or jagged edge
– By
• moving or flying object
• falling object
Fatal Accidents - Workplace
U.S. WORKPLACE FATALITIES - 2006
1. Vehicle Accidents 2413
2. Contact With Objects and Equipment 983
3. Falls 809
4. Assaults & Violent Acts 754
Accident Causing Factors
• Basic Causes • Direct Causes
– Management – Slips, Trips, Falls
– Environmental – Caught In
– Equipment – Run Over
– Human Behavior – Chemical Exposure
• Indirect Causes
– Unsafe Acts
– Unsafe Conditions
Policy & Procedures
Basic Causes Environmental Conditions
Equipment/Plant Design
Human Behavior
Unsafe Indirect Causes Unsafe
Acts Conditions
Slip/Trip Fall
Direct Causes Energy Release
Pinched Between
ACCIDENT
Personal Injury
Property Damage
Potential/Actual
Basic Causes
• Management Systems & Procedures
• Environment Natural & Man-made
• Equipment Design & Equipment
• Human Behavior
Management
• Systems &
Procedures
– Lack of systems &
procedures
– Availability
– Lack of Supervision
Environment
• Physical
– Lighting
– Temperature
• Chemical • Biological
– vapors –Bacteria
– smoke –Reptiles
Environment
Design and Equipment
• Design
– Workplace layout
– Design of tools &
equipment
– Maintenance
Design and Equipment
• Equipment
– Suitability
– Stability
• Guarding
• Ergonomic
• Accessibility
Human Behavior
Common to
all accidents
Not limited to person
involved in accident
Human Factors
• Omissions &
Commissions
• Deviations from
SOP
– Lacking Authority
– Short Cuts
– Remove guards
Deviations from SOP
• No Safe Procedure
• Employee Didn’t know Safe Procedure
• Employee knew, did not follow Safe
Procedure
• Procedure encouraged risk-taking
• Employee changed approved procedure
Human Behavior
• “Attention” Behavioral Safety approach
– Focuses on getting workers to pay “Attention”
– Inability to control “Attention” is a contributing factor in
many injuries
• You can’t scare workers into a safety focus with “Pay
Attention” campaigns
Reasons for Lack of Attention
1. Technology encourages short attention
spans (TV remote, Computer Mouse)
2. Increased Job Stress caused by
uncertainty (mergers & downsizing)
3. Lean staffing and increased workloads
require quick attention shifts between
tasks
4. Fast pace of work – little time to learn
new tasks and do familiar ones safely
Reasons for Lack of Attention
5. Work repetition can lull workers into a loss of attention
6. Low level of loyalty shown to employees by an ever reorganizing
employer may lead to:
a) Disinterested workers
b) Detached workers (no connection to employer)
c) Inattentive workers
OUTCOMES OF ACCIDENTS
NEGATIVE OUTCOMES
POSITIVE OUTCOMES
$ Direct Costs
• Medical
• Insurance
• Lost Time
• Fines
Compliance
• Failure to develop and implement a program may
be cited as a SERIOUS violation (by itself or
"Grouped" with other violations)
Penalties (as high as $ 2,000) may be assessed
Compliance
• Up to 35% of the penalty can be
deducted based upon an employer's
"good faith“ - Good faith is based
upon:
– Awareness of the Law
– Efforts to comply with the Law before the
inspection
– Correction of hazards during the inspection
– Cooperation & Attitude during the inspection
– Overall safety and health efforts including the
Accident Prevention Program
Indirect Costs
• Injured, Lost Time
Wages
• Non-Injured, Lost
Time Wages
• Overtime
• Supervisor Wages
• Lost Bonuses
• Employee Morale
• Need For
Counseling
• Turn-over
Indirect Costs
• Equipment Rental
• Cancelled Contracts
• Lost Orders
• Equipment/Material
Damage
• Investigation Team Time
• Decreased Production
• Light Duty
• New Hire Learning Time
• Administrative Time
• Community Goodwill
• Public/Customer
Perception
• 3rd Party Lawsuits
“REAL” Costs
OUTCOMES OF ACCIDENTS
• POSITIVE ASPECTS
– Accident investigation
– Prevent repeat of accident
– Improved safety programs
– Improved procedures
– Improved equipment design
Accident Prevention Program
• Must Be
– Written
– Tailored to particular hazards for a particular
plant or operation
• Minimum Elements
– Safety Orientation Program
– Safety and Health Committee
Accident Prevention Program
• Safety Orientation
– Description of Total Safety Program
– Safe Practices for Initial Job Assignment
– How and When to Report Injuries
– Location of First Aid Facilities in Workplace
– How to Report Unsafe Conditions & Practices
– Use and Care of PPE
– Emergency Actions
– Identification of hazardous materials
Accident Prevention Program
• Designated Safety and Health Committee
– Management Representatives
– Employee Elected Representatives
• Max. 1 year
• Must be equal # or more employee representatives than
employer representatives
– Elected Chairperson
– Self-determine frequency of meetings
• 1 hour or less unless majority votes
– Minutes
• Keep for 1 Year
• Available for review by OSHA Personnel
Accident Prevention Program
• Safety Meeting instead of Safety Committee
– If less than 11 employees
• Total
• Per shift
• Per location
– Meet at least once/month
– 1 Management Representative
Safety Meeting
You Must
– Review inspection reports
– Evaluate accident investigations
– Evaluate APP and discuss recommendations
– Document attendance and topics
