CVE NOTES  OSH of migrant workers, seafarers,

etc.
Lesson 1: Safety Situation
 COVID 19
 Injuries Occur Everywhere and
to Everyone Lesson 2: Toolbox Meeting
 Accidents could happen to any
Toolbox Meeting/Toolbox Talk
one and to any places.
- It is a 10-15 minute on-the-site
2017 - 38,235 occupational accidents
meeting held to keep employees alert to
occurred
work-related activities and events such
These work-related accidents were as accidents, illnesses etc.
reported by about 16.3 % of the total
- It can be used to address actual
32,288 establishments employing 20 or
problems on the job or in the plant.
more workers in 2017.
- It provides a good opportunity for
2017 - 46,283 cases of occupational
supervisors to know the physical and
injuries were recorded
mental conditions of workers.
Both cases of occupational accidents
- It provides an avenue for
and cases of occupational injuries in
management to communicate their
2017 were comparatively lower by 14.5
commitment to safety.
% and 9.2 %, respectively from 2015.
Benefits:
Cases of occupational injuries with
workdays lost, about 101,851 cases of - It can remind workers of previous
occupational injuries were recorded in accidents to prevent their
2017 which was comparatively lower by recurrence
19.15%, respectively from 2015. - It can contribute to the training
and education of workers
The industries with the highest
- It gives an opportunity for workers
amounts of fatal injuries were,
to share their concerns
unsurprisingly, the construction industry
and the transportation industry. Requirements:
Construction deaths decreased slightly
in 2017, but transportation deaths Management Support
increased in the same period.  PM, CM, SM, QM, SIC, SI,
Agricultural and forestry fatalities Supervisors, etc.
remained mostly consistent.
Careful Planning
Topmost work-related diseases
suffered by workers  Schedule
 Topics
 Leader
Meeting Proceeding
 Introduction
 Draw participants opinion
 Summary

EMERGING ISSUES IN OSH: Management Support

 Women workers’ OSH  They must be informed on the

benefits of TBM so it will be
 Child labor approved
 OSH in the informal sector, agriculture,  Their physical participation is
schools, information technology sector, critical
call centers, etc. Planning
 Lifestyle diseases such as HIV/AIDS, 1. When the meetings should be
smoking, drugs/substance abuse held?
 2. Who will be required to attend the Construction Manager, etc. who
meetings? may briefly talk or just observe
3. What topics will be discussed at
the meetings?
4. What kind of records will be kept
detailing the meetings?
Guidelines
When?
1. Gather / prepare workers
 Every day before the start of work  Start with light notes
or shift  May air light personal
 Every Monday or start of the matters
week  Encourage a good working
 Any day of the week as selected shift/day/week ahead of
 Every first Monday of the Month your group
2. Define the job
Who must attend?
 Present the task assigned
 All workers in a certain group, a to the group
section or small workers group.  Define the task and target
 All workers of different trades on set by higher-ups
each work area.  Check on the physical and
mental preparedness of
Topics
the workers
 Company Rules / Policies 3. Review
 Housekeeping procedure/responsibility
 Electrical Hazards  Review procedures to be
 Scaffolding applied, tools/equipment
 Excavation needed and materials to
 PPE be used.
 Work at Height 4. State Precautions
 Confined Space  Remind of the hazards that
 Ladder Safety may be encountered
 Power Tools  Remind workers of the
 Heavy Equipment condition of their PPE and
 Lifting Works tools
 Hot works 5. Specific safety issues
 Marine Works  Remind on other related
 Heath and Illnesses safety checks in
 Etc. preparation for their
assigned tasks
Records
Goal
 Advance notes containing
concerns by the presiding REDUCE
personnel
 Injuries & Damages
 A small pocket note pad is
 Rejects and Reworks
enough to take down notes
 Defects and Delays
during the meeting and review
 Mistakes and Wastes
later on
 Human misery
 An attendance sheet may be
done IMPROVE
Who will reside?  Safety
 Quality
 Supervisor
 Production
 Foreman
 Cost Control
 Lead man
 Human Relations
 Safety Manager/Officer
 Guests may include Plant
Manager, Project Manager,
 b.) Inappropriate response,
and
c.) Inappropriate activities

Lesson 3: Accident Causation 3. Accident/Incident Theory

Accident  is an extension of the human
factors theory.
 It is an event that is unexpected,  Developed by Dan Petersen
unforeseen, unplanned and when he introduced such then
unwanted. new element as Ergonomics.
 Interrupts company’s activity due  It introduces such new elements
to injury/fatality of workers or as ergonomic traps, the decision
damage to company’s property. to err, and systems failures.
 It can be prevented from
recurring by a thorough accident 4. Epidemiological Theory
investigation.  The theory encompasses toward
Occupational Health Accident broader perspective that
Causation Review concerns the issue of
environmental factors and
Looking to the factors that are the disease or Industrial Hygiene.
primary reasons beyond accident.
For occupational safety and 5. Systems Theory
health personnel, reviewing the  views any situation in which an
causation factors in any workplace accident might occur as a system
accident or injury is necessary. with three components:
a.) person (host)
Basic Work Accident Causation b.) machine (agency), and
Theory c.) environment.
1. Domino Theory
 Is a theory of accident causation 6. Combination Theory
and control, developed by H.W.  The combination theory of
Heinrich, that purports that all accident causation posits that no
accidents, whether in a residence one model/theory can explain all
or a workplace environment, are accidents.
the result of a chain of events.
 In 1920s Herbert Heinrich after 7. Behavioral Theory
studying reports of 75,000  This theory of accident causation
industrial accidents, concluded & prevention is often referred to
that: as behavior-based safety (BBS).
 88% of all accidents are Has seven basic principles:
caused by unsafe acts a.) Intervention that is focused
 10% of all accidents are on employee behavior;
caused by unsafe b.) Identification of external
conditions factors that will help
 2% of all accidents are understand and
unavoidable c.) Improve employee
behavior
2. Human Factor Theory –
“Worker Error Theory” Management Control
 The human factors theory of
accident causation attributes 1978 Philippine Occupational Safety
accidents to a chain of events and Health Standards
ultimately caused by human error. In 1978 the mandated controls to
It consists of three broad factors ensure safety in work areas is the
that lead to human error: Occupational Safety and Health
a.) Overload Standards.
However due to increasing complexity in -lack of coaching,
work environments the “20 Modern -lack of skill.
Safety Management “elements were  Mental Stress such as:
introduced as follow: -emotional overload,
-frustration,
-routine, demanding,
Modern Safety Management Elements meaningless work.
 Other personal factors
1. Leadership and Administration -phobias
2. Leadership Training -allergies,
-color blindness
3. Planned Inspection and Maintenance - etc.
4. Critical Task Analysis and Procedures Job Factors
5. Accident/Incident Investigation - Inadequate leadership as poor
6. Task Observation supervisory skills,
- Inadequate supervision,
7. Emergency Preparedness - Inadequate policy,
8. Rules and Work Permits - Inadequate Engineering, such as
poor layout
9. Accident/Incident Analysis - Inadequate matching of
10. Knowledge and Skill Training capabilities and job requirements.
- Inadequate preparation of
11.Personal Protective Equipment equipment,
- Poor assessment of loss
12.Health and Hygiene Control
exposures
13.System Evaluation - Inadequate Logistics as
inadequate specs,
14.Engineering and Change
- Inadequate handling of
Management
equipment, etc
15.Personal Communications - Inadequate maintenance or Poor
PM.
16.Group Communications
- Exposures to hazardous energies
17.General Promotion such as: electricity, pneumatics,
hydraulics, mechanical, chemical,
18.Hiring and Placement thermal, other energies such as
19.Materials/Services Mgmt gravity, etc.
- Inadequate Tools and equipment
20.Off-the-job Safety. - Unavailability of proper tools
Basic Causes - Human factors not considered
- Too high requirements
Personal Factors - Inconsistent work descriptions
 Inadequate Physical Capacity as: - Standards not updated.
-lack of height, Immediate Causes
-lack of heft, etc.
 Physical Stress as:  Unsafe Conditions
-injury, -Guards, barriers not adequate
-fatigue, -PPE not adequate
-illness, -Defective equipment, materials,
-diabetic condition, etc. restricted workplace
 Inadequate Mental Ability as: -Fire, flammable, explosion
-mental illness, hazards.
-mechanical inaptitude, -Poor ventilation
-poor judgment, -High temperatures.
-memory failure -High Noise levels.
 Lack of Knowledge and Training, Unsafe Acts
-lack of practice,
 + finger was amputated from his
hand.
Unsafe Conditions
Losses
=
 Personal Injury
Accident / Incidents
 Property Damage
Standards Definitions  Production Losses
 Materials Wastes
A Work Accident  Rejects & Reworks
 shall mean an unplanned or  Lost Sales
unexpected occurrence, that may  Loss of Skill & Experience
or may not result in personal  Recruitment & Placement Costs
injury, property damage, work  Loss of Goodwill.
stoppage or interference or any
Classification of Personnel Injury
combination thereof which arises
out of and in the course of  Death, Permanent Total Disability
employment.  Lost Time Accident (LTA)
 Non-Lost Time Accidents
Types of Accidents
 Medical Treatment Case
Fall to below:  Restricted Work Cases or Light
Duty Work
 A worker climb using the ladder to  First Aid Cases (FACs).
replace the bulb. Upon stepping
the 2nd step or rung he was Types of Property Damages
outbalanced that lead to fall Reportable to DOLE:
accident.
 Explosions of boilers, air
Fall on the same level: receivers,
 Collapse of crane, derrick, hoist
 A worker walking in the aisle of  Fire causing damage to any room
cafeteria when someone thrown where persons are employed.
the banana peel to the ground
after eating, and accidentally Accidents / Incidents Ratio
slipped.
1 –Serious or Disabling (Includes
Struck Against (Man in Motion): disabling & Serious Injuries)

 A worker while walking inside the 10 – Minor Injuries (Any reported

power plant was struck against a injury less than serious)
forklift.
30 – Property Damage & Accidents
Struck By (Man Stationary/Hit By): (All Types)

 A worker while walking inside the 600 – Accidents with no visible Injury
power plant was struck by a or Damage (Critical Incidents)
forklift.
Loss of Control
Caught In (In Running/Naipit):
Adequate Controls are:
 Injuries resulting from a person
being squeezed, caught, crushed,  Specific
pinched, or compressed between  Measurable
two or more objects, or between
parts of an object.  Achievable
Caught On (Snugged/Nasabit):  Realistic
 A worker was getting off a moving  Time bound
railcar. As he was getting of, the Causation Theory
ring on his finger got caught on
the pipe coupling joining the two
sections of metal railing. His
 Prevention Strategies
Elements of Work
1. Effective Management & Supervision
Man
2. Commitment to Accident Prevention
 Workforce
 Management 3. Effective Policy & Procedures
 Behaviors 4. Effective Reporting & Recording
Material 5. Regular Consultation & “Toolbox”
 Made Meetings
 Worked 6. Risk Assessments
 Used
7. Specific Training
Equipment
8. Literature & Culture
 Machinery
 Tools 9. Incentive Schemes

Method What is an Accident Investigation?

 Policies  A methodical effort to collect and

 Programs interpret the facts of
 Work Methods accident/incident.
 An inquiry as to how and why the
Environment accident/incident occurred in
 Surroundings order to explore actions that
 Community should be taken to prevent or
 Social minimize recurrence of the
accident.
Importance of Accident Investigation  Most important - Investigation is
 It is a necessary and effective not intended to place blame.
technique for preventing recurring Purpose of Accident Investigation
or future accidents. If anything
positive results from an accident,  Prevent further loss when an
it is the opportunity to determine accident /incident occurs
the causes and how to eliminate (consequential injury or damage).
them. Thorough accident  To establish all facts and develop
investigation can point out the an information base for analysis.
problem areas within an  To draw conclusion.
organization.  Create control measures and
 When these problems are make recommendations to
resolved, a safer and healthier prevent recurrence of an
work environment will result. accident/incident.
Accident investigation involves  Improve the safety
more than form-filling procedures. program/system.
Well-managed organizations  Comply to regulations.
insist on quality accident Types of Accidents to be Reported
investigations, just as they insist
on efficient, quality production.  Fatal accidents
 Accident causing injury or illness
Methods of Accident Investigation  First Aid Case
 Medical Treatment
  Disabling injuries (Permanent
Total, Permanent Partial,
Temporary Total)
 Diseases
 Dangerous occurrences
 Property Damage (resulting from
an accident)
 Fire and explosion
 Near miss
Difference between Fatal Accidents
and Near Misses:
 Fatal Accidents – an accident
that causes someone to die Response: Secure the Accident Site
 Near Miss – an accident in which
no property was damaged and no  Provide care for the injured.
personal injury was sustained  Immediately correct unsafe
conditions to prevent further
Dangerous Occurrence accidents. Control/eliminate the
 often called a 'near miss', is an remaining hazards
incident where no person is  On the other hand, if safe,
injured, but which had the preserve evidence.
potential to cause serious injury,  Isolate or barricade area if
incapacity or death. necessary.

Imminent Danger Vital Information

 It refers to a situation caused by a  Time and date of the incident

condition or practice in any place  Location of the incident.
of employment that could  Persons involved.
reasonably be expected to lead to  Extent of injury, illness or
death or serious physical harm. damage.
 Equipment involved. Condition of
Who should conduct Accident equipment.
Investigation?  Chemicals involved.
 Accurate description of the
 Supervisors
incident.
 Safety and Health Committee
 Condition of work environment
 Safety Officer(s)*
and natural environment (i.e.
 Health Personnel
weather conditions)
 Other investigation
teams/personnel Analyze Results of the Investigation
Investigators Qualifications  Analyze the facts gathered to
determine the cause(s). Use the
1. Accident investigation training
following as basis:
2. Understanding of the
 Collected facts and gathered vital
importance of investigation
information on the incident scene.
3. Ability to communicate details
 Results of interviews/witnesses
TYPICAL ACCIDENT/INCIDENT accounts
RESPONSE, INVESTIGATION &  Records
CONTROL PROCESS FLOW -Employee record
-Previous Accident Record
-Equipment Maintenance Record
- Other records such as
logbooks, etc.
Accident Causation Schematic
  It shall have a section that shows
all the vital information of the
incident:
-basic information such as time &
date, location as well as the
incident classification.
-brief background of the incident,
description of injuries, damage
and loss, and outlining the
causes established and the
agreed actions.
 It shall be written in a form
understandable to non-medical
readers.
 It shall have a section which
Recommend Controls (Action Plans) shows the root cause of the
accident/incident.
 Recommend “Stop-gaps” (short
 It shall have a section for
term)
recommended corrective actions
 Recommend actions to correct
complete with responsible
the basic cause of the problem
persons and target date of
(long term). Base the
implementation and completion.
recommendations on key
 It shall have a section for
contributory factors and
designated and authorized
underlying/root causes
signatories.
 Select the ones likely to be most
 The report and
effective, most cost beneficial and
recommendation(s) must be
most acceptable.
communicated clearly.
 Should be appealing to higher
management who will give the Mandatory Reports
approval (show cost-benefit or
state pertinent standards. OSH Standards Rules 1050
 Should be realistic.  Notification and Keeping of
 Indicate target date of Records of Accident and/or
implementation or completion. Occupational Illness
(Never use “TBA” or “ASAP”!).
 Indicate the name of the person 1053.01 Notification
responsible (instead of position or All work accidents or occupational
department). illness resulting in disabling
 Prioritize the higher risks conditions or dangerous occurrence
 Consider residual risks. shall be reported by the employer to
the Regional Labor Office
WAIR Form
DOLE-BWC-OHSD-IP-6
EMPLOYER'S WORK ACCIDENT
ILLNESS REPORT (WAIR)
 2 copies to concerned Regional
Office & copy furnished BWC
 This Report shall be submitted by
the employer for every accident
or illness to the Regional Office
having jurisdiction on or before
the 20th day of the month
following the date of the accident.
AEDR Form
Accident / Incident Report
 DOLE-BWC-OHSD-IP-6b ANNUAL  to improve operation by
WORK ACCIDENT/ILLNESS increasing efficiency,
EXPOSURE DATA REPORT effectiveness and profitability
(AEDR)
Types
 2 copies to concerned
A. CONTINUOUS INSPECTION:
Regional Office & copy
 An inspection conducted
furnished BWC
as part of the workers job
 This Report shall be submitted
responsibilities in noting
by the employer on or before
and correcting potential
January 20 of the following
danger.
year with or without accident.
 It involves noting an
apparently or potentially
hazardous conditions or
Reporting Legal Requirements unsafe procedure and
either correcting it
 If there are deaths and immediately or making a
permanent total disabilities, the report to initiate corrective
regional office shall be notified action
within 24 hours (after the  Sometimes called informal
occurrence of the incident) using inspection because it does
the fastest available means of not conform to a set
communication. schedule, plan or checklist.
 The employer shall maintain and
keep an accident or illness B. INTERVAL INSPECTION
records which shall be open at all  A systematic process with
times for inspection. specific intervals and
Lesson 4: Safety Inspection widely regarded as “real”
safety and health
Definition inspection.
 Safety Inspections provide a  Sometimes called planned
reliable way of identifying, inspections.
correcting and eliminating  Deliberate, thorough, and
conditions and behaviors that with systematic procedure
could cause or contribute to that permits examination of
injuries, illnesses and damages. specific items or
 They are needed because conditions.
nothing is completely risk-free: TYPES OF INTERVAL INSPECTION:
Things wear out
Conditions change  REGULAR INSPECTIONS
People are not perfect - inspections at regular interval
 Usually a proactive approach which is conducted on a specific
area, a specific operation or a
Purpose specific type of equipment.
PRIMARY:  GENERAL INSPECTION
- is a planned walkthrough of an
 Detect and correct hazards entire area and includes places
 Assess effectiveness of OSH not usually inspected.
Program
 Display visible management C. EMERGENCY INSPECTION
commitment to OSH  An inspection focused on the
 Identify training needs components of machinery,
 Fulfill legal obligations equipment, materials, structures
SECONDARY: or areas likely to result in an
immediate unwanted incident.
  An unscheduled inspection may  Tools (power and non-power) &
be needed to correct unsafe Equipment Machines (utilities,
conditions. production, etc.)
 Materials and Supplies
SAFETY INSPECTION PROGRAM
 Material handling equipment
 An effective program begins with  Storage facilities/area and
analysis and planning. Before containers
instituting an inspection program, a  Warning and signaling devices
number of questions should be  Work environment (temp, noise,
answered: dusts, etc.)
 What is the purpose of  Housekeeping and waste
inspection? disposal
 What aspects of each item  Power source equipment
need to be examined?  Electrical connections/devices
 How often/frequent must  Fire protection equipment
items be inspected?  Fire hazards
 Who will conduct the  Motor Vehicles
inspection?  Office
 Personal service and first aid
facilities
 The Inspectors must:  Buildings and structures
 Have sound knowledge  Walkways and roadways
of the facility/workplace  Working surfaces, platforms,
 Be knowledgeable of scaffolds
the relevant standards,  Fall hazards
codes and regulations;  Personal protective equipment
 Be familiar with the  People (human behavior, acts)
organization’s accident  Loose hazardous material from tops
experience and of pits, banks, walls or benches
 Defective stairways, platforms, doors
potentials Possess the
and runways
ability to make
 Defective mobile equipment (lights,
intelligent decisions for brakes, windows, seatbelts, audible
corrective action warning devices, fluid leaks, etc.)
 Exercise diplomacy in  Conditions of roadways, grades,
handling personnel and clearance, visibility, traffic, berms or
situations other characteristics of haulage
 The inspection process must roads
be systematic.  Slip, trip or fall hazards
 There must be a method of  Torn or missing insulation, loose
reporting, evaluating and grounds or exposed electrical wiring
 A front-end loader can be in
using the gathered data.
dangerous situation if parked near
WHAT AND WHERE TO INSPECT the toe of a highwall if material
sloughed off the highwall and bury
 Physical Condition the loader together with the operator.
 equipment & apparatus  Equipment guards that have been
 appliances you are removed and not placed
working with
TYPICAL INSPECTION CHECKLIST
 your work area
 areas surrounding your
work area
 high risk areas
 Processes
 Behavior (acts)
 Other items and areas
ITEMS FOR INSPECTION
  Flashlight
 Cameras, video cams and/or tape
recorder
 Personal Protective Equipment
SPECIAL TOOLS:
 Electric testing equipment
 Sampling devices (air, noise,
light, temperature)
 Sampling containers
 Calipers, micrometers, feeler
gauges
 Stop watch
 Other equipment depending on
the need of the inspection.

INSPECTION FREQUENCY FACTORS INSPECTION SHEET

 What is the loss severity potential

of the problem or what is the
potential for injury to employees?
How quickly can the item or part
become unsafe?
 What is the history of failures and
what are the results of these
failures?
A good rule:
“THE HIGHER THE RISK, THE
PLANNING AND PREPARATION
HIGHER THE FREQUENCY OF THE
INSPECTION.” Includes review of the following:
WHO WILL CONDUCT INSPECTION  Accident reports
 Equipment inspection and
 Safety Professionals/Officers
maintenance records
 Company or Facility Management
 Work Procedures (Method
Supervisor
Statements)
 Mechanical Engineer or
 Previous inspection reports
Maintenance Supervisor
 Other documents
 Maintenance Personnel
 Safety and Health Committee Includes Coordination:
members
 With affected persons (if not a
 Third Parties and/or Customers
surprise inspection)
 Other inspection teams/personnel
 With inspection team (including
INSPECTION TOOLS pre-inspection meeting)
COMMON TOOLS: Includes preparation of materials
needed.
 Inspection forms/sheet/checklists
 Clipboards INSPECTION PROPER
 Pens/pencils
Remember:
 Lock-out/tag-out equipment
 Measuring tape/ruler
 Inspections must not interrupt  Follow-up and monitoring of
normal operations. inspection items
 Identification of hazards Supervisor’s and Worker’s Role:
 Data gathering
 Conducts inspection
 Interview of workers
 Execution of corrective actions
 May or may not use checklists or
inspection sheets. Safety and Health Committee’s Role:
INSPECTION REPORT  Review reports of safety and
health inspections and discuss
Report Formats can be:
the findings and
 Bullet-type report recommendations during
 Narrative/paragraph form committee meetings.
 Risk Assessment format
“An inspection is a service to an
 Other formats
organization and its workforce, NOT a
burden.”

CORRECTIVE ACTION
In making recommendations, be
guided by these rules:
Lesson 5: Construction Site Safety
 Immediately correct everything
CONSTRUCTION SAFETY
possible
REQUIREMENTS
 Report conditions beyond one’s
authority and suggest solutions. 1. SAFETY AND PROGRAM /
 Prioritize high risk items. A good MANUAL / PLAN
tool is Risk Assessment.  Refers to a set of detailed
rules to cover the
MONITORING
processes and practices
 At regular intervals, report that shall be utilized in a
progress in complying with the specific construction
safety recommendations. project site in conformity
 Monitor for residual hazards and with the OSHS including
those hazards that were the personnel responsible
produced by the actions that were and the penalties for
made to correct the initial violations thereof.
problem. 2. COMPANY SAFETY AND
HEALTH POLICY
ROLES IN IMPLEMENTATION AND
 It shall serve as the
MONITORING
general guiding principle in
Management’s Role: the implementation of
safety and health on site,
 Supports Inspection Program duly signed by the highest
 Ensure that recommended company official or his duly
corrective actions are in the authorized representative
agenda. who has the over-all
 Decision-making specially when control of project execution
money is involved and should include the
Safety Officer’s Role: contractor’s general policy
towards occupational
 Conduct inspections safety, worker’s welfare
 and health, and
environment.
3. SAFETY AND HEALTH
COMMITTEE
 It is the general safety and
health committee for the
construction project site
that shall be the overall
coordinator in
implementing OSH
programs.
5. PERSONAL
For less than 50 workers: RESPONSIBILITIES
Chairman: Manager/Project Engineer a) PROJECT IN CHARGE
Members:  Ensure the creation of a Project
Safety and Health Plan that
One Foreman complies with the requirements of
3 Workers (must be union the company safety policy.
members, if organized)  Ensure that work is executed
according to the Safety and
The Nurse/First Aider Health Plan.
Secretary: The Part-time  Ensure that the implementation of
Safetyman/Officer the Project Safety and Health
Plan is monitored and that the
plan is reviewed as and when
necessary.
 Promote an interest, enthusiasm
 The safety and health committee and commitment to Health,
is an organizational structure Safety, and Environment issues
where members represent a throughout the Project.
group that allows the workers to  Ensure the provision of
voice their concerns about safety competent safety/health
issues without fear of criticism personnel.
from their  Respond to the recommendations
coworkers/management. of the project safety personnel.
4. SAFETY PERSONNEL  Set a good example
 To ensure that a Construction b) ENGINEERS and FOREMAN
Safety and Health Program is  Be aware of the requirements of
duly followed and enforced at the the Project Safety Plan, Safe
construction project site, each Construction Methodologies, and
construction site is required to safety procedures relevant to the
have minimum required Safety individual’s specific area of
Personnel as described in responsibility.
Section 7 of D.O. 13, series of  Plan and maintain a tidy and
1998. orderly work place such that work
can be carried out with minimal
risk to health and safety.
 Ensure that work is carried out as
planned and regularly inspect all
work areas to ensure the safety
of all activities, equipment, and
materials in his area of
responsibility.
 Ensure that others, including the
general public, are protected.
 Incorporate safety instructions
into routine orders and ensure
 that workers are not required or  Avoid taking shortcuts that may
permitted to take unnecessary lead to unnecessary risk.
risk.  Report any defects at the site, in
 Respond to the recommendations equipment or any other safety
of the Project Safety Adviser. hazard
 Encourage those who perform  Comply with all rules.
safely and reprimand those who  Participate in safety program and
do not. cooperates actively with the
 Set a good example. Health and Safety Committee
c) PROJECT SAFETY OFFICER  Assists government agencies in
 Serves as Secretary to the health the conduct of health and safety
and safety committee inspection or other programs
 Prepare minutes of meetings 6. ACCIDENT/INCIDENT
 Report status of INVESTIGATION & REPORTING
recommendations made  All accidents or incidences
 Notify members of the meetings; shall be investigated and
and recorded.
 Submit the employer a report of  All work-related accidents
the activities of the committee, resulting to disabling
including recommendations made injuries and dangerous
 Acts in an advisory capacity on all occurrences as defined in
matters pertaining to health and OSH Standards (Rule
safety for the guidance of the 1050) shall be reported.
employer and the workers  Responsible or duly
 Conducts investigation of authorized officer for
accidents as member of the accident or incident
Health and Safety Committee and investigation, recording
submits his separate report and and reporting are either
analysis of accidents to the the
employer employer/owner/project
 Coordinates all health and safety manager/safety officer
training programs for the  Accident Report shall
employees and employer contain the minimum
 Conducts health and safety information as required in
inspection as member of the DOLE /BWC /OHSD /IP6.
committee  Employer shall notify the
 Maintains or helps in the appropriate DOLE
maintenance of an efficient Regional Office within 24
accident record system and hours in case of fatal
coordinates actions taken by accidents.
supervisors to eliminate accident  An accident investigation
causes shall be conducted by the
 Provides assistance to Regional Office within forty
government agencies in the eight (48) hours after
conduct of safety and health receipt of initial report of
inspection, accident investigation the employer.
or any other related programs 7. PROTECTION OF THE
 For purposes of effectiveness in a GENERAL PUBLIC
workplace where full-time safety  Measures in order to
man is required, he shall report ensure the safety of the
directly to the employer. general public shall be
d) CONSTRUCTION WORKERS pursuant to Rule 11 of the
 Attend orientation, toolbox talks, National Building Code-
and safety meetings as required. Implementing Rules and
 Use the right tools for every job Regulations: Protection of
and keep them in good condition. Pedestrians During
 Use the safety equipment and Construction or Demolition
protective clothing supplied.
  Appropriate provisions and  Asbestos
rules of OSHS  Lead
- Rule 1412.09:  Silica
Protection of the Public  Cadmium
- Rule 1412.12:  Carbon monoxide
Protection against collapse  Welding fumes
of Structure  Spray paints
 Appropriate provisions and  Cutting oil mists
rules of OSHS  Xylene vapor
- Rule 1412.16: Traffic  Solvents
Control
- Rule 1413: Excavation 2. PHYSICAL HAZARDS
- Rule 1417: Demolition -  Noise
Rule 1060: Premises of  Temperature Extremes
Establishments  Ionizing/Non-Ionizing
- D.O. 13, Section 9: Radiation
Construction Safety  Extreme Pressure
Signages  Vibration
- Other relevant
provisions of OSHS
SAFETY REPORTS AND RECORDS
These are some of the important
safety-related reports and records.
The appropriate personnel and
regulatory agencies must be able to
access them.
 First Aid Records (at the first aid
locations)
 Inspection Reports
 Incident Investigation Reports 3. BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS
 Hazardous Substance Inventory Exposure may occur during
 Job Hazard Analysis Inventory demolition, renovation, sewer
 Material Safety Data Sheet (at work, work on air handling
the specific locations) systems, or other construction
 Joint Safety Committee Minutes work from contact with
 Log Books on Equipment contaminated or disease-carrying
(Maintenance shop/with the  Soil
equipment)  Water
 Maintenance records  Insects (mosquitoes, ticks)
(Maintenance Shop)  Bird, bat droppings
 Training records  Animals
 Audio metric records  Structures
 Inspection reports 4. ERGONOMIC HAZARDS
 Frequency and severity rating Ergonomic hazards can cause
Lesson 6: Personal Protective painful and disabling injuries till
Equipment example Musculoskeletal
Disorders (MSDs). This following
CLASSIFICATION OF HAZARDS situation may causes these
1. CHEMICAL HAZARDS injuries:
Chemicals can exist in the form of  Heavy, frequent, or
 Dust, fumes, fibers (solids) awkward lifting
 Liquids, mists  Repetitive tasks
 Gases, vapors  Awkward grips, postures
 Using excessive force,
Examples of chemical hazards found in overexertion
construction work:
  Using wrong tools for the feasible or effective in reducing
job or using tools these exposures to acceptable
improperly levels.
 Using improperly  Employers are required to
maintained tools determine if PPE should be used
 Hand-intensive work to protect their workers.
HIERARCHY OF CONTROLS OF
EXAMPLES
HAZARDS
 Safety Shoes
 Hard Hat
 Safety Harness
 Safety Glass
 Safety Goggles
 Visibility Vests
WHY IS PPE IMPORTANT?
Even with engineering controls,
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
maybe required as part of normal safety
procedures. If a control fails, or
something else unexpected happens, it
ENGINEERING CONTROLS would be best if the worker is wearing
the required PPE that will provide the
protective barrier between the worker
and the hazard.
THE PPE SHOULD:
 Match the specific hazard
associated with the job assigned
 Properly fit and be correctly worn
 Be regularly inspected and
maintained in good condition
RESPONSIBILITIES:
Employer
 Assess workplace for hazards
 Provide PPE
 Determine when to use
 Provide PPE training for
employees and instruction in
proper use
Employee
 Use PPE in accordance with
training received and other
instructions
 Determine when to use
 Inspect daily and maintain in
a clean and reliable condition
Written PPE Policy includes:
PERSONAL PROTECTIVE 1.) Purpose – to protect the
EQUIPMENT employees from exposure to work
hazards and the risk of injury
 To reduce employee exposure to
through the use of PPE
hazards when engineering and
2.) Responsibilities of supervisor and
administrative controls are not
employees
Proper Selection of PPE:  This means that employers must
provide hard hats and ensure that
1.) Hazard assessment employees wear protective coverings in
2.) Selection of PPE – should be of the following situations:
safe design and construction for – When objects or debris might fall from
the work to be performed above and strike workers on the head
Employee Training includes: – When employees may strike their
heads against fixed objects, like
1.) Use supports, beams, or other equipment
2.) Type – When there is the possibility that
3.) Fit workers’ heads will make contact with
4.) Limitations electrical hazards
5.) Care
6.) Maintenance When Does a Hard Hat Meet OSHA’s
7.) Useful life Requirements?
 A hard hat that meets ANSI Z89.1 is
OSHA compliant.
 29 CFR 1910.135(b)(1) and 29 CFR
1926.100(b)(1) state that head
protection must meet the 1997, 2003,
or 2009 editions of ANSI Z89.1, or be
shown to offer equivalent or better
protection.
 This standard defines:
 Types and classes of hard hats
for specific hazardous situations
 Design and performance
requirements for impact,
penetration, and electrical
shock
PPE – HARD HATS  Testing requirements to ensure
 OSHA regulations mandate OSHA compliance
specific requirements for head What Are the Different ANSI Hard Hat
protection in the workplace. Categories?
 As with many OSHA standards,
these rules incorporate standards  ANSI Z89.1 defines two types of hard
from the American National hats and establishes three classes of
Standards Institute (ANSI). hard hats based on the level of
 OSHA provides the regulations to electrical hazard protection provided.
follow, and ANSI provides the Hard Hat Types: The two types of hard
means to follow those hats are defined by the area of the head
regulations. that is protected.
When Does OSHA Require Hard  Type I offers protection to the top
Hats? of the head and is commonly
 OSHA has two standards that govern used in the United States
hard hat requirements:  Type II offers protection to the top
 29 CFR 1910.135 governs hard and sides of the head and is
hat requirements for general commonly used in Europe
industry workers
Hard Hat Classes: The three classes
 29 CFR 1926.100 refers to head
are based on the level of protection they
protection requirements for
provide from electrical hazards.
construction, demolition, and
renovation workers  Class G (General) hard hats are
 Both standards require workers to wear rated for 2,200 volts
hard hats when there is a potential for  Class E (Electrical) hard hats are
head injury from “impacts, falling or rated for 20,000 volts
flying objects, or electrical shock.”
  Class C (Conductive) hard hats equipment expires on a specific
do not offer electrical protection calendar date.
 In lieu of an expiration date, a generally
Does My Hard Hat Meet ANSI accepted rule is to replace the support
Requirements? strap yearly and to replace the hard hat
 Each revision of the ANSI Z89.1 every five years.
standard has specific labeling  Harsh chemicals and extreme
requirements for hard hats. temperatures can make a hard hat
 Each hard hat must have the degrade more quickly. Be sure to check
following information clearly with the manufacturer for guidelines on
hard hat replacement and maintenance.
marked inside the hat:
– Manufacturer's name Can I Place Labels on My Hard Hat?
– ANSI standard that the hard hat
conforms with, such as “ANSI  While ANSI Z89.1 does not
Z89.1-2009” restrict the application of hard hat
– ANSI type (type I or II) and labels, OSHA standard
class designation (G, E or C) 1910.132(a) requires that PPE is
– Size range for fitting “maintained in a sanitary and
– Date of manufacture reliable condition.”
 If the hard hat meets Z89.1-2009,  In a Letter of Interpretation
it must also contain the following (October 27, 2009), OSHA
as required: explains that labels and paints
– Two arrows curving to form a may eliminate electrical
circle when the helmet can be resistance and can possibly
worn forwards or backwards “conceal defects, cracks,
– LT – When the helmet is penetration, and any damage that
designed to provide protection at would be otherwise readily
low temperatures 22 °F (-30 °C). identifiable.”
– HV – When the helmet meets  In short, labels are acceptable if
all requirements for high visibility. they do not adversely affect a
 Instructions for care and use hard hat’s protective rating or
must accompany, but do not need make it more difficult to find
to be included on, the hard hat. potential defects and damage.
 If your hard hat does not have
any of this information included, it
may not comply with OSHA.  Some beneficial uses of labels include
Contact the manufacturer for placing names, titles, and certifications
documentation proving OSHA on hard hats.
compliance.  Labels with names and titles can help
identify workers in emergencies, while
When Do I Need to Replace My Hard certifications can help identify when
Hat? workers are authorized to be in specific
areas.
 Hard hats must be replaced if they show
 In all cases, labels should be used
signs of damage (dents, cracks,
strategically, to convey information
penetration, or fatigue due to rough
when needed. Labels should not be
treatment).
used for purely decorative purposes.
 It is essential to inspect hard hats for
damage and signs of fatigue each time PPE – EYE AND FACE PROTECTION
they are used.
 In addition to visual inspections,  It’s important, then, to use the
another way to test a hard hat is to right eye protection for the job.
grasp it in two hands and apply force by ANSI Z87.1
squeezing the hat. If you hear creaking
or other unusual sounds, it is time to Eye protection is required when
replace the hard hat. exposed to: Impact
 While OSHA has no specific provision
 Flying objects or particles that
for an expiration date, manufacturers
may enter the eye
are allowed to determine if their
  Heat  Welding Filter: “W” followed by
 Exposure to hot sparks, splashes a shade number on a scale from
or molten metal 1.3 to 14.
 Chemical  Ultra-violet (UV) Filter: “U”
 Chemical splashes or irritating followed by a number on a scale
mists from 2 to 6.
 Dust  Infra-red (Heat) Filter: “R”
 Light/ Optical Radiation followed by a number on a scale
from 1.3 to 10.
Eye Protection Marketing  Visible Light (Glare) Filter: “L”
 ANSI Z87.1 requires markings on eye followed by a number on a scale
protection that relate directly to the from 1.3 to 10.
device’s ability to defend against  Clear lens: No additional
specific hazards. Eye protection that’s marking
Z87.1-compliant is marked with "Z87.“  Variable tint: “V”
 Additional markings fall into three  Special purpose: “S”
categories: Examples:
– Impact vs. Non-Impact
– Splash and Dust Protection  Safety glasses
– Optical Radiation Protection  Safety goggles
 Face shield
Impact vs Non-Impact
PPE – EAR PROTECTION
 ANSI Z87.1 classifies eye
protection as impact- or non- Hazard
impactrated.  Excessive Noise exceeding 85-90
 Impact-rated eye protection must dB or more on eight hour
pass certain high-mass and high- exposure.
velocity tests, and provide eye
protection from the side. Impact- Equipment
rated eye protection will have a
 Ear plug (10dB)
plus symbol (+).
 Ear muffs (25dB)
 Impact-rated flat lenses, for
 Canal caps
instance, will be marked “Z87+.”

Chemical Splash and Dust Protection

 Eyewear that meets ANSI Z87.1
requirements for droplet (splash) PPE – RESPIRATORY PROTECTION
or dust protection will be marked
HAZARDS:
with a code that begins with the
letter "D". For example:  Mists, Vapors, Dusts
 Eye protection that provides  Gases
protection from droplets and  Smoke
splashes is marked with “D3”  Fumes
 Eye protection that provides dust  Sprays
protection is labeled “D4”  Insufficient oxygen supply
 Eye protection that provides fine
dust protection is labeled “D5” EQUIPMENT:

Optical Radiation Protection  Filtration respirator (Mask)

 Air-purifying respirator
 A lenses’ ability to protect against (Respirators, Cartridge Type)
radiation is indicated by a letter  Air-supplying respirator
designation, which is typically followed  (SCBA)
by a rating number. The markings are as
follows: PPE – HAND AND ARM PROTECTION
HAZARDS:
  Pinch points Rule 1080 Personal Protective
 Hot spots Equipment and Devices
 Extreme abrasions
1081 GENERAL PROVISIONS:
 Sharp objects
 Electrical 1081.01 EVERY EMPLOYER:
EQUIPMENT: 1. Shall at his own expense furnish his
workers with protective equipment for
 Work gloves
the eyes, face, hands and feet,
 Hand pads
protective shields and barriers whenever
 sleeves
necessary by reason of the hazardous
 Barrier cream
nature of the process or environment,
PPE – FOOT AND LEG PROTECTION chemical or radiological or other
mechanical irritants or hazards capable
HAZARDS:
of causing injury or impairment in the
 Falling or rolling objects function of any part of the body through
 Sharp objects absorption, inhalation or physical
 Hot surfaces contact.
 Wet, slippery surfaces
Rule 1080 Personal Protective
EQUIPMENT: Equipment and Devices

 Foot guards / Metatarsal foot 1081.02 All protective equipment shall

guards be of approved design and construction
 Safety shoes/boots appropriate for the exposure and the
 Leggings work to be performed.

PPE – FALL PROTECTION 1081.03 The employer shall be

responsible for the adequacy and proper
EQUIPMENT: maintenance of personal protective
 Safety Belts equipment used in his workplace.
 Safety Harness 1081.04 No person shall be subjected or
 Lifelines / Lanyard exposed to hazardous environmental
condition without protection.

PPE – TORSO PROTECTION SUMMARY

HAZARDS: FOR PPE TO BE EFFECTIVE, IT

SHOULD BE:
 Heat
 Splashes from hot metal  Selected base on use
 Impacts  Employee trained on its use
 Cuts  Tested
 Chemicals  Maintained Used and worn
 Radiation Lesson 7: Construction Site Safety
EQUIPMENT: Statistics Monitoring

 Vests INTRODUCTION
 Jackets PURPOSE
 Aprons
 Coveralls  The purpose of this element is to
 Full-body suits provide a practical and uniform
 Hazmat suits method for recording &
measuring incidents and
PH OSH STANDARDS – YELLOW
BOOK
 employee injuries occurring on  Using this standardized base
the job. rate, any company can calculate
 Incident and injury rates will be their rate(s) and get a percentage
compiled in accordance with the per 100 employees.
American National Standards  OSHA RECORDABLE
Institute (ANSI) Z16.4 code. INCIDENT RATE - a
mathematical calculation that
This information will be used to
describes the number of
evaluate:
employees per 100 full-time
 The seriousness of the employees that have been
employees’ injury trends. involved in a recordable injury or
 Relative need for activities illness.
designed to promote safe work  TOTAL INCIDENT RATE – a
practices and procedures. mathematical calculation that
 Effectiveness of activities describes the number of
designed to promote safety recordable incident per 100 full-
activities. time employees in any given time
 Progress being made in frame.
improving the injury experience  LOST TIME CASE RATE – a
for employees in their work mathematical calculation that
environment, and describes the number of lost time
 Basis for general analysis of cases per 100 full-time
injury categories to assist in employees in any given time
prioritizing injury prevention frame.
efforts.  LOST WORKDAY RATE – a
mathematical calculation that
INCIDENT RATE(S) describes the number of lost
 Rates are indications only of past workdays per 100 full-time
performance (lagging indicators) employees in any given time
and are not indications of what frame.
will happen in the future  SEVERITY RATE – a
performance of the company mathematical calculation that
(leading indicators). describes the number of lost days
 Incident rates have been experienced as compared to the
standardized, so that OSHA and number of incidents experienced.
other regulatory agencies can  DART RATE - a mathematical
compare statistically significant calculation that describes the
data, and determine where number of recordable incidents
industries may need additional per 100 full time employees that
program assistance. resulted in lost or restricted days
or job transfer due to work related
injuries or illnesses.
 OSHA has established specific
mathematical calculations that
enable any company to report
their recordable incident rates, CALCULATIONS
lost time rates, and severity
rates, so that they are OSHA Recordable Incident Rate (IR)
comparable across any industry
 The OSHA Recordable Incident
or group.
Rate (or Incident Rate) is
 The standard base rate for the
calculated by multiplying the
calculations is based on a rate of
number of recordable cases by
200,000 labor hours. This number
200,000, and then dividing that
(200,000) equates to 100
number by the number of labor
employees, who work 40 hours
hours at the company.
per week, and who work 50
weeks per year.
 the total number of lost workdays
by the total number of recordable
incidents

Lost Time Case Rate (LTC)

 The Lost Time Case Rate is a
similar calculation, only it uses
the number of cases that SAMPLE DATA FOR CALCULATION
contained lost work days. The
calculation is made by multiplying
the number of incidents that were
lost time cases by 200,000 and
then dividing that by the
employee labor hours at the
company.

SAMPLE CALCULATIONS
A. OSHA Recordable Incident
DART Rate (Days Away/Restricted or Rate (IR)
Job Transfer Rate)
 The DART rate is relatively new
to industry. This rate is calculated
by adding up the number of
incidents that had one or more
Lost Days, one or more
Restricted Days or that resulted B. Lost Time Case Rate (LTC)
in an employee transferring to a
different job within the company,
and multiplying that number by
200,000, then dividing that
number by the number of
employee labor hours at the
company. C. DART Rate (Days
Away/Restricted or Job
Transfer Rate)

D. Severity Rate (SR)

Severity Rate (SR)
 The severity rate is a calculation
that gives a company an average
of the number of lost days per
recordable incident. Please note,
that very few companies use the
severity rate as a calculation, as it MEASUREMENTS
only provides an average. The
• ACTUAL LOSS MEASUREMENT
calculation is made by dividing
(INJURIES)
• Disabling Injury Frequency Rate location of facilities associated
(FR) – the number of disabling injuries with fire safety such as 'Call point'
per 1,000,000 employee-hours exposure or 'Fire point'.
Mixed Signs
 Often 'mixed signs' will be
displayed, which are a
• Disabling Injury Severity Rate (SR) – combination of the four main
the number of days lost per 1,000,000 types of sign. For example, a sign
employee-hours exposure at the site entrance might include:
(a) an 'Unauthorised access strictly
prohibited' sign - red and white = must
not do
(b) an 'All visitors must report to the site
Lesson 8: Safety Signs for
office' sign - blue and white = must do
Construction Sites
(c) a 'Beware open excavations' sign -
TYPES OF SAFETY SIGNS
yellow and black = beware of danger
Prohibition Signs
(d) an 'Assembly point' sign - green and
 These signs are red and white white = safe condition.
with a black image. The signs
 Similar signs that indicate, for
inform people of things they must
example, the location of a
not do, for example 'No
dangerous substance storage
pedestrians' or 'No smoking'.
area will also usually comprise a
Mandatory Signs combination of signs, such as a
'Flammable' (warning) sign, a 'No
 These signs are blue with a white
smoking' (prohibition) sign, and
image and inform people of
additional appropriate wording.
things that they must do, for
example 'Wear ear protection' or
wear face shield
Warning Signs / Signs on Hazardous
Substances
 These signs are either yellow or
amber with a black image and
warn people of potentially
dangerous situations, for example
'Forklift trucks operating' or
'Fragile roof.

Safe Condition Signs

 These signs are green with a
white image and inform people of
features of the site that are
associated with a safe condition,
for example 'First aid' or 'Fire
exit'.
Fire Safety Signs
 These signs are also red and
white, but predominantly red with
a white image. They indicate the