中式英语之鉴

CONTENTS
 UNNECESSARY
WORDS: CONCISION
Plainly Redundant

To accelerate (the pace of) economic reform

There have been good harvests (in agriculture).
Living standards (for people) in urban area
The hardships are temporary (in nature)

The development (in the future) will…

Adopt (a series of) measures to…
Following (the realization) of electrification in agriculture
It is essential to strengthen (the building of) national defense.
These are important conditions (in striving) for (the fulfillment of) fulfilling the general task in the
transition period.
Democracy (is a subject that) has been discussed…
(The key to) solution (lies in the curtailment of…) is to curtail…
Category Nouns

Constitute (a period/situation in which…), lies (in the fact that…), (In the performance of) their duties,
promoting (the cause of) peaceful reunification
Reforms in the (sphere of) economy, ensure (a relation of) close cooperation between…
Oppose (the practice of) extravagance, coupled with (the factor of) price instability

Unnecessary V.+N.
 Accomplish the transformation of/transform, conduct a careful examination of/examine carefully,
launch an attack against/attack, bring about a change/change, implement the reform of/reform, realize
industrial modernization/modernize

Approval should be given to/should be approved

Solutions to the problem can be found/…can be solved
The target of capturing Changsha failed to be achieved. (They failed to capture Changsha).
Unnecessary V.+ Unnecessary N.+3rd Word

Reach the goal of modernization/modernize

Use the method of slow advance/advance slowly
Perform the task of guiding/guide
Assume the attitude of admitting…/admit…
Adopt the principle of combining solution to…with…/combine solving…with…
Achieve the objective of clarity/be clear

Pay constant attention to analyze/constantly analyze

Have a restrictive effect on/restrict
Take care to ensure that there must be an all-round balance between the various targets/ensure an all-
round balance between the targets
Overworked Introductory VP

Make great efforts to assimilate/assimilate

Must pay attention to promoting excellent workers/must see to it that excellent workers are promoted

Do a good job in applying…/apply…

A Warning about Revision

At present it is necessary to… (the necessity is temporary)

In accordance with the principle of self-reliance (perform a valid function)
We must make efforts in education/overcome the difficulty. (The task is arduous)

The bourgeoise (follow a policy of vacillating) vacillated.

China has always followed a policy of peaceful coexistence.
We must attach great importance to scientific research.
It is imperative to (attach importance to) promote…
Redundant Modifiers

Advance forecasts, mutual cooperation, positive guidance, residential housing, a serious natural disaster,
an unfortunate tragedy, financial revenue, the valuable cream of…
The theory is a (valuable) ideological treasure of the Party.
The (economically) developed countries
Take all (possible) eventualities into account
The (all-round) encirclement
Singapore will bar America’s (popular female) pop star Madonna from staging in a show in its territory.

(Now) the government is working on…

(Previously) we used to emphasize…

Start (various) businesses in China

The (final) completion, imports of (foreign) automobiles, (widely) unite the people from all walks of life
They must know something (necessary) about…
Continue to take measures to further improve…/continue to improve…
Self-evident Modifiers

The (national) economy, do something (appropriately), ensure (adequate) continuity

Make a (proper) adjustment of/adjust, the decision (clearly) set forth…
Intensifiers

Assuredly surpass imperialism, very dull and meaningless, definitely enforce the law

Extremely important/essential, imperative, crucial, vital

Have strong aversion to/detest
Absolutely want to/be bent on, determine, resolve to, insist upon
Firmly believe/be convinced
Surely tell you/assure you
Thoroughly optimistic/confident
 (Great) historic change, (serious) chaos, be (firmly) banned, (strongly) demand, be (totally)
abolished/eliminated/destroyed, a (tiny) handful, the (broad) masses

Active/actively, effective/effectively, successful/successfully, actual (real, true)/actually (really, truly)

He devised tactics for battle according to the actual situation. /He devised tactics for battle according to
the particular situation.

Qualifiers

It is (quite) important to create suitable conditions…

The impact will be (quite) huge.
His images are (somewhat) aggressive, forcing us to…
A (fairly) significant part of our lives
Zhou (resolutely and) carefully set to work, (basically) guaranteeing the peaceful resolution of the Xi’an
incident.

Perhaps it will…/it may…

Maybe the figure will go up…/the figure may go up…
Lead to a possible solution/may lead to a solution
Cliches

Arduous task, overwhelming majority, painstaking efforts, current understanding, bold experiments,
firm and effective measures, vigorously promote, resolutely enforce, study conscientiously, firmly forbid,
basically accomplished, appropriate adjustment, clearly defined, fully mobilize, properly combine, further
reform, gradually improve, carry out unswervingly, energetically develop…
The Importance of Judgment

The rectification of the economy has basically been completed through three years of hard effort.

Recognizing Redundancies

Foretell (an aura of mystery and prophecy)/predict (scientific)

Erroneous/wrong (moral condemnation)

Eliminating Redundancies

Geographical surveys (and explorations), attentive (and meticulous) in the work

Two possible destines or prospects/two different visions of future, study and adopt policies/formulate
policies, faraway and distant area/remote area, be alert and wake up/rouse
We should eliminate all factors that hinder or oppose our socialist cause/ we should eliminate all factors
that impede or block our progress toward socialism

Conditions and environment/working conditions and social environment

System and structure/political system and economic structure
Categories of Redundant Twins

Affluence and prosperity, rough and bumpy, setbacks and defeats, trials and tests, divisions and splits,
functions and responsibilities, plots and intrigues, dispute and dissention, endorse and support, introduce and
put into effect, triumph and overcome, absorbing and incorporating, firm and staunch, upright and honest,
trivial and unimportant, wholly and completely, pay close attention to maintaining extensive international
contracts and dealings with…/maintain extensive international contracts with…
…the sewing work being fine and excellent/…all of which are finely sewn

Necessary and imperative, accusations and attacks, corruption and degeneration, wise and sensible,
mentally and ideologically
Best (and thorough) efforts, evaluate (and comprehend), (consider and) work out, (interfere with and)
undermine, promulgate (and implement)

The situation and circumstance, healthy and sound, enhance and improve, continue to grow (and
develop), further and develop production/expand production, strengthen and build the party/strengthen and
expand the party, strengthen (and improve) the system
The Need for Judgment

Voice their opinions and demands, protect their rights and interests, grasp and implement his
remark/understand and apply his remark,
China is of special importance to the world and is related to the stability and security of the
international situation. /China is of special importance: what happens in China can affect world stability
and security.
Redundant Twins in Native English

Rules and regulations, trials and tribulations, by hook or by crook, ranting and raving, hale and hearty,
first and foremost, by leaps and bounds, the one and only, above and beyond, various and sundry, lo and
behold, vim, vigor and vitality……

Introduction

“ ”
 If we don’t succeed, we run the risk of failure.
Unprecedented rates that set an all-time record

Forms of Repetition in Chinglish

We must arrive the station on time and be punctual.

Practice economy and reduce unnecessary expenditures
We should maintain a policy of safety first, with prevention of accidents as our main concern.
It is essential to environmental pollution so as to protect the environment.

We must arrive the station on time in order to get the train.

To increase soil fertility, we should promote widespread scientific application of fertilizer.
China’s socialist system of law has now been basically established, so that the situation in which there
were no laws has changed.

We must arrive at the station on time and not to be late.

Financial expenditures should be arranged in order of priority, rather then be given equal status.
We must maintain our vigilance and never be off guard.
Dealing with Repetitions in Translation

Means of communication and communications equipment/means of transportation and

communication
To strengthen basic research and increase scientific and technological strength and staying power for
future development/to enhance our ability to make further advances in science and technology
Naturally, the Chinese side resolutely opposed the proposals and did not accept them. /Since the Chinese
side firmly opposed the proposal, naturally it refused to accept it.
Set up a centralized leadership and remedy the lack of centralized leadership…/set up a centralized
leadership to remedy the lack of the coordination…
Things are getting better and can’t be getting worse. /Things are getting better and the tide of progress
cannot be turned back.

…have an important responsibility in the struggle (and they are in a very important position)
The change is an essential, not an insignificant one. /The change is absolutely fundamental.
 To maintain steady growth of economy, we must implement a long-term policy of steady economic
growth. /To keep the economy growing, we must implement a long-term policy favorable to steady economic
development.

It is a good thing, not a bad thing, that…

There is no question that we will win and the enemy will be defeated.

Dispense with Repeated Reference

Statistics show that from 1990 to 1994 imported vehicles totaled 96000 units, compared with the four
million vehicles produced in the country. /Statistics show that from 1990 to 1994, 96000 vehicles were
imported, while four million were produced domestically.
A minimum of 5000km of road test is required for the prototype of a regular truck, as mandated by the
central government, before it can be approved for quantity production. /The prototype of a regular truck is
required to go through 5000km of road test before the central government will approve it for mass production.
Retain/Shorten Repeated Reference

Ways of Shortening Repeated Reference

It took three years for rural reform to show results, and it will take longer, three to five years, for urban
reform to do so.

The National Conference on Iron and Steel Production was held in……The Conference drew up a
national plan for……
For our part, we have already made a concession by putting forward the principle of “one country, two
systems.” We believe that eventually our motherland will be reunified on the basis of that principle.

We must adhere to the principle that economic development relies on science and technology, while
development of science and technology is geared to the needs of economic development, and promote the
organic combination of science and technology with the economy. /We must adhere to the principle that the
development of economy should be based on science and technology and that the development of science and
technology should be geared to the needs of the economy. The two must be organically integrated.
It is correct to carry out the reform and opening up. These two tasks will not be completed in a short
time.
 The ongoing movement to eliminate counterrevolution in the society at large is different from the
previous ones.
Why cannot these lines and policies be changed? Because the practice of the past ten years has proved
that they are correct.

The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics: the USSR

The Communist Party of China: the CPC

The nation’s first four special economic zones—Zhuhai, Shenzhen, Xiamen and Shantou SEZs—were
created in 1979.
Another Reason for Avoiding Repetition

Brief Summary

Examples Integrated
We should enthusiastically (superfluous and overemphatic modifier) explore both the international and domestic
markets, opening up new international markets (saying same thing twice) and further exploring (vague) the rural market.
We should try to open up new international and domestic markets, especially expanding the rural
market.

On the whole, however, financial and economic work was still decentralized, because we had not adopted
measures to (unnecessary verb construction) bring financial (redundant) revenue under unified management; only expenditure
was unified, not revenue (saying same thing twice).
On the whole, however, financial and economic work was still decentralized, because we had brought
expenditure under unified management, but not revenue.
 Foreign experience has shown that some countries have experienced (repetition) development periods and
undergone a number of high-growth stages (a misunderstanding of the original text), as demonstrated in Japan, South Korea
and parts of Southeast Asia.
The experience of other countries shows that some of them—Japan, South Korea and parts of
Southeast Asia, for example—have gone through one or more periods of rapid development.

The offices were located in an area where board and lodging, and public transport and communication
facilities were easily available and where telephone contacts could be made with much convenience (redundant but
with special importance).

The offices were located in an area where board and lodging, and public transport and communication
facilities, including telephone, were easily available.

To enrich people’s lives, conscientious efforts should be made to (unnecessary verb construction) bring about a
thriving situation (a needless complication) in literary and artistic spheres (unnecessary category noun), such as literary creations
(wrong logic and repetition), drama, operas, dance…

To enrich people’s lives, we must ensure that literature and art flourish. This includes poems, novels,
dance, opera…

Earnest efforts will also be made (unnecessary verb construction) in the exploration and utilization (redundant twins) of
solar energy.
Solar energy will also be exploited.

Great efforts are required to (unnecessary verb construction) achieve this goal (unnecessary verb construction) that by the year
1990, the freight volume of various kinds of (redundant) cargo (repetition) will register an increase of (unnecessary verb
construction) about (self-evident modifier) 30 percent over 1985.

We must try to increase the volume of freight handled annually, so that by 1990 it is 30 percent greater
than in 1985.

Waste does not simply mean extravagance and squandering (redundant twins) but handling affairs (redundant and
vague) and spending money without considering importance and urgency (vague twins) and the need to subordinate

the part to the whole. That is to say, the revenue is not appropriately used on the most important undertakings,
but rather unwisely on the unimportant ones (mirror-image construction).
Waste does not simply mean squandering money. Also it means spending money without considering
priorities and the need to subordinate the part to the whole—that is, spending it unwisely on the unimportant
ones.

Therefore, we should approach, study (vague twins) and solve the problem of development from the high
plane of all mankind (unidiomatic). Only in this way can we understand that the problem of development (repetitive
reference) is the responsibility of the developing countries and the developed countries as well (redundant).

We should therefore consider and approach the problem of development from a perspective of a broad
concern for all mankind. Only then can we understand that this problem is the responsibility of both the
developing and the developed countries.

Moreover, they are in the habit of (loose and longwinded) taking more than their due and do not make
compensation for or return the things which they are not entitled to (saying the same thing twice) but which they have
taken into their own possession (saying the same thing twice).
Moreover, they take things to which they are not entitled and never return them or make compensation.

Of course, we must have a certain number of professional revolutionaries (a misunderstanding of original text) who
may not get involved in the specific production activities (long vague noun phrase) and a proper number of (repetition)
physicians (uncommon use) as well as a certain number of (repetition) personnel specializing in literary, artistic and
other related activities (a needless circumlocution).
Of course, we must have a certain number of revolutionary professionals—doctors, writers, artists, and
other specialists—who are not involved in production.

We should step up medical research, focusing on the causes for incidence of (category noun) common illness
and their prevention and treatment, and concentrating on (saying the same thing twice) tackling (redundant) the key research
(repetition word) projects.

We shall step up medical research, concentrating on key projects for the study of the cause, prevention
and treatment of common illnesses.

In this decision of the Committee the necessity and urgency (redundant twins) of rectification was explicitly
(self-evident modifier) expounded and the basic tasks for the rectification (repetition) were clearly (self-evident modifier) defined as

follows: to unify thinking (without anchor to attach), rectify (repetition) the style of work (without anchor to attach), tighten discipline
and purify the organizations (vague political metaphor).
In this decision the Committee explain the urgency of rectification and defined its basic tasks as follows:
to unify the member’s thinking, improve their style of work, tighten discipline and weed out those who were
unqualified.

In the rural areas we should pay attention to (unnecessary verb construction) economical use of land and try
our utmost to (unnecessary verb construction) use less or no arable land in rural (repetition) housing construction.
As for housing construction in rural areas, we should try to be economical in our use of land and
especially to use little or no arable land.

With regard to (prepositional construction leading to needless complication) the existing (self-evident modifier) practice of (category noun)
vying for gaining (superfluous) investments and for undertaking (superfluous) construction projects in an unchecked
way (unconcise), we must stop them by strictly implementing the state’s policies and tightening the control over
the amount of (redundant) bank credit.
We must put a stop to the blind competition for investments and construction projects by strictly
implementing the state’s policies and tightening control over bank credit.
 SENTENCE
STRUCTURE: LOGIC
Perils of Abstract Nouns

Sentences Based on Abstract Nouns

The prolongation of the existence of this temple is due to the solidity of its construction.
This temple is endured because it was solidly built.

Combating the Plague

There can be no achievements in our work. /We can achieve nothing.

Adherence to Marxism is vital to China, and so is adherence to socialism.
It is vital for us to adhere to Marxism and socialism.

Economic realization will be…/Realizing the economy will be…

Through cooperation with…/by cooperating with…
Concentrate efforts on industrial reinforcement/concentrate on strengthening industry

Silks are rich in elasticity. /Silks are highly elastic.

Prove the correctness of…/prove…are correct, against blindness in motion/against acting blindly

The practice of indiscriminate abolition tallies with neither Mao Zedong Thought nor the scientific
method. /Abolishing all rules indiscriminately is not consistent either with Mao Zedong Thought or the
scientific method.
A PC era that is going to be characterized by the dominance of national brands/a PC era in which the
national brands will dominate the market.
It is important to give full scope to the role of experts. /It is important to take full advantage of the
knowledge and abilities of experts.
A Special Form of the Plague

Work evaluation/evaluating work, work-points allotment/allotting work-points

A hospital maternity ward, water conservancy project, malaria eradication campaign

The lung cancer research project design/the design of the research project on lung cancer

Soil erosion control/to control soil erosion, expand leadership capacity in struggles/expand capacity to
lead struggles, China’s technological system modernization drive/China’s drive to modernize technological
system

The economic recovery period/the period of economic recovery, economic and social policy
decisions/decisions on economic and social policy, leader of the provincial drug abuse control consultancy
expert group/leader of the province’s group of expert consultants on the control of drug abuse

An increase in grain and cotton/an increase in production of grain and cotton/an increase in grain-
and cotton-production, a low-salt diet

Rationalization suggestions/suggest ways of rationalizing production, a local specialties company/a

company for the export of local specialties
Examples
A man’s ascent to the position of a high official meant the advent of a wealthy and comfortable life for
his whole family and his attainment to the top of the social ladder signified the rise of all his relatives as well.
When a man ascended to a high position, his whole family was assured of a wealthy life, and when he
reached the top of the ladder, all his relatives rose as well.

Keeping our employees honest and industrious and combating corruption of all kinds are an essential
guarantee for the smooth advance in the reform.
If we want to guarantee the smooth advance of the reform, it is essential to keep our employees honest
and industrious and to combat corruption of all kinds.

Shanxi gold mine, which formally started operation in June, is a gold mine with the largest production
scale and the highest degree of modernization.
 Shanxi gold mine, which formally started operation in June, is the largest and most modern in China.

Only when the masses feel that the Party and socialism are good in deed can our ideological and
disciplinary education or education of patriotism be effective.
Only when the masses see concrete evidence that the Party and socialism are good can we teach them to
cherish ideals and observe discipline and imbue them with patriotism.

To participate in social labor is an important prerequisite for the emancipation of women.

If women are to be emancipated, it is essential for them to participate in social labor.

This would not only be a hindrance to the people of different nationalities in exchanging experience with
and learning from each other but also a great disadvantage to the development of culture.
This would not only make it difficult for people of different nationalities to exchange experience and
learn from each other, but would also impede the development of culture.

There is the likelihood that you…

You are likely to…

Introduction

Correct Use of Pronouns

The second question concerns close panting. It (Crops) should be neither spread out too thinly nor planted
too closely.

Since the purchase of grain is mostly entrusted to state companies, and grain traders are allowed to carry
no more than 50 jin with them, their (traders’) regulating role is restricted.

The price of one ton of oil is 1300 yuan on the market, while it is only 800 yuan if it is sold to the
government.

The U.S. government increased it aid to the KMT government. In 1946 the U.S. successfully organized
army advisory teams. On June 17 they (the two government) signed the Sino-American Land-Lease
Agreement.

Wanted: man to take care of cow that does not smoke

In 1976, the Committee tool decisive measures to shatter the Gang of Four, (an operation) in which Hua
Guofeng played an important role.

Examples
In Africa too, the strong and common voice of the Organization of African Unity is to ask other
countries not to interfere in their internal affairs.
The African counties too, through the Organization of African Unity, demand with one voice that no
other country interfere in their internal affairs.

Under such circumstances, the comrade presiding the meeting should explain to them how to go about
the work, pointing out that they should first talk to those workers and peasants who are usually enthusiastic
about their work or who are willing to join the Red Army.
Under such circumstances, the comrade presiding the meeting should explain to them how to go about
the work. He should advise them to talk first to those workers and peasants who are enthusiastic about the
Party’s work or who are willing to join the Red Army.

At last, they have chosen their present political system. It was by their efforts that the Chinese revolution
triumphed. It was certainly not imported from outside.
At last, they have chosen their present political system. It was thanks to their efforts that the Chinese
revolution triumphed. The revolution was certainly not imported from outside.

The national leadership of our country has been shifted to a new generation, and now they are dealing
with state affairs.
The national leadership of our country has been shifted to members of a new generation, and it is now
they who are dealing with state affairs.
 The congress has, for the first time, made a systematic exposition of the basic guiding principle of the
primary stage of socialism, which is of important immediate significance.
For the first time, the congress has systematically set forth the basic guiding principles of the primary
stage of socialism. This statement is of immediate significance.

This is the test of whether you are truly carrying out the decisions or just going through the motions,
dragging your feet and perhaps even deliberately misinterpretation them.
This is the test of whether you are truly complying or just going through the motions, dragging your feet
and perhaps even deliberately misinterpretation decisions.

Introduction

Correct Word Order for Logic

In an article celebrating the 28th anniversary of the founding of the Chinese Communist Party in 1949,
Mao said… /In 1949, in an article celebrating the 28th anniversary of the founding of the Chinese
Communist Party, Mao said…
Over the past decades, he has devoted the greater part of his life to developing and spreading improved
orange strains among fruit growers. /Over the past decades, he has devoted the greater part of his life to
developing improved orange strains and spreading them among fruit growers.
Musicians will play tunes allegedly refined by Confucius, using antique instruments including the
stringed guqin. /Musicians using antique instruments, including the stringed guqin, will play tunes allegedly
refined by Confucius,
After years of effort, Gao said that soil erosion has been brought into control. /Gao said that after years
of effort soil erosion has been brought into control.

So long as we strictly implement the decision, after we go through several months of difficulties, we have
every reason to expect that the financial situation will gradually improve. /So long as we strictly implement
the decision, we have every reason to expect that the financial situation will gradually improve after a few
difficult months.
We should also review our experience frequently and make adjustments in light of the actual conditions
when we find problems. /We should also review our experience frequently and, when we find problems, make
adjustments in light of the conditions.
Word Order for Proper Emphasis

After more than 20 days of exhausting marches and heavy combat, they reached here in August.
(anticlimax)
They reached here in August, after more than 20 days of exhausting marches and heavy combat.
(Message of time is given little attention.)
In August, after more than 20 days of exhausting marches and heavy combat, they reached here.
(“reach…”> “August”> “after…”)

It is estimated that our army will reach 50000 at its peak next year. / It is estimated that at its peak
next year our army will reach 50000.
We have gained the initiative in Northern Manchuria as a result of our work over the past eight months.
/As a result of our work over the past eight months, we have gained the initiative in Northern Manchuria.
The government will be in much better financial shape next year than this, despite another enormous
deficit. /Despite another enormous deficit, the government will be in much better financial shape next year
than this.

Not…but…/instead of…/rather than…/in order to…

As we have often said, although the road ahead is torturous, the future is bright.
As they marched, the students shouted the slogan “Oppose the Civil War!”
It can be said that ever since our two countries established diplomatic relations in the 1970s, we have
followed those principles to the letter.

Although we did not work directly for the KMT, we used to serve the old society. So, we cannot say we
were not influenced by it.
Whether they are going to be a teacher or work in foreign affairs, it is important for all of them to
practice by themselves. Do not interfere with them when they find time to do it.
Examples
It answered the fundamental question of how to turn a revolutionary army mainly composed of
peasants into a people’s army of a new type in an environment of rural welfare. Never in this history of
China had there been such an army.
It answered the fundamental question of how to turn a revolutionary army that was mainly composed
of peasants and operating in an environment of rural welfare into a people’s army of a new type. Never in
this history of China had there been such an army.

This is because the national bourgeoise adopted the neutral, sympathetic and even cooperative attitude
toward revolution during the period of the democratic revolution, especially during the war of resistance
against Japan, an attitude quite different from that of landlord classes.
This is because during the period of the democratic revolution, especially during the war of resistance
against Japan, the national bourgeoise adopted the neutral, sympathetic or even cooperative attitude toward
revolution, an attitude quite different from that of landlord classes.

For more than a hundred years, the anti-Japanese war was the first complete victory won by the Chinese
people among the wars they waged to fight against the invasion by capitalist and imperialist countries for
their national liberation. For the first time in the modern history, China…
Of all the wars the Chinese people had fought over more than a hundred years for national liberation
from capitalist and imperialist invaders, this was the first that had ended in complete victory. For the first
time……

I once said that we should anticipate the necessity of blowing up the great dam in case of an emergency,
such as the occurrence of torrential rains when the reservoir, which is badly silted up, would overflow the
central China plain and endangered the industrial areas around. I said this to encourage you to be bold in
thinking, but not necessarily to urge you to burst the great dam.
I once said that in an emergency—if, for example, there were torrential rains, and the reservoir, which
is badly silted up, threatened to overflow the central China plain, endangering the industrial areas—it might
be necessary to blow up the great dam. I said this not necessarily to urge you to burst the great dam, but to
encourage you to think boldly.

The government should also help the missionary schools since they have great difficulty in funds after
severing relations with foreign countries. The Ministry of Education should make it…
Missionary schools, having severed relations with foreign countries, are in trouble financially, and the
government should help them. The Ministry of Education should…

With these thoughts in mind, Mao issued a great a call to carry the revolution through to the end in his
New Year massage released through the Xinhua News Agency on December 30, 1948.
With these thoughts in mind, on December 30, 1948, Mao issued through the Xinhua News Agency a
New Year massage that was a great call to carry the revolution through to the end.

He once fell on ground which was slippery after a rain, breaking two ribs while he was on the way to an
orchard.
Once, while on is way to an orchard, he slipped and fell, breaking two ribs.
 It is obvious to all that, lording it over the Chinese people, the imperialists have used……over the last
decade.
It is obvious to all that over the last decade, the imperialists, lording it over the Chinese people, have
used……

Dangling Participles

(We) Using each military or peaceful means, most of the remaining enemy forces were put out of action.
/Using each military or peaceful means, we put most of the remaining enemy forces out of action.

Conveniently situated, traffic from Jin Hui Tower to Beijing International Airport takes only 1/2 hour
via the Third Ring Road. /The Jin Hua Tower is conveniently situated, only 1/2 hour from Beijing
International Airport via the Third Ring Road.

In recent years, China has introduced much technology and equipment abroad, playing an important
role in improving its petrochemical technology. / In recent years, China has introduced much technology and
equipment abroad, and these imports have played an important role in upgrading its petrochemical
technology.

Generally speaking, provided, judging from, barring, owing to, according to, assuming, regarding,
concerning, allowing for, granted that…

Dangling Infinitives

In order to ensure achievement of Party’s political objectives, Mao emphasized that the Party must first
consolidate its ranks. /Mao emphasized that to ensure achievement of Party’s political objectives, the Party
must first consolidate its ranks.
To lead China into the 21th century, efforts must also be made to promote…/To lead China into the
21th century, we must also promote…
Dangling Gerunds

By cutting the number of the employee, the annual debt of the firm has decreased. /By cutting the
number of the employee, the firm has reduced its annual debt.
After gaining some experiences, this measure (we) will gradually be introduced across the country. /After
we have gained some experiences, this measure will gradually be introduced across the country.
The Chinese government will never accept violations of China’s Sovereignty by directly or indirectly
including the Taiwan Straits in the scope of Japan-U.S. defense cooperation. / The Chinese government will
never accept violations of China’s Sovereignty by directly or indirectly allowing the Taiwan Straits to be
included in the scope of Japan-U.S. defense cooperation.
Individual Adjectives

ana’s stylish gowns were recently auctioned off for $5.7 million. /Diana’s stylish gowns were
recently auctioned off for $5.7 million. (The best solution is to drop them off, for they are irrelevant.)
Prepositional Phrases

With a favorable environment and preferential policies, any investment is assured of healthy returns.
/With its favorable environment and preferential policies, Jiangxi Province ensures that any investment will
bring healthy returns. /Because Jiangxi has a favorable environment and preferential policies, any investment
is assured of healthy returns.
After years of effort, Gao said that the corruption has been under control. /Gao said that after years of
effort the corruption has been under control.

Just like the Crowne Plaza in Beijing, all rooms feature an…/Like the rooms in the Crowne Plaza, all
those in the Holiday Inn feature an…
As leaders, it is necessary to…/As leaders, we must…
Examples
Boasting the world’s third largest bank of energy resources, after the U.S. and Russia, China’s output
of coal in the 1990s leads the world, while its crude oil output ranks fifth and electricity second.
In the 1990s, China, which boasts the world’s third largest bank of energy resources after the U.S. and
Russia, ranks first in output of coal, second in output of electricity and fifth in output of crude oil.

Many scattered liberated areas were linked up, enabling the people’s armed forces to take the initiative.
Gradually, guerrilla warfare was turned into mobile warfare, creating the conditions necessary for a full-scale
counter-offensive.
Many scattered liberated areas were linked up, which enabled the people’s armed forces to take the
initiative. Gradually, they turned guerrilla warfare into mobile warfare, creating the conditions necessary for
a full-scale counter-offensive.

From this time onward, the PLA was superior over the KMT in numbers, bringing the Chinese
revolution to another tuning point.
From this time onward, the PLA was numerically superior over the KMT, a change that marked another
tuning point in the Chinese revolution.

Policies were formulated neglecting the realities of…

The policies we formulated were too ambitious for…

Suffocated by huge debts and overstaffing, more than 25000 workers have been persuaded by the
decision-makers in the enterprise to give up their original jobs.
Since the enterprise was suffocated by huge debts and overstaffing, its decision-makers have persuaded
more than 25000 workers to give up their original jobs.

Based on the current situation, we chose…

On the basis of the current situation, we chose…

Once on a trip to Shanxi, the host announced that…

When I was on a trip to Shanxi, the host announced that…

To reach a more objective conclusion, he said, historical, cultural, and other backgrounds of ethnic
groups should be considered when studying religion in China.
To reach a more objective conclusion, he said, people studying religion in China should consider the
history and culture of the various ethnic groups and other aspects of their background.

Only by integrating the universal truths of Marxism with the actual realities of the country can
Marxism be enriched and developed.
Only if the universal truths of Marxism are integrated with the realities of the country can Marxism
be enriched and developed.

Introduction

A penny saved is a penny earned.

To be, or not to be: that is the question.
 …but as for me, give me liberty or give me death!
We hold these truths to be self-evident; that all men are created equal; that they are endowed by their
creator with certain unalienable rights; that……
Government of the people, by the people and for the people…
To have and to hold from this day forward, for better for worse, for richer for poorer, in sickness and in
health, to love and to cherish, till death do we part.
Blessed are the poor in spirit: for theirs is the kingdom of heaven. Blessed are they that mourn: for they
shall be comforted. Blessed are the meek: for they shall inherit the earth.

Difficulties in Using Parallel Structure

He said that China and the Netherlands shared many common views on safeguarding world peace,
promoting economic development, and enhancing (cooperation and exchanges), despite differences in
historical and cultural background and level of development.

Also to be coordinated between HK and Guangdong are water supply, security and how to move people
across the border more efficiently. /……and efficient movement of people…
Whether reunification can be brought about smoothly will be determined by two factors. One is the result
of the practice of “one country, two systems” in HK, and the other is whether we can make a breakthrough
in economic development. /…One is how well the “one country, two systems” formula is applied in HK, and
the other is how successful we are in developing…
Timber is needed for construction and to withstand floods. /…needed to provide material for
construction and to help withstand…
Adhering to the principles of integrating Marxism with the realities of the Chinese revolution, seeking
truth from facts and the mass line, the Party…/…and following the mass line, the Party…

…the regulation, planning and administration of many matters must be centralized as well.
 These are vital issues for the next century, both for people’s quality of life and for saving the environment.
/…affecting both the quality of people’s life and the preservation of the environment.
Prices that are proper not only for their localities but also in relation to prices throughout the country.
/…not only in relation to their local conditions but also in…

First, it must maintain…

Second, it must enhance…
Third, it must improve…

She did not like revising as much as translating.

She was no more able to give up working than to stop eating.
She was transferred from another unit rather than promoted from inside.
No sooner had she arrived her new post than she set to work.
Misleading Parallel Structure

He took his hat and his leave.

The painting has subdued tone, great feeling and a length of three feet.
The police found no alcohol in his blood but a loaded gun in his car.
Further Refinements

Should we follow a policy that will not help us shake off poverty and backwardness, or should we, on
the basis of those four principles, choose a better policy that will enable us to rapidly develop the productive
forces? (The same subject; a verb in active voice; same object modified by a dependent clause beginning with “that”; both dependent clauses have similar form but contrast
meanings)
 Against oppression by imperialism (imperialists), KMT bandits, and feudal landlords…
Owing to such factors as the expansion of…, the division of…, increased farm produce (an increase of
farm production) and the recovery of…

The policy is known to all, and it will remain unchanged. /The policy is known to all, and it will not
be changed.

Simultaneous with that is the allocation of land, rent reduction (reduction of rents), and wage increases
(increase in wages) … /At the same time, land is being distributed, rentns are being reduced and wages are
being increased.
From their point of view……but in view of overall interest, …/From their point of view……but from
the overall point of view…

In late 1948, Shanghai had a population of 5.5 million, according to statistics, and the figure rose to 6
million by the end of last May. /According to statistics, in late 1948 Shanghai had a population of 5.5
million, and by the end of last May, the figure rose to 6 million.

But is it not true that something could occur (happen) in the region that might jeopardize the fundamental
interests of the country?......Is it not possible that something would happen in HK that would harm
(jeopardize) the fundamental interests of HK itself ?
Examples
We are struggling for the democracy of…, reduction of…, getting grid of…, and developing…
We are struggling to ensure the democratic…, reduce…, eliminate…and develop…

The forces are greatly reduced in number because of persistent march under the heat of the midsummer
sun, fatigue, plus deaths and the wounded in battles, and deserters during the march.
Their numbers were now greatly reduced because of battlefield casualties, desertions, and the exhaustion
of constant marching under a blazing midsummer sun.

Some intellectuals complain that our personnel contact them only on three things: namely, a transfer of
work, a review of personal history, and when a mistake is committed.
Some intellectuals complain that our personnel talk to them only on three occasions: when they are to
be transferred to another job, when their personal history is being reviewed, and when they make a mistake.

This shows on one hand that A, but on the other hand B.

This shows, on one hand, that A but, on the other hand, that B. /On the one hand this shows that A,
but on the other hand it indicates B.

In accordance with the same regulations and in observation of the principle of austerity…
In accordance with a uniform set of regulations and a consistent principle of austerity…

…not to overthrow its rule but to hind it from capitulating to Japanese invaders and from fighting
against the Communist Party and to keep it in the anti-Japanese united front.
…not to overthrow its rule but to prevent it from capitulating to Japanese invaders, fighting against the
Communist Party and abandoning the anti-Japanese united front.

At this meeting, it was decided that a part of Red Army led by A and B should stay to defend C and
that X and Y should lead the main forces, numbering 3500, to march towards…
At this meeting, it was decided that a part of Red Army led by A and B should stay to defend C, while
the main forces, numbering 3500, led by X and Y should march towards…

One-sidedness means thinking in terms of absolutes, that is, a metaphysical approach to problems.
One-sidedness means thinking in terms of absolutes, that is, taking a metaphysical approach to problems.

American Imperialism and KMT’s threats and deceit could not obstruct…
Neither the machinations of the U.S. imperialists nor the threats and deceit of KMT could…

It should be recognized that all streams and rivers have their source of origin, while trees depend on their
roots for growth.
We should recognize that every river has its source and every tree grows from its roots.

The Chinese Communist Party put forward a proposal that we should establish a new China which
would be, in the words of Mao, “independent, free, democratic, united, prosperous and powerful.” While the
KMT clique stuck to the point that the Chinese society should still be kept in a semi-feudal, semi-colonial
status, under the rule of big landlords and the big bourgeoise with policies against Communists and people
pursued. And the Chinese people would have to face poverty and split of the country.
The Communist Party was proposing the establishment of a new China that would be, in the words of
Mao, “independent, free, democratic, united, prosperous and powerful.” The KMT clique, on the other hand,
was insisting on the perpetuation of the old China—semi-feudal, semi-colonial, ruled by the big landlords
and the big bourgeoise, a China in which the people would remain sunk in poverty, Communists would be
persecuted and the nation would be split.

Introduction
Types of Logical Connectives

Missing Links

As a result of successive defeats, it lost large numbers of men, and morale continue to sink. The mood
among the officers and men was defeatist and war-weary. The people in the KMT areas rose up in struggle,
making the KMT army’s rear area insecure.
As a result of successive defeats, it had lost large numbers of men, and morale continue to sink: the mood
among the officers and men was defeatist and war-weary. Moreover, The people in the KMT areas rose up in
struggle, making the KMT army’s rear area insecure.
 During the next six months, because British side stuck to its position on the question of sovereignty over
HK, there was no progress in the negotiation. In March 1983, (however,) Mrs. Thatcher wrote to Chinese
Premier promising that at a certain stage she would propose to the Parliament that sovereignty over HK be
returned to China.

Private schools are in difficulty now because they can no longer rely on warlords for financial resources
as they used to. Their school farmland was distributed to peasants during the agrarian reform. The
government should show concern for these difficulties.
Private schools are having difficulties now, because they can no longer rely on warlords for financial
resources as they used to, and because their school farmland was distributed to peasants during the agrarian
reform. The government should show concern for these difficulties.
Dubious Logical Connectives

While mother read the letter aloud, the family listened in silence.

While everyone was astonished by the words, no one said a word until she finished. (When or although?)

With (Staffed by) professionals familiar with laws and foreign languages, these offices will save the time
of foreign trademark registrants.
With (When) the rapid increase in automobile, he was promoted as the director of Automotive Office.
With wide streets and a small population, the city is full of gas stations. (No logic relation at all). /The
city has wide streets and a small population. It is full of gas stations.
Wrong Logical Connectives
In our system the public sector is the major sector of the economy and (but) there are also other sectors.
Efforts will be made to introduce pensions and medical insurance, and (but) the best way to get laid-off
workers out of poverty is to…
This is because the national bourgeoise adopted the neutral, sympathetic and (or) even cooperative
attitude toward …
Shanxi Province will also build and (or) upgrade highways…
Examples
This fact tells us that the policies pursued by the feudal rulers were intended to weaken certain
nationalities. This was particularly true of imperialist policies.
This fact tells us that the policies of the feudal rulers were intended to weaken certain nationalities. This
was also and particularly true of the policies of imperialists.

The Commission is aimed at lowering the average age of members of the central committee, and making
it possible for some elderly comrades who have retired from the forefront of affairs to continue to play a certain
role.
The purpose of establishing the Commission is to lower the average age of members of the central
committee and at the same time to make it possible for some elderly comrades who have retired from the
forefront of affairs to continue to play a certain role.

China lacks funds and has many resources that have yet to be developed.
China lacks funds and for that reason has been unable to develop many of its resources.

The Noun Plague

The situation (empty word) in the north is still characterized by the enemy’s strength (noun plague) and our
weakness (noun plague).
In the north, the enemy is still strong and we are still weak.

This decision is a measure (empty word) of vital importance (noun plague) to do a good job (cliché) of our financial
and economic management (overused noun).
This is a very important decision that will enable us to manage our financial and economic affairs more
effectively.

Rational scale of investment (too condensed; wrong logical emphasis) is an important condition for maintaining
economic stability and enhancing the sustaining power (useless) of development. The scale of (abstract noun; repetition)
construction projects under way is large enough and the scale (abstract noun; repetition) of the planned investment for
this year is not small either, so no further expansion can be permitted.
An important condition for maintaining economic stability and continued development is that
investment must be restricted to a rational scale. Enough construction projects are already underway, and
considerate investment is planned for this year, so no further explanation can be permitted.

The tendency toward indifference (vague noun plague) to intellectuals is characterized by (wrong logic) the
underestimation of the significance (needless) of the tremendous progress made in the political and academic
studies (needless) by the intellectuals and of the important role played by the intellectuals (double reference) in our
socialist cause.
Certain comrades are indifferent to intellectuals, because they underestimate the tremendous political
and academic progress that intellectuals have made and the important role they have played in our socialist
cause.
Pronouns and Antecedents
Some countries have suffered serious setbacks, and socialism has seemingly been weakened. But the
people will have tempered themselves (the logic connection can be better) and drawn lessons from it (unattached). (Tongue twister: too
man sibilants)

Some countries have suffered serious setbacks, and socialism has seemingly been weakened. But the
people will have tempered by the setbacks, and drawn lessons from them.

The news that Wang Baosen, Vice-Mayor of Beijing, had shot himself to death when faced with charges
of economic crimes created quite a stir among Beijing residents, not only because he was the highest
government official who had committed suicide since the Cultural Revolution and that he was using a gun,
which (wrong antecedent) is strictly forbidden in China, but also because of the potential political reamplifications
of his act. (Too long)
The news that Wang Baosen, Vice-Mayor of Beijing, had shot himself to death when faced with charges
of economic crimes created quite a stir among Beijing residents. They were shocked not only because Wang
was the highest government official who had committed suicide since the Cultural Revolution and that he
was using a gun, private possession of which is strictly forbidden in China, but also because of the potential
political reamplifications of his act.
The Placement of Clauses and Phrases
It seems almost (unnecessary qualifier) a rule that an organization, no matter how intelligent and capable its
leading members may be, will mostly (unnecessary qualifier) be affected by bureaucratism so long as it has an
overextended structure (noun plague) and is staffed by too many people (wrong emphasis and bad cohesion). The reason is that
when an organization has become overstaffed due to its over-expansion (restatement), quite a number of its
personnel will spend their time doing nothing but indulging in idle talk.
It seems a rule that no matter how intelligent and capable its leading members may be, if an
organization is overexpanded and consequently overstaffed, it will be affected by bureaucratism. That is
because in such an organization, many people will spend all their time indulging in idle talk.
Dangling Modifiers
The draft report was printed and distributed to the 135 work units at central and local levels soliciting
(unattached) their opinions based on (wrongly attached) a decision made by (wrong emphasis) …

In accordance with a decision made by…, the drafting printed the draft report and distributed it to the
135 work units at central and local levels, soliciting their comments.

Compared to a regular automobile (unattached), it costs much less to operate a farm vehicle.
Compared to a regular automobile, a farm vehicle is much cheaper to operate.
Parallel Structure
To better (ill-matched) distribute water among provinces along the river and utilize the precious water (double
reference) more efficiently…

To distribute water better among provinces along the river and utilize it more efficiently…
 The volume of money in circulation and credit (out of balance) will be kept at a level beneficial to (generating
unnecessary gerunds) stabilizing the value of the renminbi and to economic growth (ill-matched).

The volume of money in circulation and the amount of credit available will be kept at a level that will
stabilize the value of the renminbi and encourage economic growth.

In short, making concessions on our part will only alleviate the internal contradictions among the enemy,
whereas our intervention (ill-matched) will bring out an aggravation (unnecessary noun) of their contradictions.
In short, if we make concessions, it will only alleviate the internal contradictions among the enemy,
whereas if we intervene, it will aggravate those contradictions.
Logical Connectives
The guiding general principle of economic development—with (vague) agriculture as the foundation and
industry as the leading factor—must be applied to obtain better results.
We must do better in applying the guiding general principle of economic development, namely, that
agriculture is the foundation and industry the leading factor.
POSTSCRIPT
 Our basic ideas, ranging from the development strategy to the principles and policies, including the
policies of reform and opening to the outside world, are correct. If there is any inadequacy (abstract noun), it lies
in the fact that (useless) the efforts we have made (weak and wordy circumlocution) along the line of reform and opening
(repetition) are inadequate.

Our basic ideas, ranging from the development strategy to the principles and policies, including the
policies of reform and opening to the outside world, are correct. If our efforts have fallen short in any respect,
it is that we have not done enough to implement those policies.

They send or buy over traitors, who hide themselves (misleading antecedent) in the party, to spy on party leaders
and worm their way into leading party organs, so that they (misleading antecedent) can wipe out local Party
organizations from top to bottom at one fell swoop (quotation from Shakespeare; use with care) when they (misleading antecedent) give
the order (wrong emphasis).
They send their agents or bribe traitors to hide in the Party, spy on party leaders, and infiltrate leading
party organs, so once they give the order, the local party organizations can be wiped out from top to bottom at
one fell swoop.

The most significant policy change is the ongoing process of (category noun) shifting to national treatment
(obscure; parallelism is needed) for foreign investors in China from (wrong logical order) the practice of (category noun) offering tax

privileges and other preferential treatment to foreign investors (repetition), as in the first few years after the opening
policy was introduced (wrong emphasis).
The most significant policy change is the gradual shift from offering foreign investors tax privileges and
other preferential treatment, as in the first few years after the opening policy was introduced, to treating them
in the same way as Chinese nationals.

The better you do your work (unnecessary noun) and the more achievements (unnecessary noun) you have, the better
the people throughout the country will understand the value of knowledge, thus encouraging (dangling modifier; the
need of parallelism) the people (repetition) to respect and acquire knowledge (repetition).

The better you work and the more you achieve, the better the people throughout the country will
understand the value of knowledge, and the more they will be encouraged to respect and acquire it.

In 1928, when the revolution was suffering serious setbacks (annoying sibilants), it was easy to see that the “Left”
tendencies that appeared in the Party were wrong and to quickly put an end to putschist mistakes. But after
the outbreak of (noun plague; need to parallelism) the wars between the KMT warlords of different factions and at the
time of apparent revival of (noun plague; need to parallelism) the revolutionary movement, many comrades in the Party
unrealistically (self-evident modifier) overestimated revolutionary developments, giving rise to (dangling modifier) more
intense and sustained growth of “Left” impetuosity.
In 1928, when the revolution was suffering grave setbacks, it was easy to see that the “Left” tendencies
that appeared in the Party were wrong and to quickly put an end to putschist mistakes. But at this time, when
the KMY warlords of different factions were fighting among themselves, and when the revolutionary
movements appeared to be reviving, many party members overestimated revolutionary developments, and this
fostered a more intense and sustained growth of “Left” impetuosity.

The transfer (noun plague) of surplus labor force (redundant) from rural areas to non-agricultural trades (illogical
comparison) or (wrong connective) its rational flow (vague; noun plague) from one place to another is an objective requirement

and inevitable trend of economic development (heavy nouns; wrong emphasis).

It is an objective requirement and inevitable trend of economic development for surplus labor to transfer
from farming to non-agricultural occupations and to move from one place to another in an rational manner.

Keeping a basic balance (noun plague) of international payments is an important condition for achieve
sustained and smooth (overlapping) economic development (wrong emphasis; noun plague) …Last year China’s (redundant)
import increased considerably and its growth of export was relatively slow (not paralleled), thus resulting (dangling
modifier) a fairly (unnecessary qualifier) huge deficit.

An important condition for achieve steady economic development is to maintain a basic balance of
international payments…Last year import increased considerably while export grew relatively slowly, with
the result that there was a huge deficit.

We must do our best (unnecessary) to employ different means (pretentious) to use foreign funds…
We must use foreign funds in different funds in different ways…

Upon their first entry (noun plague) into the country’s heartland areas (redundant), they had only a population
of (wordy expression) several hundred thousand. (The two sentences are not linked.) This figure (vague) rose to somewhere between
four and five million during the years when the Qing dynasty reached the apex in development (wrong emphasis).
When they first entered the heartland of China, they numbered only a few hundred thousand. But
during the years when the Qing dynasty was at it height, their population rose to between four and five million.

The swollen organization of (wordy circumlocution) many private enterprises (repetition), their irrational methods
of operation, their high costs and low profits or even losses, have also given rise to the phenomenon that (useless
and awkward) many industrial and commercial enterprises are reducing their scale (unnecessary) of business or even

closing down.
Because of overstaffing, irrational methods of operation, high costs, and low profits or even losses, many
privately owned factories and stores are having to cut back their business or even close down.

Revitalization (noun plague) and further (superfluous) development (vague) of agricultural production represents the
central task in our current efforts (cliché) to adjust the national (superfluous) economy (wrong emphasis).
Our central task in adjusting the economy is to revitalize and expand the agricultural production.

The officers of the Red Army wished to “deal with” (ambiguous) the enemy for the purpose of (wordy)
defending the land and country.
The officers of the Red Army wished to engage the enemy to defend the land and country.

This gradual transformation must be undertaken in a planed way and leadership exercised over that
(wordy) so that success will be assured when conditions are ripe (wrong emphasis).

This gradual transformation must be well planned and properly led. So that when conditions are ripe,
success will be assured.

To enjoy a striving and affluent life

To strive and prosper/to enjoy a high standard of living/to enjoy a life of abundance

A landslide caused 12 deaths in Yunnan Province on Friday. China Daily learned yesterday that 13
others (wrong antecedent) were missing and 11 houses still buried under the earth last Sunday (unclear modifier). Heavy
rain resulted in a 750-meter-wide, 300-meter-high mass of earth (awkward construction), with a volume of 60000
cubic meters, sliding about 20 meters downhill. The landslide damaged 165 households, affecting 1110 people.
But (misleading) a danger remains, as 1.4 million cubic meters of earth are still moving, said the report (weak).
A landslide caused 12 deaths in Yunnan Province on Friday. China Daily learned yesterday that on
Sunday 13 people were still missing and 11 houses remained buried under the earth. Heavy rain has caused
a mass of earth 750 meters wide, 300 meters high, and with a volume of 60000 cubic meters to slide about
20 meters downhill. The landslide damaged 165 households, affecting 1110 people. And according to the
report, the danger remains, as 1.4 million cubic meters of earth are still moving.

As the simplification of Chinese characters is in the interest of the broad (self-evident modifier) masses, we
intellectuals should actively support it instead of taking a passive attitude toward it (vague as well as misemphasized).
As the simplification of Chinese characters is in the interest of the masses, we intellectuals should not
just passively accept it but actively support it.

These four activities carried out by (empty words) the Communist groups gave a powerful impetus to the
dissemination of Marxism and to its (wrong antecedent) integration with the workers’ movement. Those intellectuals
who had just fostered their belief in communism gradually had profound changes in their thinking and their
feelings (vague) while they are integrating themselves with the workers (wrong emphasis, lack of logic connection, too long, repetition);
a number of workers had learned something about Marxism and raised their class awareness, both becoming
(to far removed) advanced elements of the proletariat.

These four activities of the Communist groups gave a powerful impetus to the dissemination of Marxism
and to their integration with the workers’ movement. In the process, those intellectuals who had only recently
come to believe in communism gradually underwent profound changes in their thinking and in their attitude
to workers. At the same time, a number of workers had learned something about Marxism and raised their
class awareness, so that both groups became advanced elements of the proletariat.
Written by Li Haoyu