BIOLOGY – 23
AGRICULTURE
AGRICULTURE
• Latin words - Ager(land or field) + Cultura(cultivation).
• AGRONOMY - The branch of agriculture that deals with field crop production and soil
management.
CROPPING PATTERN
CROP ROTATION
• Growing a series of dissimilar types of crops in the same area
in sequential seasons.
• It confers various benefits to the soil.
• Mitigates the build-up of pathogens and pests
INTENSIVE CROPPING
• Efficient use of water, nutrients and tillage.
• In regard to increasing crop performance is generally preferred.
ZERO TILLAGE
• Growing crops without disturbing the soil through tillage.
• No-till is an agricultural technique, which increases the amount of water and organic matter
(nutrients) in the soil and decreases erosion.
• It increases the amount and variety of life in and on the soil.
IT HAS TWO DISTNCTIVE FEATURES
1. Sole Cropping It is to cultivate a pure variety of crop.
2. Monoculture Planting a sole crop in a field regularly but harvest it single in a year.
COMPANION PLANTING/CROPPING
• It is the planting of different crops in proximity on the theory that they assist each other in nutrient
uptake, pest control, pollination and other factors necessary in increasing crop productivity.
INTERCROPPING
• It is the practice of growing two or more crops in proximity.
• It is particularly important not to have crops competing with each other for physical space, nutrients,
water or sunlight.
• The most common goal of intercropping is to produce a greater yield on a given piece of land by
making use of resources that would otherwise not be utilised by a single crop.
MULTIPLE CROPPING
• It is the practice of growing two or more crops in the same space during a single growing season.
• It can take the form of double-cropping, in which a second crop is planted after the first has been
harvested or relay cropping, in which the second crop is started amidst the first crop before it has been
harvested.
FARMING SYSTEM
MIXED FARMING - Crop production + Rearing of livestock.
RANCHING - Raising the grazing livestock such as cattles, sheep or poultry.
Originated in spain.
TERRACE FARMING - piece of sloped land farming. This system is more
common in North-Eastern hilly tracts of India.
TRUCK FARMING (Marketing Gardening) - Horticultural practice of
growing fruits, vegetables, etc.,
ORGANIC FARMING
• Organic agriculture means a process of developing a viable and
sustainable agroecosystem.
• It is an agricultural practice that relies on crop rotation, green manure,
compost and biological pest control.
BLANCHING
• In it, the young shoots of a plant are covered to exclude light to prevent
photosynthesis, which would produce chlorophyll.
• Remain pale in colour.
• Blanched vegetables have a more delicate flavour and texture than
unblanched.
SHIFTING CULTIVATION IN INDIA
JHUM NORTH-EASTERN INDIA
VEVAR,KURUVA AND BUNDELKHAND REGION
DAHIYAAR (MADHYA PRADESH)
PAMLOU MANIPUR
DIPA CHATTISGARH,ANDAMAN
KHIL HIMALAYAN BELT
VALRE/WALTRE RAJASTHAN
PODU/PENDA ANDHRAPEADHESH
DEEPA BASTAR DISTRICT (MADHYA
PRADESH)
ZARA AND ERKA SOUTHERN STATES
BATRA SOUTH-EASTERN RAJASTHAN
PODU ANDHRA PRADESH
KUMARI HILLY REGION OF THE
WESTERN GHATS OF KERALA
KAMAN, VINGA,BRINGA ODISHA
AND DHAVI
TRAITOR TECHNOLOGY
• In this technology, to make the induced gene active, certain chemicals are
used.
CROP DIVERSIFICATION
• wider choice in the production of a variety of crops in a given area so as to
expand production related activities on various crops and also to lessen risk.
• Crop diversification in India is generally viewed as a shift from traditionally
grown less remunerative crops to more remunerative crops.
SEED SCIENCE
• It is a basic and most important input of
agriculture.
• A good quality seed is one, which is free
from adulterants, diseased or insect-pest
infestations
• The era of hybridisation of seeds started
after 1930. which are cross breeded and
having the desirable characters.
• While developing a hybrid seed, it goes
through the various developmental stages
AGROFORESTRY
AGROFORESTRY - TREES + SHRUBS + CROPS & LIVESTOCK
VERMICOMPOSTING
• It is a method of using worms to transform organic waste into a nutrient-rich fertiliser
PLANT PRESERVATION
• Like other organisms plants can also be infected with the disease.
• All these disease causing agents are called Pests. Main causative agents are virus, bacteria and fungi.
PRESERVATION OF FRUITS AND VAGETABLES
• Keeping fruits and vegetables fresh for a longer period without hampering its physical and chemical properties,
is called fruits and vegetables preservation.
• Essential Commodities Act, 1955 has Part-3 for its revelation.
METHODS OF PRESERVATION
LOW TEMPERATURE - Microbes become inactive
PASTEURISATION
It is a mild heating treatment at temperatures up
to 100°C (which is the boiling point of water at
elevations up to 300 metres above sea level).
This method causes only a slight decrease in taste
and nutritional value.
CANNING
There are two primary methods of canning A hot
water bath and pressure canning
LOCUST CONTROL AND RESEARCH
locust warning organisation - Jodhpur.
It has locust surveillance and monitoring through
INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT
