CHAPTER-03

Requirement Specification
Requirement specification is a detailed document or set of documents that defines and
describes the needs and expectations of stakeholders for a particular project or system. This
specification serves as a blueprint for the design, development, and validation of the system
or product. It ensures that all parties involved have a clear understanding of what is to be built
and how it should function.

3.1 Key Components of Requirement Specification

1. Introduction:
 Purpose: States the purpose of the requirement specification document.
 Scope: Defines the boundaries of the project, including what is included and what is
excluded.
 Definitions and Acronyms: Provides definitions for technical terms and acronyms
used in the document.

2. Overall Description:
 Product Perspective: Describes the context of the system or product within its
environment, including dependencies on or interfaces with other systems.
 Product Functions: Summarizes the major functions and features of the system or
product.
 User Classes and Characteristics: Identifies different types of users and their
needs or roles.

3. Specific Requirements:
 Functional Requirements: Detailed descriptions of specific functionalities that the
system must support. This section often includes use cases, user stories, or scenarios
that illustrate how the system should behave in various situations.
 Non-Functional Requirements: Describes the performance attributes of the
system, such as reliability, security, scalability, and usability.
 Constraints: Identifies any constraints on the system, such as hardware limitations,
regulatory requirements, or project budget constraints.

4. External Interface Requirements:

 User Interfaces: Describes how users will interact with the system, including
layout, design, and interaction elements.
 Hardware Interfaces: Details the hardware requirements or interactions with other
hardware.
  Software Interfaces: Specifies interactions with other software systems, databases,
or APIs.
 Communication Interfaces: Defines protocols and standards for communication
between the system and other systems.

5. Acceptance Criteria: Defines the conditions that must be met for the system or
product to be accepted by stakeholders. This includes the metrics and standards for evaluating
the system's performance and compliance.

6. Appendices:
Supporting Information: Includes additional materials that support the requirements, such
as diagrams, flowcharts, and reference documents.

3.2 Purpose of Requirement Specification

 Clarity and Understanding: Provides a clear and detailed description of what needs
to be built, reducing ambiguity and misunderstandings.
 Design and Development: Guides the design and development teams in creating a
system that meets the specified needs.
 Validation and Testing: Serves as a basis for creating test cases and validating that
the system meets the specified requirements.
 Stakeholder Agreement: Ensures that all stakeholders agree on what the system will
deliver and how it will perform.
A well-crafted requirement specification helps ensure that all parties involved have a clear
understanding of what the project will deliver and serves as a reference point throughout the
development lifecycle. It is essential for successful project execution and helps ensure that
the final product aligns with stakeholders' expectations and business goals.
To build a cell phone-controlled Land Rover (or any remote-controlled vehicle), you'll need
several components and tools. Here's a general list of requirements:

3.3 Software Requirements:

1. Mobile App or Web Interface: You’ll need an app or web interface to control the
vehicle. You can develop your own or use an existing one that communicates with
your vehicle via Wi-Fi or cellular data.

2. Vehicle Control Software: This software runs on the microcontroller or single-board

computer (SBC) in the vehicle and interprets commands from the mobile app or web
interface
 3. Server or Communication Protocol: If you're using cellular data, you’ll need a
server to handle communication between your phone and the vehicle. For Wi-Fi, you
might use a simpler setup.

 These software development tools include:-

 Compilers  Assembler  Linker  Librarian  File converter

 C Library Programmer software:-

 Debugger  In-Circuit Emulator software  Editor / IDE

By integrating these software components, you'll create a functional and responsive control
system for your cell phone-controlled Land Rover.

3.4 Hardware Requirements:

Creating a cell phone-controlled Land Rover or similar vehicle involves integrating several
hardware components. Here’s a rundown of the key hardware requirements you might need:

3.4.1 Chassis and wheels:The chassis and wheels are essential components of a vehicle,
including a Land Rover:

 Chassis: Provides structural support and framework for the vehicle. Houses
and protects vital components like engine, transmission, and suspension.
Serves as a mounting point for wheels, steering, and braking systems Helps
maintain vehicle stability and balance Absorbs and distributes loads, stresses,
and vibrations.
 Wheels: Make contact with the ground, enabling movement and traction.
Support the vehicle's weight and distribute loads. Facilitate steering, turning,
and maneuverability. Absorb shocks, bumps, and vibrations, improving ride
comfort.Can be designed for specific purposes (e.g., off-road, racing, or load-
carrying capacity)
Together, the chassis and wheels work in harmony to:
1. Provide a smooth ride and stable handling.
2. Enable efficient transmission of power to the ground.
3. Support various vehicle functions, such as steering, braking, and suspension.
4. Withstand various environmental conditions and terrain types.
5. Contribute to the overall performance, safety, and durability of the vehicle.
In the context of a phone-controlled Land Rover, the chassis and wheels would
still serve these purposes, while also being integrated with the control system to
respond to remote commands.
3.4.2 Rechargeable cells: Rechargeable cells (batteries) in a cell phone-controlled Land
Rover serve several purposes:
1. Powering the vehicle: Rechargeable cells provide the necessary energy to operate
the Land Rover's motors, control systems, and other components.
2. Enabling remote control: The batteries power the cellular or wireless
communication module, allowing the vehicle to receive and respond to phone
commands.
3. Supporting auxiliary systems: Rechargeable cells may also power additional
features like:
- Lighting (headlights, taillights, etc.)
- Sensors (GPS, accelerometer, etc.)
- Actuators (steering, braking, etc.)
4. Reducing maintenance: Rechargeable batteries minimize the need for frequent
battery replacements, reducing downtime and maintenance costs.
5. Increasing convenience: Rechargeable cells can be easily recharged using a
variety of methods (e.g., USB, wireless charging), making it convenient to keep the
vehicle operational.
6. Enhancing safety: By providing a reliable power source, rechargeable batteries
help ensure the vehicle can respond to control commands and operate safely.

3.4.3 Switch: In a cell phone-controlled Land Rover, switches play a crucial role in:
1. Power management: Switches control the flow of power from the rechargeable
cells to the vehicle's systems, allowing you to turn the vehicle on and off.
2. Mode selection: Switches can select different operating modes, such as:
- Manual mode (phone control)
- Autonomous mode (self-driving)
- Park mode (neutral)
3. System activation: Switches can activate specific systems, like:
- Headlights, Taillights, Horn, Winch (if equipped)
4. Safety features: Switches can trigger safety features, such as:
- Emergency stop
- Speed limiting
- Boundary detection
5. Input selection: Switches can select input sources for the control system, like:
- Phone control, Joystick,Voice commands
6. Feedback control: Switches can provide feedback to the control system,
indicating:
- System status, Errors or faults, Confirmation of commands.
Switches can be operated manually or through electronic signals from the phone
control system. Proper switch selection and placement ensure reliable operation and
user-friendly control of the vehicle.

3.4.4 Motor driver: In a cell phone-controlled Land Rover, a motor driver plays a
crucial role in:
1. Motor control: The motor driver controls the speed and direction of the vehicle's motors,
allowing for precise movement and navigation.
2. Power amplification: The motor driver amplifies the control signals from the phone or
control system to drive the motors, ensuring sufficient power and torque.
3. Voltage regulation: The motor driver regulates the voltage supplied to the motors,
preventing damage from overvoltage or undervoltage conditions.
4. Current limiting: The motor driver limits the current drawn by the motors, preventing
overheating and damage.
5. Motor protection: The motor driver provides protection against motor faults, such as
overcurrent, overtemperature, and short circuits.
6. Signal processing: The motor driver can process signals from sensors, such as encoders or
Hall effect sensors, to provide feedback on motor speed and position.
7. Communication interface: The motor driver can communicate with the phone or control
system through protocols like PWM, UART, or I2C.
The motor driver enables the cell phone-controlled Land Rover to:
- Move forward, backward, left, and right
- Control speed and acceleration
- Navigate obstacles and terrain
- Perform tasks like steering, braking, and acceleration
- Respond to phone commands and sensor inputs.

3.4.5 DC motors: In a cell phone-controlled Land Rover, a DC motor is used for:

1. Propulsion: DC motors power the vehicle's movement, providing traction and mobility.
2. Steering: DC motors can control the steering system, allowing for precise direction
changes.
3. Braking: DC motors can be used for regenerative braking, capturing kinetic energy and
converting it into electrical energy.
4. Actuation: DC motors can power actuators for various functions like:
- Winches, Arm movements (for robotic arms), Cranes
5. Accessory control: DC motors can control accessories like:
- Headlights, Taillights, Horns, Fans (for cooling)
DC motors are suitable for cell phone-controlled Land Rovers due to their:
1. High torque-to-weight ratio
2. High efficiency
3. Precise speed control
4. Low voltage operation (compatible with rechargeable cells)
5. Compact size and lightweight design
By using DC motors, the cell phone-controlled Land Rover can achieve precise movement,
efficient power usage, and reliable operation.

3.4.6 Bread board and Connecting wires: In a cell phone-controlled Land Rover,
a breadboard and connecting wires are used for:
1. Prototyping: The breadboard allows for easy assembly and testing of the control circuit
without soldering.
2. Component connection: Connecting wires link components like:
- Microcontrollers (e.g., Arduino), Motor drivers, Sensors (e.g., GPS, accelerometer)
- Communication modules (e.g., Bluetooth, Wi-Fi)
- Power sources (e.g., batteries)
3. Signal transmission: Wires transmit signals between components, enabling
communication and control.
4. Power distribution: Wires distribute power from the power source to various components.
5. Flexibility: The breadboard and connecting wires allow for easy modifications and
reconfigurations during development and testing.
Using a breadboard and connecting wires offers advantages like:
1. Easy assembly and disassembly
2. Reduced risk of damage to components
3. Simplified troubleshooting
4. Flexibility for design changes
5. Rapid prototyping and testing
The breadboard and connecting wires play a crucial role in the development and testing phase
of the cell phone-controlled Land Rover, allowing for a flexible and iterative design process.

3.4.7 Node MCU ESP8266: In a cell phone-controlled Land Rover, the Node MCU
ESP8266 is used for:
1. Wi-Fi connectivity: ESP8266 provides a stable Wi-Fi connection for
communication between the vehicle and the cell phone.
 2. Microcontroller capabilities: Node MCU runs the program logic, processes
inputs, and controls outputs.
3. IoT enablement: ESP8266 enables the Land Rover to be controlled and monitored
remotely through the internet.
4. Sensor integration: Node MCU reads data from sensors (e.g., GPS,
accelerometer, ultrasonic) and sends it to the cell phone.
5. Motor control: Node MCU controls the motors using PWM signals, enabling
precise movement and navigation.
6. Communication protocol handling: ESP8266 manages communication protocols
like TCP/IP, HTTP, and MQTT.
7. Power management: Node MCU can control power supply to various
components, optimizing energy efficiency.

3.4.8 Cell phone: In a cell phone controlled land rover, the cell phone serves as the
primary controller and interface for operating the vehicle remotely. Here are some uses of a
cell phone in this context:
1. Remote control: The cell phone sends commands to the land rover, instructing it to move
forward, backward, left, right, or stop.
2. Steering and navigation: The phone's touchscreen or accelerometer can be used to control
the land rover's direction and speed.
3. Sensor data monitoring: The phone receives data from sensors on the land rover, such as
camera feeds, GPS location, speed, and obstacle detection.
4. Command transmission: The phone transmits commands to the land rover's
microcontroller or robotic platform, which executes the instructions.
5. Real-time video streaming: The phone can receive live video feed from cameras on the
land rover, allowing the user to see the environment and obstacles.
6. Customization and programming: The phone can be used to program custom routes,
behaviors, or tasks for the land rover.
7. Telemetry and diagnostics: The phone can display telemetry data, such as battery level,
signal strength, and system status.
The specific features and capabilities will depend on the design and implementation of the
cell phone controlled land rover system.

3.4.9 Ultrasonic sensor: In a cell phone-controlled Land Rover, an ultrasonic sensor is

used for:
1. Obstacle detection: Ultrasonic sensors detect obstacles in the vehicle's path, enabling
avoidance maneuvers.
2. Distance measurement: Sensors measure the distance between the vehicle and obstacles,
allowing for precise navigation.
3. Collision avoidance: Ultrasonic sensors help prevent collisions by detecting objects within
a certain range.
4. Navigation: Sensors assist in navigation by providing data on the environment and
obstacles.
5. Mapping: Ultrasonic sensors can be used to create a map of the environment, enabling
more efficient navigation.
6. Object detection: Sensors detect objects, such as people, trees, or rocks, and send data to
the cell phone for processing.
7. Speed control: Ultrasonic sensors can be used to control the vehicle's speed based on the
distance to obstacles.

3.4.10 Temperature sensor: In a cell phone-controlled Land Rover, a temperature

sensor is used for:
1. Monitoring engine temperature: Ensuring the engine operates within a safe
temperature range.
2. Battery temperature monitoring: Preventing overheating or overcooling of
batteries.
3. Motor temperature monitoring: Protecting motors from overheating during
prolonged use.
4. Environmental monitoring: Sensing ambient temperature and humidity.
5. Heating and cooling system control: Regulating temperature for optimal
performance.
6. Fault detection: Identifying potential issues before they cause damage.
7. Energy efficiency optimization: Adjusting performance to minimize energy
consumption.
8. Safety features: Triggering warnings or shutdowns in extreme temperature
conditions.

3.4.11 Jumper wires: In a cell phone-controlled Land Rover, jumper wires are used for:
1. Connecting components: Jumper wires link various components, such as sensors,
motors, and microcontrollers.
2. Prototyping: Jumper wires enable quick and easy connections during prototyping
and testing.
3. Breadboard connections: Jumper wires connect components on a breadboard,
allowing for easy experimentation.
4. Sensor connections: Jumper wires connect sensors to the microcontroller or other
components.
5. Motor connections: Jumper wires connect motors to the motor driver or
microcontroller.
6. Power connections: Jumper wires connect power sources, such as batteries, to
components.
7. Signal connections: Jumper wires transmit signals between components, enabling
communication.
8. Debugging: Jumper wires help in debugging by allowing easy connection and
disconnection of components.

This specification provides a comprehensive outline of the requirements for a cell

phone controlled land rover. It covers software and hardware requirements and design
aspects to ensure a well-rounded and effective system.