Freescale Semiconductor, Inc.

Cluster for Motorbikes

Using the
Freescale Semiconductor, Inc...

MC68HC908LJ12
and MC33970

Designer Reference
Manual

M68HC08
Microcontrollers
DRM059/D
Rev. 0
3/2004

MOTOROLA.COM/SEMICONDUCTORS

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Cluster for Motorbikes Using the

MC68HC908LJ12 and MC33970
Freescale Semiconductor, Inc...

Designer Reference Manual

by: Jaromir Chocholac

TU682
Czech Systems Laboratories
e-mail: jaromir.chocholac@motorola.com

To provide the most up-to-date information, the revision of our documents on

the World Wide Web will be the most current. Your printed copy may be an
earlier revision. To verify you have the latest information available, refer to:
http://motorola.com/semiconductors

The following revision history table is provided to summarize any changes

contained in future revisions of this document. For your convenience, the page
number designators will be linked to the appropriate location.

Motorola and the Stylized M Logo are registered trademarks of Motorola, Inc.
DigitalDNA is a trademark of Motorola, Inc.
This product incorporates SuperFlash® technology licensed from SST.
All brand names and product names appearing in this document
are registered trademarks or trademarks of their respective holders. © Motorola, Inc., 2004

Cluster for Motorbikes Using the MC68HC908LJ12 and MC33970 DRM059

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Revision History

Revision History
Revision Page
Date Description
Level Number(s)
March,
N/A Initial release N/A
2004
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DRM059 Cluster for Motorbikes Using the MC68HC908LJ12 and MC33970

4 Revision History MOTOROLA

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Designer Reference Manual — DRM059

Table of Contents

Section 1. Introduction
1.1 Application Intended Functionality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1.2 Benefits of Our Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
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Section 2. Quick Start

2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.2 System Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.3 Cluster Control Panel Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.4 Demo System Setup. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.4.1 Local Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.4.2 Remote Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.5 Remote Control Connector Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.6 Application Reprogramming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.7 Bootloader Connector Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
2.8 ODO/TRIP Button Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

Section 3. Hardware Description

3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
3.2 How Instruments Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
3.2.1 Speedometer and Odometer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
3.2.2 Tachometer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
3.2.3 Fuel Gauge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
3.3 Technical Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
3.3.1 MC68HC908LJ12 Processor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
3.3.2 MC33970 Gauge Driver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
3.4 Functionality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
3.5 Architecture. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
3.5.1 Microcontroller . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
3.5.1.1 External EEPROM. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
3.5.2 Gauge Driver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
3.5.3 Input Signals Conditioning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
3.5.4 The Power Supply . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
3.6 Speedometer Board Layout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

Cluster for Motorbikes Using the MC68HC908LJ12 and MC33970 DRM059

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Table of Contents

3.7 Speedometer Board Connectors and Dip Switch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

3.8 Memory Map. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

Section 4. Software Description

4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
4.1.1 Software Basics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
4.1.2 Initialization Routines Basics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
4.1.3 Demo Application Basics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
4.2 Project Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
4.2.1 List of the Project Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
4.2.1.1 Project Source Codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
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4.2.1.2 Utilized MCU Peripherals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

4.2.2 Utilized Interrupts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
4.2.3 Project Variables and Flags . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
4.2.3.1 Speedometer Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
4.2.3.2 Tachometer Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
4.2.3.3 Odometer Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
4.2.3.4 Software Timer Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
4.2.3.5 Cluster Flags . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
4.2.3.6 Speedometer Constants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
4.2.3.7 Tachometer Constants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
4.2.4 Memory Usage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
4.3 Software Implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
4.3.1 Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
4.3.1.1 Application Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
4.3.1.2 Hardware Initialization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
4.3.1.3 Hardware Functionality Presentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
4.3.1.4 Speedometer Task . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
4.3.1.5 Odometer Task . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
4.3.1.6 Tachometer Task . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
4.3.1.7 Fuel Gauge Task. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
4.3.2 SPI Communication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
4.3.2.1 SPI Periphery Module Initialization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
4.3.2.2 SPI Communication Routine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
4.3.3 MC33970 Device Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
4.3.3.1 PECCR_CMD Macro. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
4.3.3.2 VELR_CMD Macro . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
4.3.3.3 POS0R_CMD Macro . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
4.3.3.4 POS1R_CMD Macro . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
4.3.3.5 RTZR_CMD Macro . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
4.3.3.6 RTZCR_CMD Macro . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
4.3.3.7 GDIC Device Initialization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
4.3.4 LCD Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
4.3.4.1 LCD Symbols Coding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
4.3.4.2 LCD Initialization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60

DRM059 Cluster for Motorbikes Using the MC68HC908LJ12 and MC33970

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4.3.5 Keyboard Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61

4.3.5.1 KBI Initialization. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
4.3.6 Timer Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
4.3.6.1 TIM Initialization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
4.3.7 External EEPROM Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
4.3.8 ATD Module Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
4.3.9 SCI Module Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63

Appendix A. Bill of Materials and Schematics

A.1 Speedometer Bill of Materials. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
A.2 Cluster for Motorbikes Schematics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
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Appendix B. Glossary

Cluster for Motorbikes Using the MC68HC908LJ12 and MC33970 DRM059

MOTOROLA Table of Contents 7

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Table of Contents
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DRM059 Cluster for Motorbikes Using the MC68HC908LJ12 and MC33970

8 Table of Contents MOTOROLA

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Designer Reference Manual — DRM059

List of Figures and Tables

Figure Title Page

2-1 Demo System Layout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

2-2 Front Panel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
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2-3 Cluster Control Panel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

2-4 Command Window Prompt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2-5 Command Window after Power ON . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2-6 Command Window when Programming. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

3-1 Cluster for Motorbikes Block Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

3-2 I2C Communication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
3-3 Gauge Driver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
3-4 Speed Sensor Signal Conditioning. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
3-5 Revolution Sensor Signal Conditioning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
3-6 Power Supply . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
3-7 Speedometer Board Component Side Layout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
3-8 Speedometer Board Solder Side Layout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

4-1 Application Flow Chart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45

4-2 Speedometer Functional Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
4-3 Tachometer Functional Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
4-4 LCD Display Arrangement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
4-5 Display Segments Labels. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
4-6 LCD Coding Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59

Cluster for Motorbikes Using the MC68HC908LJ12 and MC33970 DRM059

MOTOROLA List of Figures and Tables 9

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List of Figures and Tables

Table Title Page

2-1 Remote Control Connectors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

2-2 Bootloader Connectors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

3-1 Main Connector (JP1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

3-2 Tacho Stepper Motor Connector (J1). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
3-3 Fuel Indicator Connector (J3). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
3-4 Programming Connector (JP2). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
3-5 Dip Switch (SW1) Settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
3-6 MC68HC908LJ12 Memory Map. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
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4-1 TIM1 Module . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

4-2 TIM2 Module . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
4-3 KBI Module. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
4-4 GPIO Module . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
4-5 ATD Module . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
4-6 SPI Module Usage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
4-7 SCI Module Usage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
4-8 Interrupts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
4-9 Memory Usage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
4-10 MC33970 Registers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

DRM059 Cluster for Motorbikes Using the MC68HC908LJ12 and MC33970

10 List of Figures and Tables MOTOROLA

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Designer Reference Manual — DRM059

Section 1. Introduction

1.1 Application Intended Functionality

This reference design of the Cluster for Motorbikes provides an example of the
speedometer, odometer, tachometer, and fuel gauge functionality in the
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Cluster. The reference design demonstrates the application of the Gauge

Driver Integrated Circuit (GDIC) together with an M68HC08 Microcontroller
Unit (MCU).

The reference design is based on:

• MC33970 GDIC
• MC68HC908LJ12 MCU

1.2 Benefits of Our Solution

The Cluster for Motorbikes uses a modular concept. The base board with the
microcontroller and GDIC is able to perform all of the cluster functionality. The
application functionality can be easily changed by the hardware configuration
on the PCB.

In addition, the Cluster for Motorbikes can be used as a hardware platform for
software development. For this purpose, the board is equipped with an
interface for reprogramming, and the MCU is programmed with the Developer’s
Serial Bootloader for M68HC08 devices. This tool allows the MCU memory to
be reprogrammed in-circuit, using the standard serial asynchronous port.
The module is designed to be housed in a standard 3 3/8-inch case.

Cluster for Motorbikes Using the MC68HC908LJ12 and MC33970 DRM059

MOTOROLA Introduction 11
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Introduction
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DRM059 Cluster for Motorbikes Using the MC68HC908LJ12 and MC33970

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Designer Reference Manual — Cluster for Motorbikes

Section 2. Quick Start

2.1 Introduction
This section describes the main procedures required to set up and start the
Cluster for Motorbikes Demo Kit. The demo is designed to show the basic
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functionality of the Cluster for Motorbikes. The document also describes the
specific steps and provides additional reference information.

The Cluster for Motorbikes Demo Kit can operate in two modes: Local or
Remote. In Remote mode, the application is controlled from a user-friendly
graphical environment, running on a PC.

The Cluster for Motorbikes Demo Kit is distributed with the following
components:
• Cluster demo module
• CD ROM
• 12-V power supply
• Parallel port cable

The Demo System layout is shown in Figure 2-1

2.2 System Requirements

The Cluster module is distributed with embedded application software. No
additional software is needed to run the demonstration in Local mode. To run
the demonstration in Remote mode, installation of the Cluster Control Panel
application is required.

The Cluster Control panel application can run on any computer using Microsoft
Windows XP, Windows NT, 98, or 95 operating systems with Internet Explorer
V4.0 or higher installed.

Cluster for Motorbikes Using the MC68HC908LJ12 and MC33970 DRM059

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Quick Start

Control Panel
Tachometer

Fuel Gauge Power Supply

Speedometer
/ Odometer
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ODO/TRIP
Switch Button

Remote Control
Application from
Reprogramming Control Panel
(Serial Port) Local Control (Parallel Port)

Figure 2-1. Demo System Layout

2.3 Cluster Control Panel Installation

The Cluster Control Panel application is distributed on a CD ROM. To install the
Cluster Control Panel application, follow this step-by-step procedure:
1. Insert the CD into your CD-ROM drive.
2. Click on the CD-ROM drive; click on the Cluster_Panel folder.
3. Double click on cluster_panel.exe file.
4. Follow the on-screen instructions and answer the prompted questions.
5. Specify the folder to unzip the files to.
6. Press the Unzip button.

DRM059 Cluster for Motorbikes Using the MC68HC908LJ12 and MC33970

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Quick Start
Demo System Setup

2.4 Demo System Setup

The Cluster application software has the following embedded functions:
• Speedometer and odometer
• Tachometer
• Fuel gauge

Each function can run in either Local or Remote control mode. The Mode
selection is made through switches as shown in Figure 2-2
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Figure 2-2. Front Panel

2.4.1 Local Mode

Setting up the demo to the Local mode does not require any special action. Just
connect the power supply and set all switches to the “LOC” position. All cluster
functions can be controlled by the appropriate knob.

2.4.2 Remote Mode

To run the demonstration in the Remote mode, installation of the Cluster

Control Panel application must be done. Refer to 2.3 Cluster Control Panel
Installation for step-by-step instructions on how install the Cluster Control
Panel.
Once you have installed the Cluster Control Panel, refer to the following for
step-by-step instructions on how to start the Cluster Demo.
NOTE: Stopping all other applications running on your PC is strongly recommended
when you run the Cluster Control Panel. This can avoid instability in the PC
generated frequency.

Cluster for Motorbikes Using the MC68HC908LJ12 and MC33970 DRM059

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Quick Start

Step 1
Switch OFF the Cluster Demo module PWR switch. See Figure 2-2

CAUTION: To avoid possible damage to the PC parallel port, the power to the Cluster
Demo module must be switched OFF before connecting or disconnecting a
straight-through parallel cable from the PC to the Cluster Demo module.

Step 2
Set up all switches to the “REM” position.

Step 3
Connect a straight-through parallel cable from the PC to the Cluster Demo
module “REMOTE CONTROL” connector.
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Step 4
Start the Cluster Control Panel.

Step 5
Switch ON the Cluster Demo module PWR switch.

Step 6
Control the application remotely from the Cluster Control Panel (see Figure
2-3) by simply clicking on the selected needle and dragging it to a new
position.

Figure 2-3. Cluster Control Panel

DRM059 Cluster for Motorbikes Using the MC68HC908LJ12 and MC33970

16 Quick Start MOTOROLA

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Quick Start
Remote Control Connector Description

2.5 Remote Control Connector Description

Table 2-1 provides a description of the remote control connectors.

Table 2-1. Remote Control Connectors

Pin # Name Description
1 NC Not connected
2 Speed_IN TTL signal 0 to 400 Hz
3 Rpm_IN TTL signal 0 to 400 Hz
4 GND Connection to ground
5 Fuel_full TTL log 1 → indication activated(1)
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6 Fuel_3/4 TTL log 1 → indication activated(1)

7 Fuel_1/2 TTL log 1 → indication activated(1)
8 Fuel_1/4 TTL log 1 → indication activated(1)
9–17 NC Not connected
18–25 GND Connection to ground
1. Only one input can be activated.

CAUTION: To avoid possible damage to the PC parallel port, the power to the Cluster
Demo module must be switched OFF before connecting or disconnecting a
straight-through parallel cable from the PC to the Cluster Demo module.

2.6 Application Reprogramming

For additional changes in features or the parameters of the application, the user
has an option to reprogram the Cluster application. The MCU of the Cluster
application is programmed with the Developer’s Serial Bootloader for the
M68HC08 MCU Family, which means the MCU memory can be reprogrammed
in-circuit using the standard serial asynchronous port.

To reprogram the embedded application using the bootloader, you need to

have master software (hc08sprg.exe) installed on the host computer. To use
this software, copy the appropriate “exe” file to your folder only, as there is no
need for installation.

The following gives a step-by-step procedure for reprogramming the

application.

Step 1
Switch OFF the Cluster Demo module Power supply.

CAUTION: To avoid possible damage to the PC serial port, the power to the Cluster Demo
module must be switched OFF before connecting or disconnecting a
straight-through serial cable from the PC to the Cluster Demo module.

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Quick Start

Step 2
Connect a straight-through serial cable from the PC to the Cluster Demo
module “BOOTLOADER” connector.

Step 3
Start the cmd.exe file from Windows.
Step 4
Start the hc08sprg.exe file with the required parameters from the
Command window. The command line for the hc08sprg.exe file has the
following syntax:
hc08sprg port[:][S|D|?] [speed] file
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port:D ..............dual wire mode <default>

port:S ..............single wire mode
port:? ...............detect single/dual wire mode
speed ..............speed in kbps <9600 default>
file ...................S19 file
After execution of the hc08sprg.exe program, you will get a message
“Waiting for HC08 reset ACK ...” (see Figure 2-4). In this example, the
COM1 port is selected.

Figure 2-4. Command Window Prompt

Step 5
Switch ON the Cluster Demo module Power supply. The program performs
some actions and will prompt a message:
“Are you sure to program part? [y/N]:” (see Figure 2-5).

Figure 2-5. Command Window after Power ON

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Quick Start
Bootloader Connector Description

Step 6
To program the device, answer “y” (see Figure 2-6).
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Figure 2-6. Command Window when Programming

After the programming is finished, the embedded program starts to run.

2.7 Bootloader Connector Description

Table 2-2 provides a description of the bootloader connectors.

Table 2-2. Bootloader Connectors

Pin # Name Description
1 NC Not connected
2 Rx Output signal from Cluster Demo module
3 Tx Input signal to Cluster Demo module
4 NC Not connected
5 NC Not connected
6 NC Not connected
7 NC Not connected
8 NC Not connected
9 NC Not connected

CAUTION: To avoid possible damage to the PC serial port, the power to the Cluster Demo
module must be switched OFF before connecting or disconnecting a
straight-through serial cable from the PC to the Cluster Demo module.

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MOTOROLA Quick Start 19

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Quick Start

2.8 ODO/TRIP Button Functions

The Cluster can operate in either odometer or tripmeter mode. The odometer
mode is indicated by “ODO” label, and tripmeter mode is indicated by “TRIP”
label on the LCD display. The basic function of the ODO/TRIP button is to
switch between these two modes of operation.

ODO/TRIP toggle
Each push of the switch button for a time shorter then 1s will toggle between
the ODO or TRIP modes.

TRIP data nulling

Each push of the switch button for a time longer then 3s resets the TRIP data
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in the memory.

Software version indication

Holding the switch button pressed down, when powering up the demo, will
display the embedded software version on the LCD display.

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Designer Reference Manual — DRM059

Section 3. Hardware Description

3.1 Introduction
This reference design of the Cluster for Motorbikes provides these basic
modules: speedometer, odometer, tachometer, and fuel gauge for the
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motorbike’s cluster. In addition to this, the Cluster for Motorbikes can be used
as a hardware platform for the software development. It also enables the
implementation and testing of user’s software. For this purpose, the board is
equipped with an interface for reprogramming.
Refer to Figure 3-1 for a block diagram of the module.

Figure 3-1. Cluster for Motorbikes Block Diagram

The reference design is based on the Gauge Driver Integrated Circuit (GDIC)
MC33970, or MC33991, or Single Gauge Driver Integrated Circuit (SGDIC)
MC33971, which are analogue products controlling one (MC33971) or two
2-phase instrumentation stepper motors. The application is supported by
HC08LJ12 MCU, which is a part of the 8-bit MCU Family.

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Hardware Description

3.2 How Instruments Work

This section provides a short overview of how the cluster instruments work.

3.2.1 Speedometer and Odometer

The speedometer used on motorbikes indicates the speed of the motorbike and
records the distance the motorbike has travelled. Speedometers are calibrated
in kilometres and/or in miles per hour. The instrument also records the traveled
distance, recorded in kilometres or miles. This part of the instrument is known
as the odometer. Most odometers record the total distance travelled. Some
also record the distance of individual trips. These can be reset to zero.
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The digital speedometer is operated by a speed sensor that outputs electrical

pulses to be processed by the microcontroller. The motorbike has magnets
attached to one of the wheels, and a pickup attached to the frame. Once per
wheel revolution, each magnet passes the pickup generating a voltage in the
pickup. The microcontroller counts these voltage spikes, or pulses, and uses
them to calculate the speed and distance travelled. The microcontroller drives
both speed and odometer indicators. The important information for calculation
is the number of pulses per kilometre or mile.

3.2.2 Tachometer

A tachometer is designed to give the speed of a rotating part, in revolutions per

minute (rpm). For motorbike use, the tachometer is there to measure the speed
of the engine. The digital tachometer is operated by a revolution sensor or
engine control unit, that outputs electrical pulses to be processed by the
microcontroller. The microcontroller drives the tachometer indicator. The
important information for calculation is the number of pulses per revolution.

3.2.3 Fuel Gauge

In the fuel tank, a float moves a simple arm which rubs against a variable
resistor. A small current flows through the resistor, just enough to give a voltage
across the wire — zero volts at the earth and maximum volts at the other end.
As the arm moves across the resistor according to fuel level, it sends a differing
voltage to the fuel gauge. The microcontroller measures the sensing voltage
and drives the fuel gauge indicator.

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Hardware Description
Technical Data

3.3 Technical Data

The following list provides technical data for the Cluster for Motorbikes itself, as
well as for individual Motorola devices used in the Cluster.
• Speedometer
– Input Ranges:
8 input pulses per turn of the wheel → 120 km/h
4 input pulses per turn of the wheel → 240 km/h
– Max Input frequency:
400 Hz
– Resolution:
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± 2 Hz on the maximum frequency 400 Hz

• Odometer
– 6 digits LCD display
– Function:
Switchable ODO/TRIP
– Resolution:
1km — ODO function
100m — TRIP function
• Tachometer
– Input Ranges:
200 Hz <12000 rpm/1 pulse per turn>
400 Hz <8000 rpm/3 pulses per turn>
– Resolution:
± 2 Hz on the maximum frequency 400 Hz
• Fuel Gauge
– Indication:
LED bar
– Fuel level sensor:
Resistor <maximum 100 Ohm>
– Input Ranges — Indication
– <41 Ohm — Tank full
– <44–61> Ohm — Tank 3/4 full
– <65–74> Ohm — Tank 1/2 full
– <76–96> Ohm — Tank 1/3 full
– >96 Ohm — Tank empty
• Power Supply
– 12 V/190 mA

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Hardware Description

3.3.1 MC68HC908LJ12 Processor

The control unit of the Cluster for Motorbikes is the MC68HC908LJ12

microcontroller unit (MCU). The MCU uses an 8-bit enhanced central
processor unit (CPU08) and a variety of peripheral modules.

Features:
• High-performance M68HC08 architecture
• Maximum internal bus frequency
– 8 MHz at 5 V operating voltage
• 32-kHz crystal oscilator clock input with 32-MHz internal
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phase-lock-loop
• Memory:
– 12K byte FLASH memory
– 512 bytes of RAM
– Resident routines for in-circuit programming and EEPROM
emulation
• 6-channel Analog-to-Digital Converters (ADC)
– 10-bit resolution
• Two 16-bit, 2-channel timer interface modules with selectable input
capture, output compare, and PWM capability on each channel
• Real time clock with clock, calendar, alarm, and chronograph functions.
• Serial interfaces:
– Asynchronous Serial Communications Interface (SCI) with infrared
encoder/decoder
– Synchronous Serial Peripheral Interfaces (SPI) module
• 8-bit keyboard wakeup port with programmable pullup
• 32 general-purpose input/output (GPIO) pins
• 4/3 backplanes and static with a maximum of 27 frontplanes liquid
crystal display driver
– CRG (low current oscillator, PLL, reset, clocks, COP watchdog, real
time interrupt, clock monitor)
– MEBI (Multiplexed External Bus Interface)
– MMC (Module Mapping Control)
– INT (Interrupt control)
– BKP (Breakpoints)
– BDM (Background Debug Mode)
• 64-Pin QFP package, or 64-Pin LQFP package, or 52-Pin LQFP
package

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Hardware Description
Functionality

3.3.2 MC33970 Gauge Driver

The MC33970 device is a single packaged, Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI)

controlled, dual stepper motor Gauge Driver Integrated Circuit (GDIC). This
monolithic IC consists of four dual output H-Bridge coil drivers and the
associated control logic. Each pair of H-Bridge drivers is used to automatically
control the speed, direction, and magnitude of current through the two coils of
a 2-phase instrumentation stepper motor, similar to an MMT licensed AFIC
6405.

Features:
• MMT-licensed two-phase stepper motor compatible
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• Minimal processor overhead required

• Fully integrated pointer movement and position state machine core
movement emulation
• 4096 possible steady state pointer positions
• 340 degree maximum pointer sweep
• Maximum pointer acceleration 4500 deg/s2
• Maximum pointer velocity of 400 deg/s
• Analog micro stepping (12 steps/degree of pointer movement)
• Pointer calibration and return to zero
• SPI controlled 16-bit word
• Calibratable internal clock
• Low Sleep mode current

3.4 Functionality
The Cluster for Motorbikes is dedicated for use in the Mid-End Motorbike
market.

3.5 Architecture
Schematics of the Cluster for Motorbikes are provided in Appendix A. Bill of
Materials and Schematics. The Cluster for Motorbikes schematic can be seen
in A.2 Cluster for Motorbikes Schematics.

The Cluster for Motorbikes is a modular system, designed to demonstrate the

performance of a Motorola gauge driver device. The basic design is made with
full functionality of the cluster. The modularity is provided for a different
assembly of the PCB.

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MOTOROLA Hardware Description 25

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Hardware Description

The Cluster for Motorbikes can be logically divided into the following four basic
blocks:
• Microcontroller
• Gauge driver
• Input signal conditioning
• Power supply
Data transfer between the Microcontroller and Gauge driver is ensured by the
SPI protocol.

3.5.1 Microcontroller
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The main function of this part of the Cluster for Motorbikes is to control the
application. A Motorola 8-bit MC68HC908LJ12 high-performance
microcontroller unit (MCU) was selected to control the application. The MCU
(U7) uses enhanced central processor unit and embedded peripheral modules.

The application occupies the following peripheral modules:

• Two 16-bit Timer Interface Modules (TIM1, TIM2) in the input capture
mode.
• Serial Peripheral Interface module (SPI)
• Liguid Crystal Display driver (LCD)
• General-purpose Input/Output pins (I/O)
• Keyboard wakeup port (KBI)
• 10-bit successive approximation Analog-to-Digital Converter (ADC)
• Serial Communication Interface module (SCI)

The MCU controls the GDIC device through the SPI channel. The SPI module
allows full-duplex, synchronous, and serial communication between the MCU
and peripheral devices. The SPI shares four I/O pins with four parallel I/O ports.
When the SPI system is enabled, the four associated SPI port pins are
dedicated to the SPI function as:
• Serial clock (SPSCK)
• Master out/slave in (MOSI)
• Master in/slave out (MISO)
• Slave select (SS) — see NOTE
NOTE: During an SPI transmission, data is transmitted (shifted out serially) and
received (shifted in serially) simultaneously. The serial clock (SPSCK)
synchronizes shifting and sampling of the information on the two serial data
lines (MOSI, MISO). A slave select (SS) line allows selection of an individual

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Hardware Description
Architecture

slave SPI device; slave devices that are not selected do not interfere with SPI
bus activities.
The SPI can be configured to operate as a master or as a slave. The master
mode must be selected for the SPI module to control the GDIC, because only
a master SPI module can initiate transmissions.
The Cluster for Motorbikes uses one channel (ADC3) of the Analog-to-Digital
Converter (ADC) to perform fuel level sensing. The resolution of the ADC is
10 bits, but only 8 bits are used by the application.
A simple switchable current source of 20 mA (Q3, D4, D6, R17, R13) supplies
the external fuel level sensing resistor (maximum value is 100 Ohm). The
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voltage corresponding to the resistor value is measured by the ADC.

The board provides a 4-position DIP switch (SW1), for configuring the
application parameters.

The general-purpose I/O (PTA1 to PTA5) is used to drive the fuel gauge
indicator. A simple LED bar was used as a fuel gauge indicator for the demo
purpose.

The general-purpose I/O (PTC5 to PTC7) emulates the I2C interface to control
the external EEPROM. This external EEPROM is used to store Odometer and
Tripmeter data.

The embedded LCD driver module can drive a maximum of 27 frontplanes and
4 backplanes of an LCD display. The application uses an LCD display with 11
frontplanes and 4 backplanes. Because of the 4 backplanes, a 1/4 duty of the
output waveform is set up. When the LCD driver module is enabled, the
backplane waveforms for the selected duty are driven out through the
backplane pins. The backplane waveforms are periodic.

The Keyboard Interrupt module (KBI) provides eight independently maskable

external interrupts. The KBI pins are shared with standard port I/O pins. The
application uses two of them:
• KBI0 for the ODO/TRIP button service
• KBI4 for the power down service

The standard SCI interface, together with the bootloader embedded code, is
used to communicate with the PC for reprogramming the application.
NOTE: The bootloader can be used only for reprogramming, not for in-circuit
debugging. The bootloader is a low-cost, in-circuit programming solution.

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Hardware Description

3.5.1.1 External EEPROM

An external EEPROM (M24C04) is used to store Odometer and Tripmeter

data. The device is compatible with the I2C memory protocol. The device
carries a built-in 4-bit Device Type Identifier code (1010) in accordance with the
I2C bus definition. The device behaves as a slave in the I2C protocol, with all
memory operations synchronized by the serial clock. Read and Write
operations are initiated by a Start condition generated by the bus master. The
Start condition is followed by a Device Select Code and R/W bit, terminated by
an acknowledgement bit. When writing data to the memory, the device inserts
an acknowledgement bit during the 9th bit time, following the bus master’s 8-bit
transmission. When data is read by the bus master, the bus master
acknowledges the receipt of the data byte in the same way. Data transfers are
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terminated by a Stop condition after an Ack for Write, and after a NoAck for
Read. See Figure 3-2.

SCL

SDA

SDA SDA
START STOP
INPUTS CHANGE
CONDITION CONDITION

SCL 1 2 3 7 8 9

SDA MSB ACK

START
CONDITION

SCL 1 2 3 7 8 9

SDA MSB ACK

STOP
CONDITION

Figure 3-2. I2C Communication

Write Control (WC) input signal is useful for protecting the entire memory
content from inadvertent write operations. Write operations are disabled to the
entire memory array when WC is driven high.

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Hardware Description
Architecture

3.5.2 Gauge Driver

The GDIC MC33970 is able to control two instrumentation stepper motors. One
of the stepper motors is a part of the speedometer board (U4), another is
connected through the connector J1. See Figure 3-3.

The microcontroller controls the GDIC through the SPI channel. RST signal is
controlled from the microcontroller and resets the device, or places the device
into a sleep state, if driven to a logic 0. The RTZ output signal gives information
about a Return to Zero event to the microcontroller.
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U4
1 4
1A SIN– COS–
4A
SIN– COS–
2 3
SIN+ COS+ 3A
2A
SIN+ COS+
STEPPER MOTOR
TP4 TP3 TP1 TP2
U3 HEADER 4
1 24 1
COS0+ COS1+
2 23 2 TACHO
COS0– COS1–
3 22 3 STEPPER MOTO
SIN0+ SIN1+
4 21 4 CONNECTION
SIN0– SIN1–
5 20
PGND1 PGND8
6 19
PGND2 PGND7
7 18
PGND3 PGND6
8 17 VBAT
PGND4 PGND5
9 16
CS VPWR
10 15 VCC
SCLK RST
SPI 11 14
SO VDD C11
12 13
SI RTZ C10 0.1 µF
0.1 µF 25 V
MC33991DW
25 V
RST
RTZ

Figure 3-3. Gauge Driver

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Hardware Description

3.5.3 Input Signals Conditioning

The digital speedometer is operated by a speed sensor that outputs electrical

pulses, as well as a revolution sensor, outputs pulses to be processed by the
microcontroller. The pulses are in the frequency range 0 to 400 Hz. The
microcontroller manipulates these signals by Timer Interface Modules (TIM1,
TIM2) in the input capture mode. To improve the signal shapes, some signal
conditioning circuitry was designed. For the speed sensor signal conditioning,
see Figure 3-4 For the revolution sensor signal conditioning, see Figure 3-5
VCC
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R2
10k
OUTPUT TO T1CH0
R1 C2
1 µF/50v C
Speed_sns 27k
1 + 2 B Q1
BC847B
1 1
C3 E
D1 R14
1 nF
1N4148 100k
25V
2 2

Figure 3-4. Speed Sensor Signal Conditioning

R8
10k
OUTPUT TO T1CH1
R18 C5
R3 C
10k 1 µF/50V
Revolution_sns 39k
1 2 1 + 2 B Q2
BC847B
1 1
C12 E
1 nF D5 R15
25V BZ X94C9V1 100k
2 2

Figure 3-5. Revolution Sensor Signal Conditioning

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Hardware Description
Architecture

3.5.4 The Power Supply

The Cluster is supplied from the 12-V motorbike battery. A simple linear voltage
regulator MC7805 is used to provide a 5-V power supply for the Cluster
devices.

The schematic of the power supply can be seen in Figure 3-6

VBAT VCC
U2
R16 3R9 MC78058T
1 2 1 3
VIN VOUT
1
+ + + C4
D8 C1 C15 GND
100µF/6.3V
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1SMA5939BT3 470µF/35V 470µF/35V 2

2

VBAT+ U3

MA4007T3

R4
D7
15k
1N4148
IRQ

1 C5
R5
10k 0.1µF
2 25V

Figure 3-6. Power Supply

It is necessary to save Odometer and Tripmeter data if the power supply from
the battery is switched off. The resistor dividers R4 and R5 monitor the battery
power supply and generate an interrupt signal in case a power off occurs. The
capacitors C1 and C15 hold a voltage long enough for the microcontroller to
perform an interrupt service routine to save the data.

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Hardware Description

3.6 Speedometer Board Layout

Detailed layout plans of the Cluster for Motorbikes boards with the names of all
components are shown in Figure 3-7 and Figure 3-8.
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Figure 3-7. Speedometer Board Component Side Layout

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Hardware Description
Speedometer Board Layout
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Figure 3-8. Speedometer Board Solder Side Layout

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Hardware Description

3.7 Speedometer Board Connectors and Dip Switch

Table 3-1 through Table 3-4 describe the speedometer board connector pin
assignments and their meanings. Table 3-5 shows the dip switch settings.

Table 3-1. Main Connector (JP1)

Pin # Name Description
1 VBAT– Minus battery voltage
2 RPM_SNS Revolution sensor signal
3 FUEL_SNS Fuel level sensor signal
4 SPEED_SNS Speed sensor signal
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5 VBAT+ Plus battery voltage

Table 3-2. Tacho Stepper Motor Connector (J1)

Pin # Name Description
1 COS1+ Cosine coil driving
2 COS1– Cosine coil driving
3 SIN1+ Sine coil driving
4 SIN1– Sine coil driving

Table 3-3. Fuel Indicator Connector (J3)

Description Name Pin # Name Description
+5 V power supply VCC 1 2 GND Ground
Tank full indication TANK_FULL 3 4 GND Ground
Tank empty indication TANK_EMPTY 5 6 TANK_3/4FULL Tank 3/4 full indication
Tank 1/3 full indication TANK_1/3FULL 7 8 TANK_1/2FULL Tank 1/2 full indication

Table 3-4. Programming Connector (JP2)

Description Name Pin # Name Description
+5 V power supply VCC 1 2 RxD SCI input
Not Connected/KEY N.C. 3 4 TxD SCI output
Ground GND 5 6 GND Ground

Table 3-5. Dip Switch (SW1) Settings

Meaning
Switch #
Off On
1 TACHO OFF TACHO ON
2 SPEEDO OFF SPEEDO ON
3 4 PULSES 8 PULSES
4 200 Hz 400 Hz

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Memory Map

3.8 Memory Map

The MC68HC908LJ12 device memory map is shown in Table 3-6

Table 3-6. MC68HC908LJ12 Memory Map

From To Size Content
0x0000 0x005F 96 bytes I/O registers
0x0060 0x025F 512 bytes RAM
0x0260 0xBFFF 48 k Unimplemented
0xC000 0xEFFF 12 k FLASH
0xF000 0xFBFF 3k Unimplemented
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0xFC00 0xFDFF 512 bytes Monitor ROM1

0xFE00 0xFE0F 16 bytes Status and control registers
0xFE10 0xFFCF 448 bytes Monitor ROM2
0xFFD0 0xFFFF 48 bytes FLASH vectors

For a detailed description of the MC68HC908LJ12 memory map, refer to the

MC68HC908LJ12 Technical Data (Motorola document order number
MC68HC908LJ12/D).

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Designer Reference Manual — DRM059

Section 4. Software Description

4.1 Introduction
This section of the reference design provides a complete documentation of the
Cluster for Motorbikes software.
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4.1.1 Software Basics

All embedded software of this project was written using the CodeWarrior for
Motorola 8- and 16-bit MCU, CW08 V2.1, by Metrowerks Corporation refer to:
http://www.metrowerks.com

Software content of the project can be divided into two basic groups. In the first
group, there are all the initialization routines necessary to configure both the
MCU peripherals and all of the system the sub-modules, while the second part
consists of routines for the Cluster for Motorbikes application. Therefore,
separate descriptions will be given for the initialization routines and for the
application. As mentioned in previous chapters, the Cluster for Motorbikes is a
modular system with implemented functions of a speedometer, odometer,
tachometer, and fuel gauge.

4.1.2 Initialization Routines Basics

Here is a list of routines for the first group, responsible for initialization and
configuration of the Cluster for Motorbikes Using the MC68HC908LJ12 and
MC33970. Details of each item on the list will be given in the 4.3 Software
Implementation.
• PLL module initialization
• LCD module initialization
• Timer module initialization
• Analog-to-Digital converter (ATD) module initialization
• Keyboard module initialization
• Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI) periphery module initialization for
communication with GDIC device
• Initialization and configuration of the GDIC via the SPI channel
• I2C communication channel emulator initialization

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4.1.3 Demo Application Basics

A detailed introduction describing software installation, demo setup, and

configuration of the application is given in Section 2. Quick Start. Hence 4.3
Software Implementation will primarily provide information of the software
implementation of the Cluster for Motorbikes.
The aim of the demo application is to show the main features of the Cluster for
Motorbikes.

4.2 Project Introduction

This section gives an introduction and description of the software
Freescale Semiconductor, Inc...

implementation of the Cluster for Motorbikes project.

4.2.1 List of the Project Files

The project was written using the Metrowerks CodeWarrior for Motorola 8- and
16-bit MCU CW08 V2.1. In this subsection, a list of all source code files of the
CodeWarrior project can be found.

4.2.1.1 Project Source Codes

Definitions of the project source codes are:

• cluster.mcp is a Metrowerks CodeWarrior project file
• speedo.c is a central file of the project, containing the complete
initialization, global variables declaration, and the main() routine
• speedo.h is the header file of the speedo.c; it contains the entire set of
application-related symbolic constants, as well as the structure
definitions
• spi.c and spi.h consist of Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI) based
routines
• timer.c and timer.h contain all Timer related routines
• lcd.c and lcd.h include all LCD related routines used in the project
• GDIC.c and GDIC970.h files contain all GDIC MC33970 device related
routines used in the project
• keyboard.c and keyboard.h include all keyboard related routines used
in the project
• I2C.h is a header file of I2C.asm containing all routines related to the
emulation of I2C communication
• hc08lj12.h is a file for periphery module allocation within MCU memory
• common.h is a header file for common definitions
• HC08Lj12.prm is a device parameter file for FLASH configuration

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4.2.1.2 Utilized MCU Peripherals

All MCU peripheral components used in the project are briefly described here.
It gives an overall summary picture of the necessary MCU resources.

Usage of the Timer Interface Modules is given in Table 4-1 and Table 4-2.

Table 4-1. TIM1 Module

Symbolic
MCU ISR
Name Purpose
Pin Function
of the Signal
T1CH0 N.A. Speedo signal time interval data conversion Int_Timer1CH0
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T1CH1 N.A. Tacho signal time interval data conversion Int_Timer1CH1

long time support for speedo and tacho
N.C. N.A. Int_Timer1OVF
signals conversion

Table 4-2. TIM2 Module

Symbolic
MCU ISR
Name Purpose
Pin Function
of the Signal
N.C. N.A. Internal timer — speedo watch dog Int_Timer2CH0
N.C. N.A. Internal timer — tacho watch dog Int_Timer2CH1

A brief description of the Keyboard Interface (KBI) module usage is given in

Table 4-3.

Table 4-3. KBI Module

Symbolic
MCU ISR
Name Purpose
Pin Function
of the Signal
KBI0 N.A. ODO/TRIP button service Int_Keyboard
KBI4 POWER_SENSE Power down sensor service Int_Keyboard

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A description of the General Purpose I/O (GPIO) usage is given in Table 4-4.
Table 4-4. GPIO Module
Symbolic
MCU ISR
Name Purpose
Pin Function
of the Signal
PTC0 TACHO_ON_SW Input for TACHO_ENABLE Dip switch —
PTC1 SPEEDO_ON_SW Input for SPEEDO_ENABLE Dip switch —
PTC2 SPEEDO_PULS_SW Input for PULSES Dip switch —
PTC3 TACHO_FREQ_SW Input for FREQ Dip switch —
PTA1 FUEL_1_2FULL_IND Output for Fuel 1/2 full tank indicator —
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PTA2 FUEL_1_4FULL_IND Output for Fuel 1/4 full tank indicator —

PTA3 FUEL_3_4FULL_IND Output for Fuel 3/4 full tank indicator —
PTA4 FUEL_EMPTY_IND Output for Fuel empty tank indicator —
PTA5 FUEL_FULL_IND Output for Fuel full tank indicator —
PTA6 FUEL_IND_DIS Output to control fuel sensor feed current source —
PTB4 N.A. User defined I/O pin —
PTB5 N.A. User defined I/O pin —
PTB6 N.A. Input to sense Return to zero event of GDIC —
PTB7 GDIC_RESET Output to control GDIC Reset pin —

Usage of the Analog to Digital (ATD) converter module is given in Table 4-5.
Only ADC3 channel is used.
Table 4-5. ATD Module
Symbolic
MCU ISR
Name Purpose
Pin Function
of the Signal
ADC3 FUEL Data conversion of FUEL signal —

A brief description of the SPI module usage is given in Table 4-6.

Table 4-6. SPI Module Usage
ISR
SPI Purpose
Function
SPI Communication with MC33970 devices —

A description of the SCI module usage is given in Table 4-7.

Table 4-7. SCI Module Usage
ISR
SCI Purpose
Function
SCI Bootloader Interface communication —

NOTE: SCI peripheral module is only used with bootloader.

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4.2.2 Utilized Interrupts

All interrupts used within the Cluster for Motorbikes project are briefly listed in
Table 4-8.

Table 4-8. Interrupts

Symbolic
Type of
Name ISR Function Note
Interrupt
of Periphery
Speedo signal time interval data
TIM1 Int_Timer1CH0 Input capture
conversion
Tacho signal time interval data
TIM1 Int_Timer1CH1 Input capture
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conversion
Long time support for speedo and
TIM1 Int_Timer1OVF Timer1 overflow
tacho signals conversion
TIM2 Int_Timer2CH0 Output compare Internal timer — speedo watch dog
TIM2 Int_Timer2CH1 Output compare Internal timer — tacho watch dog
ODO/TRIP button service and
KBI Int_Keyboard Keyboard interrupt
power down service

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4.2.3 Project Variables and Flags

In this section a brief description of main project variables and flags is given.
These variables are related to the basic cluster functions.

4.2.3.1 Speedometer Function

In addition to the following, there are also a couple of symbolic constants

(defined in speedo.h), controlling the behavior and configuration of the
application.

volatile tU32 speed_delta_time; /* Input capture delta time related to the speed
Speed_delta_time = Speed_second_edge_time - Speed_first_edge_time */
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volatile tU16 speed_first_edge_time; /* Time value of the first edge input capture related
to the speed */
volatile tU16 speed_second_edge_time; /* Time value of the second edge input capture related
to the speed */

4.2.3.2 Tachometer Function

volatile tU32 rpm_delta_time; /* Input capture delta time related to the RPM
Rpm_delta_time = Rpm_second_edge_time - Rpm_first_edge_time */
volatile tU16 rpm_first_edge_time; /* Time value of the first edge input capture related
to the RPM */
volatile tU16 rpm_second_edge_time; /* Time value of the second edge input capture related
to the RPM */

4.2.3.3 Odometer Function

volatile tU32 odometer_value; /* Odometer variable */

volatile tU16 trip_value; /* Trip variable */
volatile tU16 odobase; /* Odometer base variable */

4.2.3.4 Software Timer Function

volatile tU08 ticks; /* Number of ticks (overflows of the timer1) */

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4.2.3.5 Cluster Flags

volatile tU08 speed_second_edge_flag; /* Flag indicating that second edge input capture event
related to speed will follow */
volatile tU08 speed_capture_done; /* Flag indicating that input capture of the speed was
done */
volatile tU08 rpm_second_edge_flag; /* Flag indicating that second edge input capture event
related to RPM will follow */
volatile tU08 rpm_capture_done; /* Flag indicating that input capture of the RPM
was done */
volatile tU08 trip_flag; /* TRIP value indication flag */
volatile tU08 fuel_empty_flag; /* Fuel empty indication flag */

volatile tU08 sw_timer_flag; /* Indication that software timer was set */

Freescale Semiconductor, Inc...

4.2.3.6 Speedometer Constants

#define SAMPLE_PERIOD 8 /* Sample period in [us] for the input capture impulses */
#define MAX_STEPS 3200L /* Max # of steps of the stepper motor for max angle
indication */
#define MAX_SPEED 240L /* Max speed in [km/ho] to be indicated by speedometer */
#define WHEEL_PERIMETER 133 /* Wheel perimeter in [cm] */
#define PULSES_TURN 4 /* # of pulses per wheel revolution */
#define SPEEDO_CONST
(((3600*MAX_STEPS)/(PULSES_TURN*SAMPLE_PERIOD*(MAX_SPEED-10)))*10)*WHEEL_PERIMETER
/* Speedometer constant */
#define ODOMETER_CONST (10000L*PULSES_TURN)/WHEEL_PERIMETER
/* # of pulses per 100m */

#define SPEEDO_SCALE_CORR 122 /* Speedometer scale correction constant 1 */

#define SPEEDO_WATCH_PERIOD 65535 /* Max. period in [#*8us] for the speedo input watching */

4.2.3.7 Tachometer Constants

#define MAX_STEPS_RPM 3114L /* Max # of steps of the stepper motor for max angle
indication */
#define MAX_RPM 12L /* Max RPM in 1000*[rev/min] to be indicated by
tachometer */
#define PULSES_REV_RPM 1 /* # of pulses per motor revolution */
#define RPM_CONST
(((6000*MAX_STEPS_RPM)/(PULSES_REV_RPM*SAMPLE_PERIOD*((2*MAX_RPM)-1)))*20)
/* RPM constant */

#define RPM_SCALE_CORR1 130 /* Tachometer scale correction constant 1 */

#define RPM_WATCH_PERIOD 65535 /* Max. period in [#*8us] for the Rpm input watching */

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4.2.4 Memory Usage

Table 4-9 shows the Cluster for Motorbikes software memory usage.

Table 4-9. Memory Usage

Type of Memory Total Size (B) Used Memory (B)
Program FLASH C000h D05h
Z_RAM 60h 2Dh
RAM 100h 7h
RAM — STACK 108h 50h
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4.3 Software Implementation

In this section a complete description of the key software modules for the
reference design is given.

4.3.1 Application

This subsection summarizes the Cluster for Motorbikes application for the
reference design.

4.3.1.1 Application Introduction

The application provides all the following tasks:

• Hardware initialization
• Hardware functionality presentation
• Speedometer task
• Odometer task
• Tachometer task
• Fuel Gauge task

The application main routine (speedo.c) can be divided from the functionality
point of view in two parts: introductory part and main loop. The introductory part
is executed just once after the program start and the main loop is an endless
one. The introductory part performs hardware initialization and hardware
functionality presentation tasks. The main loop performs the other tasks. The
flow chart of the application can be seen in Figure 4-1.

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RESET

INTRODUCTORY PART
HARDWARE
INITIALIZATION

HARDWARE
FUNCTIONALITY
PRESENTATION

MAIN LOOP
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SPEEDOMETER
TASK

ODOMETER
TASK

TACHOMETER
TASK

FUEL GAUGE
TASK

Figure 4-1. Application Flow Chart

4.3.1.2 Hardware Initialization

The hardware initialization task is an introductory part of the main application

routine. It initializes all hardware parts used by the application.

4.3.1.3 Hardware Functionality Presentation

This task demonstrates the functionality of the application in the introductory

part. The speedometer and tachometer pointers are moved to their maximum
scale positions and then back to zero.

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4.3.1.4 Speedometer Task

The speedometer indicates the speed of the motorbike in kilometres and/or in

miles per hour. The digital speedometer used in application is operated by a
speed sensor that outputs electrical pulses to be processed by the
microcontroller. The microcontroller measures the frequency or period of the
pulses, and uses them to calculate the speed. The speed is converted into the
number of steps to be sent to the stepper motor driving the speed pointer. The
functional diagram of the speedometer task can be seen in Figure 4-2.

SIGNAL FROM
THE SENSOR
INTERRUPT
216 –1
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INTERRUPT
TIMER
VALUE
0

Int_Timer1CH0() Int_Timer1CH0()

speed_first_edge_time speed_second_edge_time

speed_delta_time = speed_second_edge_time - speed_first_edge_time

speed = (tU16)(SPEEDO_CONST/speed_delta_time)

MOVE POINTER TO SPEED POSITION

Figure 4-2. Speedometer Functional Diagram

Apart from speed, there are other factors that have an impact on the period of
the pulses. They are:
• number of magnets attached to the wheel (number of pulses per wheel
revolution) — (PULSES_TURN)
• the circumference of the wheel (WHEEL_PERIMETER)

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Both factors are taken into consideration in the “SPEEDO_CONST” constant

defined in the speedo.h file. See the code listing below.

/******************************************************************************/
/* S P E E D O M E T E R D E F I N E S */
/******************************************************************************/
/* public defines for user's reconfiguration */
#define SAMPLE_PERIOD 8 /* Sample period in [us] for the input capture impulses */
//#define MAX_DELTA 65535 /* Max delta of input capture pulses */
#define MAX_STEPS 3200L /* Max # of steps of the stepper motor for max angle indication */
#define MAX_SPEED 240L /* Max speed in [km/hod] to be indicated by speedometer */
#define WHEEL_PERIMETER 133 /* Wheel perimeter in [cm] */
#define PULSES_TURN 4 /* # of pulses per wheel revolution */
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#define SPEEDO_CONST
(((3600*MAX_STEPS)/(PULSES_TURN*SAMPLE_PERIOD*(MAX_SPEED-10)))*10)*WHEEL_PERIMETER /*
Speedometer constant */
#define ODOMETER_CONST (10000L*PULSES_TURN)/WHEEL_PERIMETER /* # of pulses per 100m */

The “SPEEDO_CONST” is a complex constant that also takes into

consideration:
• Sample period for the input capture impulses (SAMPLE_PERIOD)
• Maximum speed to be indicated by speedometer (MAX_SPEED)
• Maximum number of the pointer steps driven by the stepper motor, for
max angle indication (MAX_STEPS)
The speed, in the number of pointer steps driven by the stepper motor, is
calculated by the following equation:
Speed = (SPEEDO_CONST/speed_delta_time)

The calculated speed pointer position is sent to the GDIC with the following
macro command:
POS0R_CMD(speed)
For more details about the macro command refer to 4.3.3 MC33970 Device
Control.

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4.3.1.5 Odometer Task

The odometer records the distance that the motorbike has travelled; it is
recorded in kilometres or miles. The odometer in the application records the
total distance travelled, and also the distance of individual trips. These can be
reset to zero.

The number of pulses per kilometre or mile is important information.

“ODOMETER_CONST” is used by the application, representing the number of
pulses per 100 metres. The number of pulses per wheel revolution
(PULSES_TURN), and the circumference of the wheel
(WHEEL_PERIMETER) have an influence on this constant. The constant is
defined in the speedo.h file.
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The odometer task is served by the Odometer_service () routine. See below.

/*****************************************************************************
* Function: Odometer_service (void)
*
* Description: Odometer service function
*
* Returns: none
*
* Notes: This function calculates data on the distance traveled and displays it.
* It uses global variables:
* - Odobase
*
* execution time 760us if TRIP display
* execution time 828us if ODO display
* executed every 1,5 sec
*****************************************************************************/

void Odometer_service (void)

{
odobase--; /* Decrement Odometer base variable */
if (odobase == 0) /* If loopy distance is 100 meters */
{
odometer_value++; /* Increment ODOMETER variable */
trip_value++; /* Increment TRIP variable */
if (trip_flag == 0)
{
Lcd_update((odometer_value/10)); /* Update LCD display */
ODO =1; /* Display ODO label on LCD */
}
else
{
Lcd_update(trip_value); /* Update LCD display */
TRIP =1; /* Display TRIP label on LCD */
DOT = 1; /* Display DOT before last digit */
}
odobase = ODOMETER_CONST; /* Odometer base variable initialization */
}
}

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4.3.1.6 Tachometer Task

The tachometer gives the engine speed in revolutions per minute (rpm). The
digital tachometer is operated by a revolution sensor or engine control unit that
outputs electrical pulses to be processed by the microcontroller. The
microcontroller measures the frequency or period of the pulses and uses them
to calculate the rpm. The rpm is converted into the number of steps to be sent
to the stepper motor driving the rpm pointer. The functional diagram of the
tachometer task can be seen in Figure 4-3.

SIGNAL FROM
THE SENSOR
INTERRUPT
216 –1
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INTERRUPT
TIMER
VALUE
0

Int_Timer1CH1() Int_Timer1CH1()

rpm_first_edge_time rpm_second_edge_time

rpm_delta_time = rpm_second_edge_time - rpm_first_edge_time

rotation = (tU16)(RPM_CONST/rpm_delta_time)

MOVE POINTER TO ROTATION POSITION

Figure 4-3. Tachometer Functional Diagram

The period of the pulses is affected by the number of pulses per motor
revolution (PULSES_REV_RPM). This factor is taken into consideration in the
“RPM_CONST” constant defined in the speedo.h file. See the code listing
below.

/******************************************************************************/
/* R P M D E F I N E S */
/******************************************************************************/

#define MAX_STEPS_RPM 3114L /* Max # of steps of the stepper motor for max angle
indication */
#define MAX_RPM 12L /* Max RPM in 1000*[rev/min] to be indicated by tachometer */
#define PULSES_REV_RPM 1 /* # of pulses per motor revolution */
#define RPM_CONST
(((6000*MAX_STEPS_RPM)/(PULSES_REV_RPM*SAMPLE_PERIOD*((2*MAX_RPM)-1)))*20) /* RPM constant */

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The “RPM_CONST” is a complex constant that also takes into consideration:

• Sample period for the input capture impulses (SAMPLE_PERIOD)
• Maximum rpm to be indicated by tachometer (MAX_RPM)
• Maximum number of the pointer steps driven by the stepper motor, for
max angle indication (MAX_STEPS_RPM)

The rpm, in the number of pointer steps driven by the stepper motor, is
calculated by the following equation:
rotation= (RPM_CONST/rpm_delta_time)
The calculated rpm pointer position is sent to the GDIC with the following macro
command:
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POS1R_CMD(rotation)
For more details about the macro command refer 4.3.3 MC33970 Device
Control.

4.3.1.7 Fuel Gauge Task

In the fuel tank, a float moves a simple arm which rubs against a variable
resistor according to fuel level. The microcontroller measures the sensing
voltage across the resistor and drives the fuel gauge indicator. The
Fuel_ind_service () routine serves the fuel gauge task.

4.3.2 SPI Communication

The configuration of the Gauge Driver Integrated Circuit — MC33970 device,

is done through the SPI channel. A description of the SPI module initialization
is presented in 4.3.2.1 SPI Periphery Module Initialization.

4.3.2.1 SPI Periphery Module Initialization

The initialization is implemented in the SPI_init() routine (spi.c).

There are a couple of key settings in the SPI format. First, it is important to set
the Master mode of the SPI device equal to one, because only a master SPI
device can initiate a transmission with peripherals. The SPI baud rate setting
(value of the SPI serial clock, called SCLK) has to be set to a value suitable for
the connected device. SCLK frequency equal to 1 MHz was chosen.

For the SPI communication, the polling approach was chosen so that the SPI
interrupt is disabled.

A complete listing of the SPI_init() can be found on the next page.

NOTE: Some parts of the listing are discussed further within this section.

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/******************************************************************************
* Function: SPI_Init(void)
*
* Description: SPI initialization
*
*
* Returns: none
*
* Notes:
*
******************************************************************************/

void SPI_Init(void)
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SPCR_SPMSTR = 1; /* Master mode selected */

SPCR_CPHA = 1; /* SPI clock phase bit */
/* first SCLK edge issued at the beginning
of the 8-cycle transfer operation */
SPCR_CPOL = 0; /* clock polarity bit */
/* serial clock (SCK) active in high, SCK idles low */
SPCR_SPTIE = 0; /* transmit interrupt disabled, SPI
communication done in polling style */
SPCR_SPE = 1; /* enable SPI, SPI port pins are dedicated
to SPI module */
SPCR_SPRIE = 0; /* SPI Receiver interrupt disabled */

SPSCR_MODFEN = 0; /* disable the MODF error */

/* divider is set to 8, so SCLK is 1MHz for 8MHz Module Clk */

SPSCR_SPR0 = 0; /* baud rate selection */
SPSCR_SPR1 = 0; /* baud rate selection */
}

There are a couple of different SPI channel settings applicable for devices. The
first of them is the SPI format; for the GDIC-MC33970, the most significant bit
is transferred first. The second divergence is in the SPI Clock phase bit
settings; for the MC33970 device, this value has to be equal to one (the first
SCLK edge is issued at the beginning of the 8-cycle transfer operation). The
device uses a 16-bit long SPI format of communication.

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4.3.2.2 SPI Communication Routine

For the SPI communication, the following function is implemented:

• tU16 SPI_SendRecv16(tU16 data) is used for the 16-bit long SPI
communication suitable for the MC33970 device

/******************************************************************************
* Function: SPI_SendRecv16(tU16 data)
*
* Description: SPI send and receive data
*
*
* Returns: SPI received data
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*
* Notes:
*
******************************************************************************/

tU16 SPI_SendRecv16(tU16 data)

{
tU16 spi_ret;

SPI_CSB = 0; /* SPI chip select active now*/

while (SPSCR_SPTE == 0); /* when Tx ready (should be immediately) */
SPDR = data >> 8; /* send first byte */
while (SPSCR_SPRF == 0); /* wait for Rxflag (first byte) */
spi_ret = SPDR << 8; /* read data */
while (SPSCR_SPTE == 0); /* when Tx ready (should be immediately) */
SPDR = (tU08)data; /* send second byte */
while (SPSCR_SPRF == 0); /* wait for Rxflag (second byte) */
spi_ret += SPDR; /* read data */
SPI_CSB = 1; /* SPI chip select inactive */
return spi_ret;
}

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4.3.3 MC33970 Device Control

The MC33970 device is controlled from the microcontroller via the 16-bit SPI
protocol and reports back the status information. The MC33970 uses six
registers to control the device. The registers are addressed via D15:D13 of the
SPI word. See Table 4-10. For more details refer to the MC33970 Data Sheet
(Motorola document order number MC33970/D).

Table 4-10. MC33970 Registers

Address
Name Use
[D15:D13]
000 PECCR Power, Enable, Calibration and Configuration Register
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001 VELR Maximum Velocity Register

010 POS0R Gauge 0 Position Register
011 POS1R Gauge 1 Position Register
100 RTZR Return to Zero Register
101 RTZCR Return to Zero Configuration Register
110 N.A. Not Used
111 N.A. Reserved for Test

The control of the device is done by macros defined in the GDIC970.h file. The
macro creates a 16-bit SPI data word and calls SPI_SendRecv16(tU16 data)
function. The symbolic constants for the parameters of the macros are defined
in GDIC970.h. A short description of all macro syntaxes is made in the following
subsections.

4.3.3.1 PECCR_CMD Macro

This macro controls the “Power, Enable, Calibration and Configuration

Register”. Syntax of the macro is as follows:

PECCR_CMD(nullcmd,statusselect,gaugepos,rtzloc,aircore,clkcalsel,clkcal,o
scadj,gauge1,gauge0)
• nullcmd
– Enables or disables the Null Command for the device Status read.
NULL_CMD_ENA
NULL_CMD_DIS
• statusselect
– Selects the information that is clocked out of the MISO bit
STATUS_OUT
ACCUM_OUT
POS_OUT
SPEED_OUT

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Software Description

• gaugepos
– Selects the gauge for which the zero position will be determined by
“rtzloc” parameter
GAUGE1_POSITION
GAUGE0_POSITION
• rtzloc
– Determines the zero position for the gauge selected by “gaugepos”
parameter
CW_ZERO_POSITION
CCW_ZERO_POSITION
• aircore
Freescale Semiconductor, Inc...

– Enables or disables the Air Core Motor emulation

AIR_CORE_EMUL_DIS
AIR_CORE_EMUL_ENA
• clkcalsel
– Selects the clock calibration frequency
NOMINAL_F
MAXIMUM_F
• clkcal
– Enables or disables the clock calibration
CLK_CAL_ENA
CLK_CAL_DIS
• oscadj
– Adjusts the oscillator to “0,66xTosc” or “Tosc”
TOSC066
TOSC
• gauge1
– Enable or disable the output driver of Gauge 1
GAUGE1_ENA
GAUGE1_DIS
• gauge0
– Enable or disable the output driver of Gauge 0
GAUGE0_ENA
GAUGE0_DIS

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Software Description
Software Implementation

4.3.3.2 VELR_CMD Macro

This macro controls “Maximum Velocity Register”. Syntax of the macro is as

follows:

VELR_CMD(gauge1vel,gauge0vel,maxvel)
• gauge1vel
– Specifies whether the maximum velocity specified in the “maxvel”
parameter will apply to gauge 1 or not.
VEL_NOTAPPLY_G1
VEL_APPLY_G1
• gauge0vel
Freescale Semiconductor, Inc...

– Specifies whether the maximum velocity specified in the “maxvel”

parameter will apply to gauge 0 or not.
VEL_NOTAPPLY_G0
VEL_APPLY_G0
• maxvel
– Specifies the maximum velocity position from the acceleration table.
Velocities can range from position 1 to position 255. For more details
refer to the datasheet.

4.3.3.3 POS0R_CMD Macro

This macro controls “Gauge 0 Position Register”. Syntax of the macro is as

follows:
POS0R_CMD(position)
• position
– Determines the desired pointer position of the gauge. Pointer
position can range from 0 to position 4095.

4.3.3.4 POS1R_CMD Macro

This macro controls “Gauge 1 Position Register”. Syntax of the macro is as

follows:
POS1R_CMD(position)
• position
– Determines the desired pointer position of the gauge. Pointer
position can range from 0 to position 4095.

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Software Description

4.3.3.5 RTZR_CMD Macro

This macro controls “Gauge Return to Zero Register”. Syntax of the macro is
the following:

RTZR_CMD(rtzevent,rtzdir,rtzenable,gaugesel)
• rtzevent
– This parameter selects between Unconditional or Automatic return
to zero events
RTZ_AUTO
RTZ_UNCON
• rtzdir
Freescale Semiconductor, Inc...

– Determines if return to zero event will occur in the CW or CCW

direction
CW_RTZ
CCW_RTZ
• rtzenable
– Enable or disable RTZ
RTZ_DIS
RTZ_ENA
• gaugesel
– Select the gauge to be commanded
GAUGE0
GAUGE1

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Software Description
Software Implementation

4.3.3.6 RTZCR_CMD Macro

This macro controls “Gauge Return to Zero Configuration Register”. This

register modifies the step time, at which the pointer moves during the RTZ
event. The full step time is generated using the following equation:
FullStep(t) = Delta(t) * M + blanking(t)
Syntax of the macro is as follows:

RTZCR_CMD(fsmul,preloadval,rtzblnk,rtzfullstp)
• fsmul
– This parameter determines the multiplier “M” of the equation .
FS_MUL1
Freescale Semiconductor, Inc...

FS_MUL2
FS_MUL4
FS_MUL8
• preloadval
– Determines the value that is used for the calculation of the preloaded
value into the RTZ integration accumulator, to adjust the detection
threshold. Value ranges from 0 to 63.
• rtzblnk
– This parameter determines the RTZ blanking time “blanking(t)” of the
equation .
RTZBLNK512
RTZBLNK768
• rtzfullstp
– Determines the time variable “Delta(t)” of the equation .
FST0
FST4096
FST8192
FST12288
FST16384
FST20480
FST24576
FST28672
FST32768
FST36864
FST40960
FST45056
FST49152
FST53248
FST57344
FST61440

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MOTOROLA Software Description 57

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Software Description

4.3.3.7 GDIC Device Initialization

The initialization is implemented in Gdic_init() routine (GDIC.c).

There is a couple of key actions to initialize the gauge device:
• Apply RESET to GDIC
• Disable gauges before calibration
• Clock calibration
• Enable both gauges
• Read status
• Wait 40 ms, allowing power to be applied to the motor coils
Freescale Semiconductor, Inc...

• Set zero position to gauge 0

• Set zero position to gauge 1

4.3.4 LCD Control

An LCD display with 4 backplanes and 12 frontplanes is used within the

application, see Figure 4-4. The MCU is able to control the display with up to
4 backplanes and 26 frontplanes by use of the LCD data registers. Each LCD
data register controls two frontplanes. The LCD driver module uses an LCD
base clock derived from the MCU oscillator. The configuration is done in the
LCD clock register. Due to four backplanes of the LCD display, a 1/4 LCD
output waveform duty is required.

Figure 4-4. LCD Display Arrangement

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Software Description
Software Implementation

4.3.4.1 LCD Symbols Coding

The LCD display used in the application contains six 7-segment digits and four
labels; ODO, TRIP, A, B. Symbolic labels for each segment of the 7-segment
digit can be seen in Figure 4-5

f b
g

e c
Freescale Semiconductor, Inc...

Figure 4-5. Display Segments Labels

The LCD symbols coding is done through the coding table. See Figure 4-6.

LCD Data Register

D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0
Input Indicated
Code Symbol Segment label HEX
d c g b lab e f a
0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0xD7
1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0x50
2 2 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0xB5
3 3 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0xF1
4 4 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0x72
5 5 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0xE3
6 6 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0xE7
7 7 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0x51
8 8 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0xF7
9 9 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0xB7
10 C 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0x87
11 A 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0x77
12 L 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0x86
13 S 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0xE3
14 r 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0x24
15 E 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0xA7
16 P 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0x37
17 d 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0xF4
18 o 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0xE4
19 b 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0xE6
20 n 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0x64
21 blank
blanc 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0x00
22 U 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0xD6

Figure 4-6. LCD Coding Table

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Software Description

The “Input code” in the table represents a parameter (number) of the

Lcd_seg(x)_display (number) routine.
NOTE: x in the routine name represents an identifier of the LCD digit.
The “Indicated symbol” in the table represents a symbol to be displayed on the
selected digit of the LCD display. The next columns represent the segment
assignments for each bit in the LCD data registers.
The coding table is realized by the vector lcdconv[] (lcd.c).

const unsigned char lcdconv[]=

{0xD7, 0x50, 0xB5, 0xF1, 0x72, 0xE3, 0xE7, 0x51, 0xF7, 0xF3, 0x87, 0x77, 0x86, 0xE3, 0x24, 0xA7,
0x37, 0xF4, 0xE4, 0xE6, 0x64, 0x00, 0xD6};
Freescale Semiconductor, Inc...

/* 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10->C 11->A 12->L 13->S 14->r 15->E

16->P 17->d 18->o 19->b 20->n 21->blanc 22->U */

4.3.4.2 LCD Initialization

The initialization is implemented in the Lcd_init() routine (lcd.c).

Here is complete listing of the Lcd_init().

/******************************************************************************
* Function: Lcd_init(void)
*
* Description: LCD initialization
*
*
* Returns: none
*
* Notes:
*
******************************************************************************/

void Lcd_init(void)
{
LCDCLK = LCD_CTL_INIT;
LDAT1 = 0;
LDAT2 = 0;
LDAT3 = 0;
LDAT4 = 0;
LDAT5 = 0;
LDAT6 = 0;
LDAT7 = 0;
LCDCR_LCDE = 1; /* LCD enable */
}

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Software Description
Software Implementation

4.3.5 Keyboard Control

The MCU has an embedded Keyboard Interrupt module (KBI) that can provide
eight independently maskable external interrupts. When a port pin is enabled
for keyboard interrupt function, an internal 30 kOhm pull-up device is enabled
on the pin. The application uses two pins only: KBI0, and KBI4. The KBI0 pin
serves the “ODO/TRIP” switch, and the KBI4 serves power down sensing
function.

4.3.5.1 KBI Initialization

The initialization is implemented in the Keyboard_init() routine (keyboard.c).
Freescale Semiconductor, Inc...

Here is complete listing of the Keyboard_init().

/******************************************************************************
* Function: Keyboard_init(void)
*
* Description: keyboard initialization
*
*
* Returns: none
*
* Notes:
*
******************************************************************************/

void Keyboard_init(void)
{
KBSCR_IMASKK = 1; /* Mask keyboard interrupts */
KBIER_KBIE0 = 1; /* Enable KBIE0 pin */
KBIER_KBIE4 = 1; /* Enable KBIE4 pin */
KBSCR_ACKK = 1; /* Clear any keyboard interrupts */
KBSCR_IMASKK = 0; /* NOT Mask keyboard interrupts */
}

4.3.6 Timer Control

The MCU provides Timer Interface Module (TIM), which is a two-channel timer
that provides a timing reference with input capture, output compare, and
pulse-width modulation functions. The application uses both timers. Timer 1 is
used in the input capture mode to measure periods of the pulses from the
speed and revolution sensors. Timer 2 is used in the output compare mode to
perform watchdog periods for the speedometer and tachometer functions.

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Software Description

4.3.6.1 TIM Initialization

The initialization is implemented in Timer1_init(), and Timer2_init() routines

(timer.c). The Timer1_init() routine initialize both channels of the TIM1 module
for the input capture function.

Here is complete listing of the Timer1_init().

/******************************************************************************
* Function: Timer1_init(void)
*
* Description: timer initialization
*
*
Freescale Semiconductor, Inc...

* Returns: none
*
* Notes:
*
******************************************************************************/

void Timer1_init(void)
{
T1SC = TIMER_PRESC_32; /* Setup Timer for bus clock 4MHz/32 = 8 usec/count */
T1SC0 = TIMER_INP_CAP_FALLING; /* Capture on falling edge of ch0 */
T1SC1 = TIMER_INP_CAP_FALLING; /* Capture on falling edge of ch1 */
}

The Timer2_init() routine initializes both channels of the TIM2 module for the
output compare function.

Here is complete listing of the Timer2_init().

/******************************************************************************
* Function: Timer2_init(void)
*
* Description: timer initialization
*
*
* Returns: none
*
* Notes:
*
******************************************************************************/

void Timer2_init(void)
{
T2SC = TIMER_PRESC_32; /* Setup Timer for bus clock 4MHz/32 = 8 usec/count */
T2SC0 = TIMER_OUT_PRESET0;
T2CH0H = 0;
T2CH0L = 0;
T2SC1 = TIMER_OUT_PRESET0;
T2CH1H = 0;
T2CH1L = 0;
}

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Software Description
Software Implementation

4.3.7 External EEPROM Control

An external EEPROM is used to store Odometer and Tripmeter data. The

device is compatible with the I2C memory protocol and behaves as a slave.
MCU emulates the I2C protocol by software. The I2C communication channel
is initiated by the I2Cinit() routine. Data is stored by the SaveData(data), and
read by the ReadData(data) routines.

4.3.8 ATD Module Control

The Analog to Digital Converter (ADC) measures the signal from the fuel level
sensor. The ADC has a 6-channel 10-bit linear successive approximation. The
application uses only one channel of the ADC with 8-bit resolution.
Freescale Semiconductor, Inc...

The Ad_convert(chan) routine initializes ADC, makes the conversion, and

returns the 8-bit value.

Here is complete listing of the Ad_convert(chan).

/*****************************************************************************
* Function: unsigned char Ad_convert(unsigned char chan)
*
* Description: services A/D conversion in a 8-bit truncation mode
*
* Returns: unsigned char - content of the ADRL register
*
* Notes:
*
*
*
*****************************************************************************/

unsigned char Ad_convert(unsigned char chan)

{
ADCLK = ADCLK_PRESET;
ADSCR = chan; // start conversion
while (!ADSCR_COCO); // & wait until finished
return ADRL;
}

4.3.9 SCI Module Control

The SCI module is not utilized within the application, it is used by the
Developer’s Serial Bootloader for M68HC08. It allows an in-circuit
reprogramming of Motorola’s M68HC08 FLASH devices using standard
communication media (e.g., a serial asynchronous port). For further
information, refer to application note entitled Developer’s Serial Bootloader for
M68HC08 (Motorola document order number AN2295). The serial bootloader
offers a zero-cost solution for applications already equipped with a serial
interface and that have SCI pins available on a connector.

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Software Description
Freescale Semiconductor, Inc...

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64 Software Description MOTOROLA

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 Freescale Semiconductor, Inc.

Designer Reference Manual — Cluster for Motorbikes

Appendix A. Bill of Materials and Schematics

A.1 Speedometer Bill of Materials

Dstributor
Item Quantity Reference Part
Freescale Semiconductor, Inc...

Number
1 2 C1,C15 470µF/35V Farnell 320-1600
2 2 C5,C2 1µF/50V Farnell 556-312
3 2 C12,C3 1nF C0805
4 1 C4 100µF/6.3V Farnell 556-130
C6,C9,C10,C11,C13,
5 7 100nF C0805 Farnell 499-687
C14,C16
6 2 C7,C8 27pF C0805
C17,C18 10nF C0805
7 2
C19 33nF C0805
8 1 D2,D3 MRA4007T3 ON Semiconductor
9 4 D1,D4,D6,D7 1N4148
10 2 D2,D3 MRA4007T3 ON Semiconductor
11 1 D5 BZX84C9V1 ON Semiconductor
12 2 D9,D10 BZX84C4V3 ON Semiconductor
13 1 D8 1SMA5939BT3 ON Semiconductor
14 1 JP1 HDR 5X1 Molex Molex 39-30-2050
15 1 JP2 HDR 3X2 Farnell 511-780
16 1 J1 HEADER 4 Molex Molex 43650-0401
17 1 J3 HDR8 Molex Molex 43045-0812
18 1 L1 BEAD Steward
19 2 Q1,Q2 BC847B Farnell 932-980
20 1 Q3 BCP52 Farnell 932-954
21 1 R1 27k R0805
R2,R5,R8,R9,R10,R11,
22 10 10k R0805 Farnell 911-975
R12,R13,R18,R22
23 1 R3 39k R0805

Table continued on the next page

DRM059 Designer Reference Manual

MOTOROLA Bill of Materials and Schematics 65

For More Information On This Product,
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 Freescale Semiconductor, Inc.
Bill of Materials and Schematics

Dstributor
Item Quantity Reference Part
Number
24 1 R4 15k R0805
25 1 R6 330k R0805
26 1 R7 10M R0805
27 2 R14,R15 100k R0805
28 1 R16 3R9
29 1 R17 33R R0805
30 1 R19 1k5 R0805
31 2 R20,R21 4k7 R0805
Freescale Semiconductor, Inc...

32 1 SW1 SWITCH-4 Omron Farnell 328-1899

33 1 S1 KSC241J
TP1,TP2,TP3,TP4,TP5,
34 9 TERMINAL Not populated
TP6,TP7,TP8,TP9
35 1 U2 MC7805BT ON Semiconductor
36 1 U3 MC33991DW Motorola
37 1 U4 STEPPER MOTOR Sonceboz
38 1 U5 M24C04-MN6 Farnell 302-5263
39 1 U7 MC68HC908LJ12CPB Motorola
40 1 U10 LCD
41 1 X1 XT/C 0.032TC Farnell 571-672

A.2 Cluster for Motorbikes Schematics

Refer to Figure A-1, Figure A-2, and Figure A-3.

Designer Reference Manual DRM059

66 Bill of Materials and Schematics MOTOROLA

For More Information On This Product,
Go to: www.freescale.com
 Freescale Semiconductor, Inc...

5 4 3 2 1

VCC
FUEL INDICATOR

DRM059
1
VCC Connection
D4
R21

2
VCC J3 C16 4k7
1 5 .1uF

1
25V U5

1
2
R17 1N4148

MOTOROLA
2 6
33 D6 1 5
A0 SDA
1N4148 3 7 2
A1

2
D D
4 8 6
SCL
E R13 10k HDR8 7
Q3 B WP
BCP52
C1 C M24C04-MN6

R20 4k7
1 2 R12 R11 R10 R9 VCC
10K 10K 10K 10K

1
KBI0
C13 D9 D10 VCC

RTZ
.1uF

1
1
1
1

RSTB

2
50V

2
2
BZX84C4V3 BZX84C4V3 C9 C14
.1uF L1 BEAD .1uF
25V 25V U7

1
1
48
47
46
45
44
43
42
41
40
39
38
37
36
35
34
33
MC68HC908LJ12CPB SW1

2
2
2
2
CAL0
CAL1

VREFL
VREFH
CAL2

PTD0/SS

PTA3/KBI3
PTA2/KBI2
PTA1/KBI1
PTA0/KBI0
49 32 CAL3

PTC7/FP26
PTC6/FP25
PTC5/FP24

PTB7/ADC5
PTB6/ADC4
PTA7/ADC3
PTA6/ADC2
PTA5/ADC1
PTA4/ADC0
C7 VDDA RST
XT/C 0.032TC
2 1 50 31
VDD IRQ SWITCH-4

1
X1 51 30
27pF R7 VSS PTC4/FP23
25V 10M 52 29 CAL3
OSC1 PTC3/FP22
53 28 CAL2
C8 R6 OSC2 PTC2/FP21
C19 33nF R22 10k

2
2 1 1 2 1 2 54 27 CAL1
CGMXFC PTC1/FP20
1 2 55 26
27pF 330k C18 10nF PTB0/TxD PTD1/MISO
25V PROGRAMMING CONNECTOR 56 25
VCC JP2 HDR 3X2 PTB1/RxD PTD2/MOSI
CAL0 U4
C 1 2 57 24 C
PTB2/T1CH0 PTC0/FP19
3 4 1 4
KEY SIN- COS-
5 6 58 23 1A 4A
PTB3/T1CH1 FP18 SIN- COS-
TP7 59 22 2 3
F343-742/2,5W/Silicone Coated Wirewound PTB4/T2CH0 FP17 SIN+ COS+
2A 3A
R16 3R9 VBAT VCC SIN+ COS+
U2 60 21
TP8 PTB5/T2CH1 FP16
MC7805BT
1 2 1 VIN 3 1 2 TP9 COM0 61 20 STEPPER MOTOR
VOUT BP0 FP15
R19 1k5 COM1 TP4 TP3 TP1 TP2
62 19

1
D8 GND BP1 FP14
C1 + + C15 + C4 COM2 63 18 SEG11

2
BP2 FP13 HEADER 4
D2 1SMA5939BT3 100uF/6.3V
470uF/35V 470uF/35V IRQ 64 17 U3

2
MRA4007T3 PTD4/KBI4 PTD3/SPSCK TACHO
1 24 1
COS 0+ COS 1+ STEPPER MOTOR
2 23 2
COS 0- COS 1- Connection
HDR 5X1 3 22 3

FP0/BP3
PTD5/KBI5
FP1
FP2
FP3
FP4
FP5
FP6
FP7
FP8
PTD6/KBI6
PTD7/KBI7
FP9
FP10
FP11
FP12
SIN 0+ SIN 1+
D3 4 21 4
VBAT+ SIN 0- SIN 1-
5

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
4 SPEED SNS 5 20
FUEL SNS MRA4007T3 PGND1 PGND8
3 6 19 J1
RPM SNS PGND2 PGND7
2 7 18
VBAT- R4 PGND3 PGND6 VBAT
1 8 17
15k PGND4 PGND5
JP1 9 16
CSB VPWR

COM3
SEG0
SEG1
SEG2
SEG3
SEG4
SEG5
SEG6
SEG7
SEG8
SEG9
SEG10
D7 1N4148 10 15 VCC
MAIN CINNECTOR IRQ SCLK RSTB
11 14
1

SO VDD C11
12 13
1

SI RTZ C10 .1uF

MC33991DW .1uF
2

25V
2

25V

1
R5
10k C6

2
.1uF
25V
RTZ
RSTB

B B

VCC
SEG0
SEG1
SEG2
SEG3
SEG4
SEG5
SEG6
SEG7
SEG8
SEG9
SEG10
SEG11

R2
10k
Odometer

Bill of Materials and Schematics

COM0
R1 27k C2 1uF/50V C COM0
TP6
SEG0
SEG1
SEG2
SEG3
SEG4
SEG5
SEG6
SEG7
SEG8
SEG9

+
1 2 B Q1 COM1
SEG10
SEG11

BC847B KBI0 COM1

1
1

Go to: www.freescale.com
C3 E COM2
1nF D1 R14 COM2

1
25V 1N4148 100k C17 COM3

2
10nF COM3

2
2
25V

1
Odometer
S1
VCC KSC241J

For More Information On This Product,

PROGRAMMING

3
BUTTON
TP5
R8
10k
Freescale Semiconductor, Inc.

R3 39k R18 10k C5 1uF/50V C

+
1 2 1 2 B Q2
BC847B

1
1
C12 D5 E
1nF BZX84C9V1 R15
A 25V 100k A

2
2
MCSL Roznov
1. maje 1009
756 61 Roznov p.R., Czech Republic, Europe
Title
CLUSTER
Author: Jaromir Chocholac
Size Schematic Name: Speedo Rev
C D:\CCWORK\R28107_PLM_VIEW_LATEST\APD\APD114\HW\PRICOL\00176_03\00176_03.DSN
0.2
Design File Name:
Modify Date: Friday, December 12, 2003 Sheet 1 of 1
Copyright Motorola 2001 POPI Status: MOTOROLA General Business

5 4 3 2 1

Figure A-1. Speedometer Schematic

Bill of Materials and Schematics
Cluster for Motorbikes Schematics

67
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 Freescale Semiconductor, Inc...

68
5 4 3 2 1

LCD_PRICOL

U10
D D

COM0
COM1
COM2
SEG0
SEG1
SEG2
SEG3
SEG4
SEG5
SEG6
SEG7
SEG8
SEG9
SEG10
SEG11
COM3

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16

Designer Reference Manual

COM0
COM1
COM2
SEG0
SEG1
SEG2
SEG3
SEG4
SEG5
SEG6
SEG7
SEG8
C C
SEG9
SEG10
SEG11
Bill of Materials and Schematics

COM3

B B

Bill of Materials and Schematics

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MCSL Roznov
1. maje 1009
756 61 Roznov p.R., Czech Republic, Europe
A Title A
CLUSTER
Author: Jaromir Chocholac
Size Schematic Name: Odometer Rev
A 0.2
Design File Name: D:\CCWORK\R28107_PLM_VIEW_LATEST\APD\APD114\HW\PRICOL\00176_03\00176_03.DSN

Modify Date: Wednesday, September 17, 2003 Sheet 1 of 1

Copyright Motorola 2001 POPI Status: MOTOROLA General Business

5 4 3 2 1

Figure A-2. Odometer Schematic

MOTOROLA
DRM059
 Freescale Semiconductor, Inc...

DRM059
5 4 3 2 1

MOTOROLA
D D

FUEL INDICATOR
Connection TP8 U1
1 DI1 DO1 18
J3
2 DI2 DO2 17
1 5 3 DI3 DO3 16
TP4 4 15 1 2
TP7 TP2 DI4 DO4 R5 680R
C 2 6 5 DI5 DO5 14 1 2 C
TP1 6 13 1 2 R4 0.05
TP3 TP3 DI6 DO6 R3 390R
3 7 7 DI7 DO7 12 1 2
TP5 8 11 1 2 R2 390R
TP1 TP8 DI8 DO8 R1 270R
4 8 9 10

10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1

+VS GND

G
G
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HDR8 D4
TP2 UDN2981A HDSP4832
TP7
TP4

11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20

TP5

B B

Bill of Materials and Schematics

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A MCSL Roznov A
1. maje 1009
756 61 Roznov p.R., Czech Republic, Europe
Title
CLUSTER
Author: Jaromir Chocholac
Size Schematic Name: Fuel Indicator Rev
B D:\CCWORK\R28107_PLM_VIEW_LATEST\APD\APD114\HW\PRICOL\FUEL\FUELIND.DSN
0.2
Design File Name:
Modify Date: Tuesday, October 14, 2003 Sheet 1 of 1
Copyright Motorola 2001 POPI Status: MOTOROLA General Business

5 4 3 2 1

Figure A-3. Demo Fuel Indicator

Bill of Materials and Schematics
Cluster for Motorbikes Schematics

69
Designer Reference Manual
 Freescale Semiconductor, Inc.
Bill of Materials and Schematics
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Designer Reference Manual DRM059

70 Bill of Materials and Schematics MOTOROLA

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Designer Reference Manual — Cluster for Motorbikes

Glossary

A — See “accumulators (A and B or D).”

accumulators (A and B or D) — Two 8-bit (A and B) or one 16-bit (D) general-purpose registers in the
CPU. The CPU uses the accumulators to hold operands and results of arithmetic and logic
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operations.

acquisition mode — A mode of PLL operation with large loop bandwidth. Also see ’tracking mode’.
address bus — The set of wires that the CPU or DMA uses to read and write memory locations.

addressing mode — The way that the CPU determines the operand address for an instruction. The
M68HC12 CPU has 15 addressing modes.

ALU — See “arithmetic logic unit (ALU).”

analogue-to-digital converter (ATD) — The ATD module is an 8-channel, multiplexed-input
successive-approximation analog-to-digital converter.

arithmetic logic unit (ALU) — The portion of the CPU that contains the logic circuitry to perform
arithmetic, logic, and manipulation operations on operands.

asynchronous — Refers to logic circuits and operations that are not synchronized by a common
reference signal.
ATD — See “analogue-to-digital converter”.

B — See “accumulators (A and B or D).”

baud rate — The total number of bits transmitted per unit of time.

BCD — See “binary-coded decimal (BCD).”

binary — Relating to the base 2 number system.

binary number system — The base 2 number system, having two digits, 0 and 1. Binary arithmetic is
convenient in digital circuit design because digital circuits have two permissible voltage levels, low
and high. The binary digits 0 and 1 can be interpreted to correspond to the two digital voltage
levels.

binary-coded decimal (BCD) — A notation that uses 4-bit binary numbers to represent the 10 decimal
digits and that retains the same positional structure of a decimal number. For example,

234 (decimal) = 0010 0011 0100 (BCD)

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Glossary

bit — A binary digit. A bit has a value of either logic 0 or logic 1.

branch instruction — An instruction that causes the CPU to continue processing at a memory location
other than the next sequential address.

break module — The break module allows software to halt program execution at a programmable point
in order to enter a background routine.

breakpoint — A number written into the break address registers of the break module. When a number
appears on the internal address bus that is the same as the number in the break address registers,
the CPU executes the software interrupt instruction (SWI).
break interrupt — A software interrupt caused by the appearance on the internal address bus of the
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same value that is written in the break address registers.

bus — A set of wires that transfers logic signals.

bus clock — See "CPU clock".

byte — A set of eight bits.

CAN — See "Motorola scalable CAN."

CCR — See “condition code register.”

central processor unit (CPU) — The primary functioning unit of any computer system. The CPU controls
the execution of instructions.

CGM — See “clock generator module (CGM).”

clear — To change a bit from logic 1 to logic 0; the opposite of set.

clock — A square wave signal used to synchronize events in a computer.

clock generator module (CGM) — The CGM module generates a base clock signal from which the
system clocks are derived. The CGM may include a crystal oscillator circuit and/or phase-locked
loop (PLL) circuit.

comparator — A device that compares the magnitude of two inputs. A digital comparator defines the
equality or relative differences between two binary numbers.

computer operating properly module (COP) — A counter module that resets the MCU if allowed to
overflow.
condition code register (CCR) — An 8-bit register in the CPU that contains the interrupt mask bit and
five bits that indicate the results of the instruction just executed.

control bit — One bit of a register manipulated by software to control the operation of the module.

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Glossary

control unit — One of two major units of the CPU. The control unit contains logic functions that
synchronize the machine and direct various operations. The control unit decodes instructions and
generates the internal control signals that perform the requested operations. The outputs of the
control unit drive the execution unit, which contains the arithmetic logic unit (ALU), CPU registers,
and bus interface.

COP — See "computer operating properly module (COP)."

CPU — See “central processor unit (CPU).”

CPU12 — The CPU of the MC68HC12 Family.

CPU clock — Bus clock select bits BCSP and BCSS in the clock select register (CLKSEL) determine
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which clock drives SYSCLK for the main system, including the CPU and buses. When EXTALi
drives the SYSCLK, the CPU or bus clock frequency (fo) is equal to the EXTALi frequency divided
by 2.

CPU cycles — A CPU cycle is one period of the internal bus clock, normally derived by dividing a crystal
oscillator source by two or more so the high and low times will be equal. The length of time
required to execute an instruction is measured in CPU clock cycles.

CPU registers — Memory locations that are wired directly into the CPU logic instead of being part of the
addressable memory map. The CPU always has direct access to the information in these
registers. The CPU registers in an M68HC12 are:
A (8-bit accumulator)
B (8-bit accumulator)
D (16-bit accumulator formed by concatenation of accumulators A and B)
IX (16-bit index register)
IY (16-bit index register)
SP (16-bit stack pointer)
PC (16-bit program counter)
CCR (8-bit condition code register)

cycle time — The period of the operating frequency: tCYC = 1/fOP.

D — See “accumulators (A and B or D).”

decimal number system — Base 10 numbering system that uses the digits zero through nine.

duty cycle — A ratio of the amount of time the signal is on versus the time it is off. Duty cycle is usually
represented by a percentage.

ECT — See “enhanced capture timer.”

EEPROM — Electrically erasable, programmable, read-only memory. A nonvolatile type of memory that
can be electrically erased and reprogrammed.

EPROM — Erasable, programmable, read-only memory. A nonvolatile type of memory that can be erased
by exposure to an ultraviolet light source and then reprogrammed.

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Glossary

enhanced capture timer (ECT) — The HC12 Enhanced Capture Timer module has the features of the
HC12 Standard Timer module enhanced by additional features in order to enlarge the field of
applications.

exception — An event such as an interrupt or a reset that stops the sequential execution of the
instructions in the main program.

fetch — To copy data from a memory location into the accumulator.

firmware — Instructions and data programmed into nonvolatile memory.

free-running counter — A device that counts from zero to a predetermined number, then rolls over to
zero and begins counting again.
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full-duplex transmission — Communication on a channel in which data can be sent and received
simultaneously.

hexadecimal — Base 16 numbering system that uses the digits 0 through 9 and the letters A through F.

high byte — The most significant eight bits of a word.

illegal address — An address not within the memory map

illegal opcode — A nonexistent opcode.

index registers (IX and IY) — Two 16-bit registers in the CPU. In the indexed addressing modes, the
CPU uses the contents of IX or IY to determine the effective address of the operand. IX and IY
can also serve as a temporary data storage locations.
input/output (I/O) — Input/output interfaces between a computer system and the external world. A CPU
reads an input to sense the level of an external signal and writes to an output to change the level
on an external signal.
instructions — Operations that a CPU can perform. Instructions are expressed by programmers as
assembly language mnemonics. A CPU interprets an opcode and its associated operand(s) and
instruction.

inter-IC bus (I2C) — A two-wire, bidirectional serial bus that provides a simple, efficient method of data
exchange between devices.

interrupt — A temporary break in the sequential execution of a program to respond to signals from
peripheral devices by executing a subroutine.

interrupt request — A signal from a peripheral to the CPU intended to cause the CPU to execute a
subroutine.
I/O — See “input/output (I/0).”

jitter — Short-term signal instability.

latch — A circuit that retains the voltage level (logic 1 or logic 0) written to it for as long as power is applied
to the circuit.

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Glossary

latency — The time lag between instruction completion and data movement.

least significant bit (LSB) — The rightmost digit of a binary number.

logic 1 — A voltage level approximately equal to the input power voltage (VDD).

logic 0 — A voltage level approximately equal to the ground voltage (VSS).

low byte — The least significant eight bits of a word.

M68HC12 — A Motorola family of 16-bit MCUs.

mark/space — The logic 1/logic 0 convention used in formatting data in serial communication.
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mask — 1. A logic circuit that forces a bit or group of bits to a desired state. 2. A photomask used in
integrated circuit fabrication to transfer an image onto silicon.
MCU — Microcontroller unit. See “microcontroller.”

memory location — Each M68HC12 memory location holds one byte of data and has a unique address.
To store information in a memory location, the CPU places the address of the location on the
address bus, the data information on the data bus, and asserts the write signal. To read
information from a memory location, the CPU places the address of the location on the address
bus and asserts the read signal. In response to the read signal, the selected memory location
places its data onto the data bus.

memory map — A pictorial representation of all memory locations in a computer system.

MI-Bus — See "Motorola interconnect bus".

microcontroller — Microcontroller unit (MCU). A complete computer system, including a CPU, memory,
a clock oscillator, and input/output (I/O) on a single integrated circuit.

modulo counter — A counter that can be programmed to count to any number from zero to its maximum
possible modulus.

most significant bit (MSB) — The leftmost digit of a binary number.

Motorola interconnect bus (MI-Bus) — The Motorola Interconnect Bus (MI Bus) is a serial
communications protocol which supports distributed real-time control efficiently and with a high
degree of noise immunity.

Motorola scalable CAN (msCAN) — The Motorola scalable controller area network is a serial
communications protocol that efficiently supports distributed real-time control with a very high
level of data integrity.

msCAN — See "Motorola scalable CAN".

MSI — See "multiple serial interface".

multiple serial interface — A module consisting of multiple independent serial I/O sub-systems, e.g. two
SCI and one SPI.

DRM059 Designer Reference Manual

MOTOROLA Glossary 75
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Glossary

multiplexer — A device that can select one of a number of inputs and pass the logic level of that input
on to the output.
nibble — A set of four bits (half of a byte).

object code — The output from an assembler or compiler that is itself executable machine code, or is
suitable for processing to produce executable machine code.

opcode — A binary code that instructs the CPU to perform an operation.

open-drain — An output that has no pullup transistor. An external pullup device can be connected to the
power supply to provide the logic 1 output voltage.
operand — Data on which an operation is performed. Usually a statement consists of an operator and
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an operand. For example, the operator may be an add instruction, and the operand may be the
quantity to be added.
oscillator — A circuit that produces a constant frequency square wave that is used by the computer as
a timing and sequencing reference.

OTPROM — One-time programmable read-only memory. A nonvolatile type of memory that cannot be
reprogrammed.
overflow — A quantity that is too large to be contained in one byte or one word.

page zero — The first 256 bytes of memory (addresses $0000–$00FF).

parity — An error-checking scheme that counts the number of logic 1s in each byte transmitted. In a
system that uses odd parity, every byte is expected to have an odd number of logic 1s. In an even
parity system, every byte should have an even number of logic 1s. In the transmitter, a parity
generator appends an extra bit to each byte to make the number of logic 1s odd for odd parity or
even for even parity. A parity checker in the receiver counts the number of logic 1s in each byte.
The parity checker generates an error signal if it finds a byte with an incorrect number of logic 1s.

PC — See “program counter (PC).”

peripheral — A circuit not under direct CPU control.

phase-locked loop (PLL) — A clock generator circuit in which a voltage controlled oscillator produces
an oscillation which is synchronized to a reference signal.
PLL — See "phase-locked loop (PLL)."

pointer — Pointer register. An index register is sometimes called a pointer register because its contents
are used in the calculation of the address of an operand, and therefore points to the operand.
polarity — The two opposite logic levels, logic 1 and logic 0, which correspond to two different voltage
levels, VDD and VSS.

polling — Periodically reading a status bit to monitor the condition of a peripheral device.

port — A set of wires for communicating with off-chip devices.

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Glossary

prescaler — A circuit that generates an output signal related to the input signal by a fractional scale factor
such as 1/2, 1/8, 1/10 etc.
program — A set of computer instructions that cause a computer to perform a desired operation or
operations.

program counter (PC) — A 16-bit register in the CPU. The PC register holds the address of the next
instruction or operand that the CPU will use.

pull — An instruction that copies into the accumulator the contents of a stack RAM location. The stack
RAM address is in the stack pointer.

pullup — A transistor in the output of a logic gate that connects the output to the logic 1 voltage of the
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power supply.

pulse-width — The amount of time a signal is on as opposed to being in its off state.
pulse-width modulation (PWM) — Controlled variation (modulation) of the pulse width of a signal with
a constant frequency.

push — An instruction that copies the contents of the accumulator to the stack RAM. The stack RAM
address is in the stack pointer.
PWM period — The time required for one complete cycle of a PWM waveform.

RAM — Random access memory. All RAM locations can be read or written by the CPU. The contents of
a RAM memory location remain valid until the CPU writes a different value or until power is turned
off.

RC circuit — A circuit consisting of capacitors and resistors having a defined time constant.

read — To copy the contents of a memory location to the accumulator.

register — A circuit that stores a group of bits.

reserved memory location — A memory location that is used only in special factory test modes. Writing
to a reserved location has no effect. Reading a reserved location returns an unpredictable value.
reset — To force a device to a known condition.

SCI — See "serial communication interface module (SCI)."

serial — Pertaining to sequential transmission over a single line.

serial communications interface module (SCI) — A module that supports asynchronous
communication.

serial peripheral interface module (SPI) — A module that supports synchronous communication.
set — To change a bit from logic 0 to logic 1; opposite of clear.

shift register — A chain of circuits that can retain the logic levels (logic 1 or logic 0) written to them and
that can shift the logic levels to the right or left through adjacent circuits in the chain.

DRM059 Designer Reference Manual

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Glossary

signed — A binary number notation that accommodates both positive and negative numbers. The most
significant bit is used to indicate whether the number is positive or negative, normally logic 0 for
positive and logic 1 for negative. The other seven bits indicate the magnitude of the number.

software — Instructions and data that control the operation of a microcontroller.

software interrupt (SWI) — An instruction that causes an interrupt and its associated vector fetch.
SPI — See "serial peripheral interface module (SPI)."

stack — A portion of RAM reserved for storage of CPU register contents and subroutine return
addresses.
stack pointer (SP) — A 16-bit register in the CPU containing the address of the next available storage
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location on the stack.

start bit — A bit that signals the beginning of an asynchronous serial transmission.

status bit — A register bit that indicates the condition of a device.

stop bit — A bit that signals the end of an asynchronous serial transmission.

subroutine — A sequence of instructions to be used more than once in the course of a program. The last
instruction in a subroutine is a return from subroutine (RTS) instruction. At each place in the main
program where the subroutine instructions are needed, a jump or branch to subroutine (JSR or
BSR) instruction is used to call the subroutine. The CPU leaves the flow of the main program to
execute the instructions in the subroutine. When the RTS instruction is executed, the CPU returns
to the main program where it left off.

synchronous — Refers to logic circuits and operations that are synchronized by a common reference
signal.
timer — A module used to relate events in a system to a point in time.

toggle — To change the state of an output from a logic 0 to a logic 1 or from a logic 1 to a logic 0.

tracking mode — A mode of PLL operation with narrow loop bandwidth. Also see ‘acquisition mode.’
two’s complement — A means of performing binary subtraction using addition techniques. The most
significant bit of a two’s complement number indicates the sign of the number (1 indicates
negative). The two’s complement negative of a number is obtained by inverting each bit in the
number and then adding 1 to the result.

unbuffered — Utilizes only one register for data; new data overwrites current data.

unimplemented memory location — A memory location that is not used. Writing to an unimplemented
location has no effect. Reading an unimplemented location returns an unpredictable value.

variable — A value that changes during the course of program execution.

VCO — See "voltage-controlled oscillator."

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Glossary

vector — A memory location that contains the address of the beginning of a subroutine written to service
an interrupt or reset.
voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) — A circuit that produces an oscillating output signal of a frequency
that is controlled by a dc voltage applied to a control input.

waveform — A graphical representation in which the amplitude of a wave is plotted against time.
wired-OR — Connection of circuit outputs so that if any output is high, the connection point is high.

word — A set of two bytes (16 bits).

write — The transfer of a byte of data from the CPU to a memory location.
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© Motorola Inc. 2004

DRM059/D
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