Science, Technology & Society Indigenous People in the Philippines

Lesson 2: Science, Technology, and Nation Building - Ati, Tribes of Panay, Lumad, Badjao, Tribes of Palawan, Mangyan, Igorot, Negritos of Luzon.
What is SCIENCE? Some examples of indigenous knowledge taught by indigenous people:
- comes from the Greek word “scientia” meaning knowledge. It means systematic and methodological activity ❑ Predicting weather conditions and seasons by observing animals’ behavior and celestial bodies;
of building and organizing knowledge through observations and experiments. a. Puwek ni Kiling
What is TECHNOLOGY? b. Shining moon with rainbow encircling
- comes from the Greek words “teknhe”, means “art or craft” and “logia”, means “subject or interest”. c. Bloody red sunset
Technology means practical application of knowledge.
❑ Medicine;
❑ Local foods;
a. lagundi
Science and technology foster innovation and creativity, which are essential for a nation’s competitiveness in a. Etag
b. bayabas
the global arena. Nation-building is the process with an end goal in establishing common interests, goal and b. Tapey
c. Herbolario
preferences among citizens of a country towards the formation of that country where the people have no
❑ Agriculture
intentions of separating themselves from one another. ❑ Houses
WHAT IS THIS LESSON ALL ABOUT? a. Swidden farming
a. Subanun Houses
This lesson will discuss the influence of science and technology in the development of the Philippine society. It b. Banaue Rica Terraces
b. huts
identifies government programs, projects and policies geared toward boosting the science and technological ❑ Technology
capacity of the country. This lesson will also include discussions on Philippine indigenous science and a. Pottery
technology. b. Weaving
PRE-COLONIAL PERIOD (PRE-HISTORY 1565) c. Panabas
• Early inhabitants had their own culture and traditions, own belief system, and indigenous
knowledge system. Indigenous Science
• Scientific knowledge was observed.  Part of the indigenous knowledge system practiced by the different groups of people and early
civilizations.
• Technology is used by people in building houses, irrigation and in developing tools that they
can use in their everyday life. They develop tools for hunting, playing, cooking, and fishing; for  Provides the basics of astronomy, pharmacology, food technology, or metallurgy, which were
fighting their enemies during war of trial conflict; and for transportation. derived from traditional knowledge and practices (Sibisi, 2004).
The Concept of Indigenous Science
• All of these ancient practices in science and technology are considered now as INDIGENOUS
INDIGENOUS SCIENCE
SCIENCE or FOLK SCIENCE.
EARLY DEPICTION OF PRE-COLONIAL FILIPINOS: - Uses Science Process Skills
1. Astronomy and Navigation - Guided by Community Culture and Values
2. Agriculture and Irrigation Systems - Composed of Traditional Knowledge
3. Traditional Medicine and Healing Practices FOREIGN SCIENTISTS AND PHILOSOPHER
4. Metalworking and Crafts INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTIONS THAT DEFINED SOCIETY
5. Seafaring and Boat Building Nicolaus Copernicus
SPANISH ERA… Copernican Revolution, shift in the field of astronomy from a geocentric understanding of the universe,
• Establishment of formal educational institutions. centered around Earth, to a heliocentric understanding, centered around the Sun, as articulated by the Polish
• Launching of scientific organizations. astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus in the 16th century. Nicolaus Copernicus, a Polish astronomer, is known for
his heliocentric model of the universe, where he proposed that the Earth and other planets revolve around the
• Trade was prioritized.
Sun. He published his groundbreaking work, "De revolutionibus orbium coelestium" (On the Revolutions of
• Natives were trained to use innovative approaches in farming. the Celestial Spheres), in 1543, which laid the foundation for modern astronomy. His ideas sparked a
• Engineering was introduced. revolution in scientific thinking, challenging the geocentric model that had dominated for centuries. He was a
• In terms of technology, they brought advanced weaponry. Renaissance-era polymath from Poland, born on February 19, 1473.In addition to his astronomical
• In terms of nation-building, they implemented the encomienda system. contributions, Copernicus was also a mathematician, economist, diplomat, and physician. He passed away on
GALLEON TRADE… May 24, 1543.
Sigmund Freud
• Galleon Trade serves as the sole means of communication between Spain and the Philippine
Sigmund Freud is a famous figure in the field of psychology. He also made a significant contribution in the
colony and serve as an economic lifeline for the Spaniards in Manila.
scientific world. Method of psychoanalysis (a therapeutic approach or theory of the mind also known as
• Brought additional technologies and development in the Philippines. Psychoanalytic Theory) that analyzes the unconscious behavior of the mind that shapes one’s behavior,
• This trade allows other ideas, crops, tools, cultural practices and technology to reach the feelings, and emotion. It seeks to uncover the repressed memories, traumas, of feelings through techniques like
country. dream analysis.
• Contributed to the advancement of medicine and engineering in the Philippines. Isaac Newton
AMERICAN ERA Newton's work in physics, mathematics, and astronomy laid the foundation for the scientific revolution of the
• Technology played a crucial role in nation-building by driving infrastructure development, 17th century. His laws of motion and universal gravitation revolutionized our understanding of the physical
industrialization, and communication advancements. Projects like the transcontinental railroad world and profoundly influenced modern science and technology. Newton's work in physics, mathematics, and
and highways facilitated connectivity, while industrial innovations spurred economic growth. astronomy laid the foundation for the scientific revolution of the 17th century.
His laws of motion - law of inertia, law of acceleration and law of interaction; and universal gravitation
• Communication technologies like the telegraph and telephone fostered national unity and
revolutionized our understanding of the physical world and profoundly influenced modern science and
governance. Overall technology significantly shaped the development of the country.
technology.
Government Policies on Science and Technology
Charles Darwin
1. Social Sciences, Humanities, Education, International Policies and Governance.
Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection (the adaptation if a species to its environment is a
2. Physics, Engineering and Industrial Research, Earth and Space Sciences, and Mathematics.
fundamental element when it comes to its success up until the present and possible in the future; the current
3. Medical, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences.
species came from the pre-existing species that is from the ancestor’s species, so, every species shares the same
4. Biological Sciences, Agriculture and Forestry
ancestors) revolutionized biology and our understanding of the origins and diversity of life on Earth. His
seminal work, "On the Origin of Species," challenged prevailing beliefs and sparked debates about the
Lesson 4: Indigenous Science and Technology in the Philippines
relationship between science and religion.
Indigenous Knowledge System
Marie Curie
- Indigenous Knowledge Curie was a pioneering physicist and chemist known for her research on radioactivity (radium and polonium
 Embedded in the daily life experiences of young children as they group up. discoveries; radium is for cancer treatment while polonium is extremely dangerous for human, cause it is used
 Parents and older folks served as the first teachers and the method of teaching as poison). She was the first woman to win a Nobel Prize and remains the only person to win Nobel Prizes in
are very effective in transmitting cultural knowledge. two different scientific fields (physics and chemistry). Her discoveries revolutionized the fields of physics and
 Evident in stories, poems, and songs. medicine and paved the way for advancements in nuclear science and technology. These individuals, among
many others, have left a lasting legacy on society through their scientific contributions, intellectual insights,
and commitment to advancing knowledge for the betterment of humanity.
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY IN HUMAN CONDITIONS idea revolves around the concept of technology as a way of revealing, emphasizing that technology is not
Aristotle (Human Flourishing) merely a collection of tools or devices but a mode of revealing or uncovering the essence of things.
- he believed that acquiring the different components such as phronesis, friendship, wealth, and power will - Role of technologies to human existence.
bring us seekers happiness, which allows us to partake in a greater notion of what we define as good with such,
we are more likely to live our lives more comfortably, develop more products, and improve immensely as an SCIENCE EDUCATION IN THE PHILIPPINES
individual of who we are. GREGOR MENDEL (1822-1884)
Karl Popper (Falsification Theory) - WAS AN AUSTRALIAN-CZECH-GERMAN BIOLOGIST, METEOROLOGIST, MATHEMATICIAN,
- contends that scientific inquiry should aim not to verify hypotheses but to rigorously test and identify AUGUSTINIAN FRIAR, DISCOVERED THE BASIC PRINCIPLES OF HERIDITY AND LAID THE
conditions under which they are false. For a theory to be valid according to falsification, it must produce MATHEMATICAL FOUNDATION OF THE SCIENCE OF GENETICS.
hypotheses that have the potential to be proven incorrect by observable evidence or experimental results. it is CAROLUS LINNAEUS (1707-1778)
disproving theoretical predictions rather than confirming them. - a Swedish botanist, physician, and zoologist who is often referred to as the father of modern taxonomy.
Alexander Fleming (1881-1955) Modern taxonomy systematic way of identifying and naming species based on 8 taxa: domain, kingdom,
Nationality: Scottish Contribution: Discovered penicillin, the world's first antibiotic, revolutionizing medicine phylum, class, family, order, genus, species,
and saving countless lives.
Jonas Salk (1914-1995) JOHN DEWEY (1959-1952)
Nationality: American Contribution: Developed the first successful polio vaccine, contributing to the near - American philosopher, psychologist, and educational reformer whose ideas have been influential in education
eradication of the disease worldwide. and social reform.
Fritz Haber (1868-1934) - Importance of experience in science education (inquiries begins and ends through experience) and role of
Nationality: German Contribution: Known for the synthesis of ammonia from nitrogen and hydrogen, a science education in the society.
process crucial for agricultural fertilizers, thus significantly impacting global food production. THOMAS KUHN (1922-1996)
Aristotle - American physicist, historian, and philosopher of science, best known for his work "The Structure of
Nationality: Greek Birthdate: 384 BC Death date: 322 BC Scientific Revolutions, " published in 1962.
Aristotle, a towering figure in ancient Greek philosophy, made foundational contributions to various fields, - Paradigm Shift – shift in the scientific concept and practices as well as theories over time. Influence several
including ethics, politics, and natural philosophy. While he did not engage directly with modern concepts of areas of science like; conceptual change research, constructivism, STS, Cultural studies of Science education,
science and technology, Aristotle's ideas on ethics, virtue, and the pursuit of knowledge laid the groundwork and nature of Science Education.
for subsequent philosophical inquiries into the relationship between science, technology, and human ALEXANDER GRAHAM BELL
flourishing. His emphasis on the importance of practical wisdom and ethical character continues to inform - Made the first telephone (Bell Telephone) call in 1876. Bell Telephone Company in 1877. President of
discussions on the responsible use of scientific and technological advancements for the betterment of society. National Geographic Society. Founded the Science Magazine.
Immanuel Kant THOMAS EDISON
Nationality: Prussian (German) Birthdate: April 22, 1724, Death date: February 12, 1804. - He invented the following:
Immanuel Kant, a pivotal figure in modern philosophy, laid the groundwork for understanding the ethical and • Incandescent Light Bulb, Motion Picture Camera, Phonograph and Improving the telegraph and
epistemological dimensions of science and technology. His moral philosophy, particularly the categorical telephone.
imperative, provided a framework for evaluating the ethical implications of scientific and technological GALILEO GALILEI
progress. Kant emphasized the importance of rationality, autonomy, and universal principles in guiding human - Pioneered the experimental scientific method and was the first to use a refracting telescope to
action, including the development and use of scientific knowledge and technological innovations. make important astronomical discoveries. He is often referred to as the “Father of Modern
U have freedom to access scientific knowledge and technological innovations but make rationalized in using Astronomy” and the “Father of Modern Physics”.
these as well as be an advocate of common good.
John Stuart Mill FILIPINO SCIENTISTS AND PHILOSOPHER
Nationality: British Birthdate: May 20, 1806, Death date: May 8, 1873. Fe del Mundo
John Stuart Mill was a philosopher and political economist who advocated for individual liberty, free speech, Born: Fé Primitiva del Mundo y Villanueva; 27 November 1911 – 6 August 2011) Nationality: Filipino
and the pursuit of knowledge. In his works, such as "On Liberty, " Mill argued for the importance of scientific Occupation: Pediatrician Known for: National Scientist of the Philippines
inquiry and technological progress in advancing human welfare. He emphasized the need for society to harness Del Mundo was a Filipino pediatrician who made significant contributions to child healthcare. She founded the
the benefits of science and technology while ensuring they serve the common good and promote human first pediatric hospital in the Philippines, the Children’s Medical Center, which has provided medical care and
flourishing. advancements in pediatric medicine for decades. Del Mundo revolutionized Philippine medicine, making major
Friedrich Nietzsche breakthroughs in immunization and in the treatment of jaundice, and providing healthcare to thousands of
Nationality: German - Birthdate: October 15, 1844 - Death date: August 25, 1900. poor families. She is credited with studies that led to the invention of the incubator and a jaundice relieving
Friedrich Nietzsche, known for his critiques of traditional morality and his concept of the "will to power," device.
offered insights into the cultural and societal implications of scientific and technological advancements. While BRAT diet; banana, rice, apple, tea; a diet that saves many lives from dehydration caused by diarrhea.
not directly engaging with STS as a field, Nietzsche's philosophical inquiries into human nature, ethics, and the Dr. Fe del Mundo was a pioneering pediatrician and the first woman to be admitted to Harvard Medical
nature of truth have influenced discussions on the impact of science and technology on society and the School. She made ground-breaking contributions to child healthcare and public health in the Philippines,
individual. advocating for maternal and child welfare.
- Pros and cons on science and technology in the lives of the people in the society; will to power (don’t let Bamboo Incubator (radiant warmer) – used in rural areas to provide warmth to the infants especially during
technologies become hindrance on other much important things). cold seasons, and it serves as an alternative for electric incubators in areas that has no access to electricity as
Bruno Latour well as far from medical institutions.
- Bruno Latour is a French philosopher, anthropologist, and sociologist known for his work in science and Bienvenido O. Juliano
technology studies. He was born on June 22, 1947, in Beaune, France. He has played a key role in shaping the Dr. Juliano was a Filipino chemist known for his research on carbohydrates and rice science. His work
concept of technology as a tool for revealing social truths. Latour’s actor-network theory posits that humans significantly contributed to agricultural development in the Philippines and helped improve rice production
and non-human entities (such as technologies) are interconnected in complex networks that shape social worldwide. Studies the quality of the rice grains and the medical properties of rice (bran rice or undefatted rice
interactions and realities. bran).
- technologies and human are connected to each other in many ways. Dr. Alfredo C. Santos
Donna Haraway • On August 15, 1900, Dr. Alfredo C. Santos was a Pinoy pioneer in phytochemistry and plant-
- Donna Haraway is an American feminist scholar and writer known for her work in the fields of science and based medicine. Phaentine, a supplement to normalize blood pressure. It is from the extracted
technology studies, feminist theory, and cyborg theory. She was born on September 6, 1944, in Denver, Kalimatas tree, and indigenous tree from the Philippines. The extract is also used in making
Colorado. She has also made notable contributions to the understanding of technology as a means of revealing dyes, insecticides, plastics and muscle relaxant.
social truths. In her influential essay “A Cyborg Manifesto,” Haraway explores the intersections of technology,
• He studied a wide variety of Philippine medicinal plants, focusing on the alkaloids (naturally
gender, and identity, arguing that technological advancements blur the boundaries between human and
occurring organic compounds with basic nitrogen atoms).
machine, challenging traditional notions of identity and subjectivity.
His vast body of work continues to guide today’s researchers, students, and medical
- Don’t relay to much on technologies, you should set boundaries.
professionals in studying local medicinal plants.
Martin Heidegger (1889-1976)
-Martin Heidegger was a German philosopher, born on September 26, 1889, in Messkirch, German Empire.
Heidegger passed away on May 26, 1976, in Freiburg im Breisgau, West Germany. He is widely considered one
of the most influential philosophers of the 20th century. He made significant contributions to the philosophy
of technology, particularly in his essay "The Question Concerning Technology " (1954). Heidegger ' s central