Module 1

CONCEPT OF FITNESS

Objectives:
1. Define Physical
Education, Physical
Fitness, physical
activity and
physical exercise.
2. Identify and
describe the
health-related and
skill-related
components of
fitness
3. Discuss the
Physical Fitness
principles
4. Perform the
different fitness
test

Physical Education
Defined

Physical education is an integral part of educational program designed to

promote the optimum development of the individual physically, socially, emotionally
and mentally through total body movement in the performance of properly selected
physical activities.

Legal Bases of Physical Education

Article 14, Section 19 of the 1987 Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines
mandates:

“The State [to] promote Physical Education and encourage sports

program league competitions, and amateur sports including
training for international competition to foster self-discipline,
teamwork, and excellence for the development of a healthy and
alert citizenry. All educational institutions shall undertake regular
sports activities throughout the country and in cooperation with
athletic club and other sectors.”

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Furthermore, Republic Act No. 5708, known as The Schools Physical Education
and Sports Development Act of 1969 provided for:

“An integrated physical education and sports development program in

all schools in the Philippines (Section 2) … the goal is to instill in
young citizens a proper appreciation of the importance of physical
development hand in with the mental development in individual
and social activities (1) and the provision for “a well-rounded
physical education program must be addressed to physical
growth, social training, and personal discipline for all pupils and
students as well as superior athletic achievement for those who
are psychologically inclined and physically gifted (2)

Article 2 Section 3 of the Commission on Higher Education Memorandum Order

No. 39
Series of 2021, subject to Policies, Standards and Guidelines on the
Implementation of Tertiary Physical Education: Physical Activity Towards
Health and Fitness (PATHFit) Courses states that:

“One of the goals of general education as articulated by the

Commission on Higher Education is “to help improve the Filipino
quality of life”. This succinctly expresses the aspiration of the
Tertiary Physical Education Program. PE, more than any other
subject in the curriculum, is much more direct. It is a subject that is
directly applicable and relevant to a learner’s life in school, out of
school and even beyond school. Though PE, the learner can be
more disciplined because the activities and tasks demand physical
effort.”

In addendum, Section 6.1 Program Scope and Guidelines of the Memorandum

Order No. 39, Series of 2021 of the Commission on Higher Education provides
the following Subjects in Physical Education as part of the Tertiary Education
Curriculum:

“The Tertiary Physical Education Program shall consist of the

following Physical Education courses with a total of 8 units. PE 1
(PATHFit 1) and PE 2 (PATHFit 2) are the core of foundation courses
for PE 3 and 4 (PATHFit 3 and 4).
1. PE 1 – Physical Activities Toward Health and Fitness 1 (PATHFit
1): Movement Competency Training
2. PE 2 – Physical Activities Toward Health and Fitness 2 (PATHFit
2): Exercise-based Fitness Activities
3. PE 3 – Physical Activities Toward Health and Fitness 3 (PATHFit
3):
Any of the following:
• Dance (Menu of Courses)
• Sports (Menu of Courses)
• Martial Arts (Menu of Courses)

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 •Group Exercise (e.g. Aerobics, yoga, running for fitness,
etc.)
• Outdoor and Adventure Activities
4. PE 4 – Physical Activities Toward Health and Fitness 4 (PATHFit
4):
Any of the following:
• Dance (Menu of Courses)
• Sports (Menu of Courses)
• Martial Arts (Menu of Courses)
• Group Exercise (e.g. Aerobics, yoga, running for fitness,
etc.)  Outdoor and Adventure Activities.”

Scope of Physical Education

1.) Games and Sports

Various team sports like basketball, volleyball, baseball, softball and soccer. It
also include individual sports like athletics (running, jumping and throwing), and
swimming. Dual sports include badminton, lawn tennis, table tennis, boxing etc.,
are included in the programs of physical education. Games include laro ng lahi or
traditional games.

2.) Corrective Exercises:

Corrective exercises help to remove the deformities in the body of a child.
Sometimes these defects are there because of defects in muscle development and
for that, we use light corrective exercises.

3.) Self Defense Activities:

Arnis, Judo, karate, and self-defense activities are included in the programs of
physical education.

4.) Rhythmic Activities:

Gymnastics, Dance, mass physical training and dumbbell, etc. are rhythmical
activities necessary for rhythm and balance. Rhythmical activities are also included
in the programs of physical education.

5.) Yogic activities:

Yogic activities such as Asana, Pranayama, Kriyas, etc. are included in Physical

Education.

6.) Recreational Activities:

Recreational activities include minor games like chess, camping, hiking ,

fishing, photography etc.

Objectives of Physical Education

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Physical Development
Fitness is the main objective of Physical education. Through cautiously
selected physical education activities, an individual who participates energetically
will develop and maintain good health and a high level of physical fitness. The
attainment of physical skills can motivate an individual who participates furthering
physical activities; hence, his growth and development will be improved.

Social Development
A learner seldom gets into vigorous physical activity by himself. He/She plays
dances or exercises with people. Involvement in Physical Education activities
provide opportunities for the development of enviable social traits needed for
adjustment to the social life in general.
Some worthwhile traits are:
1. Friendliness
2. Cooperation
3. Respect for the rights of others
4. Good sportsmanship
5. Good leadership and followership
6. Honesty in group competition
7. Leadership

Emotional Development
The informal nature of physical education activities offers opportunities for
self-expression and emotional mastery. Examples of worthwhile emotional traits
are:
1. Self-confidence
2. Self-control
3. Self-reliance
4. Courage
5. Determination
6. Discipline
7. Appreciation for beautiful performances
8. Self Expression

Mental Development
Through participation in physical education activities, the individual develops
his mental capacities as he learns the mechanical principles of underlying
movements as he obtains knowledge and understanding, ability to analyze body
movements and skills, evaluate game situations and make important decisions of
the rules and strategies of the games and sports, and as he discovers ways of
improving his movement in gymnastics and dance. Likewise, it enhances critical
thinking how activities are done according to rules, regulations and strategies.

Purposes of Physical Education

The Physical Education specialists in our country have identified the
following purposes of Physical Education:

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 1. To develop optimum physical fitness and health of the individual so
that he is capable of living the “good life” and contributing his
maximum capacity to the attainment of the goals of the “New
Society";
2. To produce individuals who can contribute to the economic well-being
through:
a. the improvement of proper work habits and work attitudes
such as punctuality, cooperation, reliability precision and
accuracy, and open-mindedness; and
b. proper emphasis on problem-solving skills such that an
individual can identify a problem correctly and master the
skills necessary or useful in the business world;
3. To train good leaders with moral integrity of the highest order, and
develop other desirable traits necessary for effective group
participation or group living essential to the New Society through;
a. an n adequate system of values by equipping the 0 individual
to be able to make moral choices or decisions needed in daily
living; and
b. offering group participation in such experiences as intramural,
extramural, play days or sports fests;
4. To develop creativity and innovativeness inspired by an abiding faith
in God and love of country and fellowmen; and
5. To install a love of and pride for their preservation, and develop an
understanding of the culture of other for a feeling of international
brotherhood and unity.

Concept of Physical Fitness

Physical activities and exercises are proven to have a huge impact to physical
fitness and health. The benefits that we can get in doing physical activities are
undeniably necessary to our daily existence.

What is Physical Fitness?

Physical fitness is the ability of your body to carry out task without undue
fatigue. With physically fit body, one can perform aspects in sports, occupations and
daily activities. Physical fitness is generally achieved through proper nutrition,
moderate to vigorous physical exercises and sufficient rest.

Other Definition of Physical Fitness

“A set of attributes that people have or achieve that relate to their ability to perform
physical activity” (Howley and Franks).

“A set of attributes, primarily respiratory and cardiovascular, relating to the ability to

perform tasks requiring expenditure of energy” (Stedman’s Concise Medical
Dictionary for the Health Professions).

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 “The ability to perform moderate to vigorous levels of physical activity without undue
fatigue and the capability of maintaining such ability throughout life” (American
College of Sports Medicine).
Physical fitness involves the integrated and efficient performance of all the
major systems of the body, including the heart and lungs, the skeleton, the muscles,
and the brain. The brain is an essential element, as it learns to control the muscles
that move the bones, as well as controlling the heart and lungs to provide energy for
the working muscles. Fitness also influences our psychological well-being, including
mental alertness and emotional stability, because what we do with our bodies also
affects our minds.

Physical fitness is an individual condition that varies from person to person. It is

influenced by factors such as age, gender, heredity, personal health habits, amount
and level of exercise, and eating practices. Making physical fitness a priority is
important for a long and healthy life.

What is Physical Activity?

Physical activity is defined as any movement carried out by skeletal muscle
that requires enough energy and is focused on building health. Physical activity are
activities you’ve done since you woke up and step out of your bed. All of those that
requires energy even in minimal effort are considered physical activities but are not
sufficient in developing or improving your health.

What is Physical Exercise?

Physical Exercise is a physical activity that is planned, structured and has
repetitive movements intended to improve fitness. It significantly improves general
health, good heart health, increased in muscle size and improve flexibility.

What are the Components of Physical Fitness?

Physical fitness is more easily understood by examining its components, or
parts. As students have learned in earlier grades, there are two categories of physical
fitness components: health-related fitness components and skill-related fitness
components:

Health-Related Fitness Components

 cardiorespiratory endurance
 muscular strength
 muscular endurance
 flexibility
 body composition

Skill-Related Fitness Component

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  agility
 balance
 coordination
 speed
 power
 reaction time

Health- Related Fitness Component

Definition
“The state of physical and physiological characteristics that define the risk levels
for the premature development of diseases or morbid conditions presenting a
relationship with a sedentary mode of life” (Bouchard and Shephard).

Health-related fitness components not only help the body to perform more
efficiently, but also help prevent disease and improve overall health and well-
being. The five health-related physical fitness components are cardiorespiratory
endurance, muscular strength, muscular endurance, flexibility, and body
composition.

• Cardiorespiratory endurance (CRE) is the ability of the cardiovascular

system (heart, blood, blood vessels) and respiratory system (lungs, air
passages) to deliver oxygen and other nutrients to the working muscles and
to remove wastes. Tests that involve running (e.g., 20 m shuttle run test),
cycling, and swimming can be used to measure this fitness component.
Aerobic power (maximal oxygen consumption) and aerobic capacity are
terms used to describe CRE fitness.

Activities vary in intensity level:

 Light activities are physical activities that involve large
muscle groups. While engaging in light activities, people begin
to notice their breathing, but they can still talk fairly easily.
 Moderate activities are physical activities that cause
breathing and heart rate to increase. People engaging in
moderate activities can hear themselves breathe, but they
can still talk.
 Vigorous activities are physical activities that cause breathing
and heart rate to increase to a higher level, making it difficult
to talk.

• Muscular strength is the ability of a muscle, or a group of muscles, to exert

force for a brief period of time. Strength of different muscles can be
measured by having a person perform weightlifting exercises and
determining the maximum amount of weight the person can lift. A person’s

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 strength can be expressed as absolute strength (the actual weight lifted) or
as relative strength (the weight lifted, divided by the person’s body weight).

• Muscular endurance is the ability of a muscle, or a group of muscles, to

sustain repeated contractions or to continue applying force against a fixed
object. Pushups and curl-ups are often used to test muscular endurance. The
person’s endurance is expressed as the number of repetitions completed
without stopping for a set period of time (often one minute).

• Flexibility is the ability to move joints through their full range of motion.
The sit and- reach test is a good measure of flexibility of the lower back and
the backs of the upper legs (hamstrings). A person’s flexibility is usually
expressed in how far a joint can be moved or the degrees through which a
joint can be moved.

• Body composition refers to the makeup of the body in terms of lean mass
(muscle, bone, vital tissue, and organs) and fat mass. Good body
composition has strong bones, adequate skeletal muscle size, a strong heart,
and a low amount of fat mass. Regular physical activity and exercise will help
decrease body fat and increase or maintain muscle mass, increase bone
mass, and improve heart function. Although body composition entails
muscle, bone, and fat, it is often expressed only as percentage of body fat.

The table below highlights Corbin and Lindsey’s definition of skill related components
of physical fitness.

Skill Related Components of Physical Fitness

Agility It relates to the ability to rapidly change the position of the
entire body in space with speed and accuracy.
Balance It is the maintenance of equilibrium while stationary or
moving.
Coordination The ability to use the senses, such as sight and hearing,
together with body parts in performing motor task smoothly
and accurately.
Power The ability of to the rate at which one can perform work. It is a
combination of speed and strength.
Speed It relates to the ability to perform movement within a short
period of time.
Reaction Time This relates to the elapsed between stimulation and the
beginning of the reaction to it.

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Physical Fitness Principles

The keys to selecting the right kinds of exercises for developing and
maintaining each of the basic components of fitness are found in the principles of
specificity, overload, reversibility, progression, diminishing returns, and individual
differences.

Specificity
The type of training in which individuals engage should be directed specifically
at improving their abilities in life. Therefore, choose the right kind of activities to
improve each physical fitness component, and the right combination of physical
fitness components to help in activities of daily living. Strength training results in
increases in strength for the muscles being exercised but does little to improve
cardiorespiratory endurance. Also, train specifically for the specific activity of interest.
For example, optimal running performance is best achieved when the muscles
involved in running are trained for the movements required. It does not necessarily
follow that a good swimmer is a good runner. Specificity also requires that one
consider the speed of motion, the number of limbs moving, the direction in which they
are moving, and the range over which the occurs.

Overload
If a person works often (frequency) enough, hard (intensity) enough, and long
(duration) enough to load the body above its resting level, physical fitness will
improve. If this is done regularly over a period of time, the body will gradually adapt
to the increase in demands. The term overload does not refer to the idea that one
needs to overexert or exert at high intensities to obtain gains in fitness; it simply
means that one needs to load the body more than it is usually accustomed to.

Reversibility
Physical fitness or the effects of a physical activity program or an exercise
program cannot be stored. If a person stops training for a period of time (three to five
days, in some cases) a process of detraining will begin. The gains in fitness that were
made begin to reverse themselves. If no exercise is done for a long enough period,
fitness levels can revert to the original starting point. At least three balanced
workouts a week (three hours minimum) are necessary to maintain a good level of
fitness.

Progression
Increasing the frequency, intensity, and/or duration of an activity over periods
of time is necessary for continued improvement in physical fitness. Improvements in
physical fitness are realized fairly rapidly at the onset of an exercise or training
program. The rate of improvement will gradually slow down and level off (adaptation)
if an overload is present (meaning that the load is increasing and that there is
progress). At high levels of physical fitness, it may even be necessary to change the
type(s) of exercise(s) being performed.

Diminishing Returns

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 The fitter a person becomes, the more difficult it is to continue to become fitter
at the same rate. Individuals who begin jogging can, over a relatively short time,
improve the speed and duration of their runs. However, experienced distance runners
may have to spend an entire training season to decrease their run time by just a few
seconds.

Individual Differences
Every person has a unique physical and psychological makeup that requires a
unique training program. Factors that may play a role are current fitness level,
gender, age, heredity, susceptibility to injury, rest and recovery needs, and diet. Two
people working out with the same program could experience completely different
results.

Some activities can be used to fulfill more than one of a person’s basic exercise
requirements. For example, in addition to increasing cardiorespiratory endurance,
running builds muscular endurance in the legs, and swimming develops the arm,
shoulder, and chest muscles. If the proper physical activities are selected, it is
possible to fit parts of a muscular endurance workout into a cardiorespiratory
endurance workout and save time.

Principles of Adaptation to Stress

The human body adapt well when exposed to stress. The term stress, within the
context of exercise, is defined as an exertion above the normal, everyday functioning.
The specific activities that result in stress vary each individual and depend on a
person’s level of fitness. For example, an avid runner resistance training may expose
the runner’s muscles to muscular contractions that the athlete is not accustomed to
feeling.

Rest, Recovery and Periodization

Is also called Principle of Recuperation. It suggests that rest and recovery from
the stress of exercise must take place in proportionate amounts to avoid too much
stress. Periodization suggest that training plans incorporate phase of stress followed
by phases of rest. It can be organized on a daily, weekly, monthly and even in multi
annual cycles.

The FITT Principle

A well-designed personal physical activity plan will outline how often
(frequency), how long (time), and how hard (intensity) a person exercises, and what
kinds of exercises (type) are selected. The exercise frequency, intensity, time, and
type (FITT principle) are key components of any fitness plan or routine.
An individual’s goals, present fitness level, age, health, skills, interest, and
availability of time are among the factors to consider in developing a personal
physical activity plan. In particular, every plan should have a schedule that progresses
over time. Progression can take the form of changes in any of the FITT components,
but not all at once. For example, an athlete training for high-level competition would
follow a different program than would a person whose goals are to develop good
health from a sedentary start. Regardless of the specific goals, both programs would
be based upon the elements of the FITT principle.

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 Initially, a personal physical activity plan does not need to include all the health-
related fitness components. The choice of which components to focus on initially
should be based upon the likelihood of adopting the new behavior and a consideration
of whether the goals are SMART (specific, measurable, attainable, realistic, and time
framed. Over the course of weeks or months, other components would be added. A
common progression is to adopt a CRE program (three times a week, 20 minutes per
session, moderate intensity) without specific muscular strength or muscular
endurance elements. After each CRE session the cool down would simply entail a few
stretches for flexibility. After a few weeks of successful completion of the program, a
new element could be added.

Physical Fitness Test

How Physically fit are you? Every Filipino College student should know his Physical Fitness
status so that he can determine his strengths and weaknesses. If the abdominal muscles are
weak, then select activities to improve these muscles. As the student gets exposed to a
variety of exercises, he/she can identify which activities may prove beneficial to him/her in
the pursuit of physical fitness.

Objectives
1. To determine the level of fitness of students.
2. To identify strength and weaknesses for
development and improvement.
3. To provide baseline data for selection of physical
activities for enhancement of health and skill
performance.
4. To gather data for the development of norms and
standards.
5. 5. To motivate, guide and counsel students in
selecting sports for recreation, competition and
lifetime participation.

TEST PROTOCOL
• Prepare the following testing paraphernalia:
1. First Aid Kit
2. Drinking Water (and a small towel or bimpo to wipe their perspiration)
3. Individual score cards.
4. Extra t-shirt
5. During testing bring the needed materials for the different fitness test

• Observe the following prior to actual day of testing:

a. The testing place should be safe and free from obstructions.
b. The same equipment and testing place should be used in the start-of-
the-year testing and subsequent quarterly testing.

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 c. With the guidance of the teacher, allow students to go through the
various tests with minimal effort exerted to familiarize themselves with
testing procedures.
d. The tests requiring cardio-vascular endurance and those other tests
which involve the same muscle groups should not be taken in succession.
• Students should wear appropriate clothing: t-shirt, jogging pants and rubber
shoes or any suitable sports attire.
• Administer the tests in a challenging, encouraging and fun- filled environment.

Body Mass Index (BMI)

Formula
BMI = Weight (in Kilograms)
Height (in Meters)²

Example: 30 kg. = 30 = 20. 83 (Normal)

1.20M² 1.44

Classification:
Below 18.4 - Underweight
18.5 – 24.9 - Normal
25.0 – 29.9 - Overweight
30.0 – above – Obese

Perform the following Fitness Test

Test 1
Standing Long Jump
Purpose: Leg strength and power

For safety purpose and to encourage students to perform their best in this test,
it is strongly suggested that this be conducted in a jumping pit. The jumping pit
(landing area) shall have a minimum width of 2.75 meters and at least 5 meters in
length. It shall be filled with soft damp sand at least 30 centimeters deep the top
surface or which shall be level with the take off board.
If a jumping pit is not available, any surface as floor or turf may be used. To
facilitate the measurement of jumps distance, a tape measure may laid on the floor or
ground.

Directions:
1. The performers stands comfortably with feet several centimeters
apart with the toe just behind the front edge of the take off board.
2. Preparatory to the jump, the performers swing the arms backward
and bend the knees. The jump is accomplished by simultaneously
extending the knees and swinging forward and upward the arms.

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 3. As he reaches the peak of his jump, he begins to flex his knees
keeping his arms forward.
4. He lands with his feet parallel, his knees bend, And his trunk and
arms extended forward.

Rules for Standing Long Jump

1. Allow two successive fair trials within the testing period
2. The measurement is made from the take-off line to the heel of the foot closer to
the take off line.
3. Attempt where the performer losses his balance and falls backwards is not
counted.
4. Taking off beyond the take off line is considered foul.

Scoring:
Record the better of the two trials in centimeters.

Test 2
Curl-Ups
Purpose: Abdominal strength and endurance

Facilities and Equipment

A mat or a clean turf.
Directions:
1. The performer lies on his back on a clean floor, mat or turf with his knees at
90 degrees and feet flat on the floor. He crosses his arms close to the chest
with fingers on level with shoulders. The arms remain in contact with the
chest all the times. A partner kneels and holds down on the feet of the
performer.
2. The performer perform the curl-ups by raising the trunk towards the knees
until the upper part of the crossed arms touches the knees. This action
constitutes one curl-up.
3. Without any pause, the performer returns to the starting position just enough
for his back to touch the mat or floor and immediately curls-up again. He
repeats the exercises as many as possible.

Rules for Curl-Ups

1. Only one trial shall be allowed.
2. No resting between curl up is permitted.
3. The knees must remain bent at right angle for thew duration of the exercise.
4. The curl up shall be counted only if the performer:
a. Keeps the cross arms close to his chest and;
b. Returns to starting position with the upper back touching the
mat or floor curling up again.
Scoring the Curl-Ups:
The performers score shall be recorded based on the number of
correctly executed curl-ups he is able to do.

Test 3
Sit and Reach

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 Purpose – to test the flexibility of the lower back and extremities.
• Equipment: Tape measure or meter stick, card board or paper

Procedure
• For the Performer:
a. Sit on the floor with back, head and shoulders flat on the
wall. Feet are 30 centimeters (12 inches) apart.
b. Interlock thumbs and position the tip of the fingers on the
floor without bending the elbows.
c. Place the tape measure at the end of the fingers. The tape
measure should not be moved while the performer does the sit and
reach movement.
d. Slowly bend the trunk and try to reach the farthest distance
possible without bending the knees. Hold for 2 seconds.
e. Bouncing or jerking movement is not allowed.
f. Do it three times.
• For the Partner:
a. As the performer assumes the (b) procedure, position the zero
point of the tape measure at the tip of the middle fingers of the
performer.
b. See to it that the knees are not bent as the performer slides the
farthest distance that he could.
c. Record farthest distance reached in centimeters.
• Scoring – record the distance in centimeters.

Push Ups
Purpose – to measure strength of upper extremities.
Equipment: exercise mats or any clean mat.
Procedure
• For the Performer:
a. Lie down on the mat; face down in standard push up position;
palms on the mat about shoulder width, fingers pointing
forward, and legs straight, parallel, and slightly apart, with the
toes supporting the feet.
b. Straighten the arms, keeping the back and knees straight,
then lower the arms until there is 90-degree angle at the
elbows (upper arms are parallel to the floor.) Make sure that
the performer executes the push ups in the correct form.
a. The test is terminated when the performer can no longer
execute the push-ups in the correct form, if in pain, voluntarily
stops, or cadence is broken.

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Shuttle Run
Purpose: Agility

Facilities and Equipment:

The regulation volleyball court is a suitable area for this test. If a volleyball
court is not available, any flat surface may be used. Two wooden blocks
approximately size 2x2x4, wooden clapper, stopwatch, two parallel lines 9 meters
apart (the distance between the two side lines of the volleyball court).

Direction:
1. Place the wooden blocks behind one of the lines.
2. The performer starts from behind the other line.
3. On the signal “READY”, “GO!” the performer runs to the opposite line picks up
one wooden block and runs back the starting line, places the wooden block
behind the line
4. The performer then runs back and picks up the second block and carries it
back across the starting line.

Rules for the Shuttle Run

1. Do not allow the performer to throw the wooden blocks across the line.
2. Allow 2 trials and record the faster time.

50 Meter Sprint
Purpose – to measure running speed.
Equipment: Stopwatch, running area (50 meters)
Procedure
* For the Performer:
a. At the signal “Ready”, stand behind the take-offline, the tips
of the shoes should not go beyond the line and assume a crouch
position.
b. At the signal “GO”, run to the finish line as fast as you can.

• For the Leader

a. Set the stopwatch to zero (0) point.
b. At the signal “GO” start the watch and stop it as the performer
crossed the finish line.
c. Record time in the nearest 0.00.01 seconds.
• Scoring – record time in nearest minutes and seconds.

References

CHED Memorandum Order No. 39 series of 2021.CHED. (2022,February 2).Retrieved August 27,
2022, from https://ched.gov.ph/cmo-no-39-series-of-2021/
Corbin & Lindsey, (1994), Concepts of Fitness and Wellness with Laboratories. Brown and
Benchmark Publishers.

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Jonathan Howard, (2018), “Healthy Behaviors and Wellness”. Galileo, University System of
Georgia. Galileo Open Learning Materials.
Manitoba Education, Citizenship and Youth. Guidelines for Fitness Assessment in
ManitobaSchools: A Resource for Physical Education/Health Education. Winnipeg, MB:
Manitoba Education, Citizenship and Youth, 2004. 9. Available online at
www.edu.gov.mb.ca/k12/cur/physhlth/curriculum.html
Merriam-Webster. (n.d.). Physical Education Definition & Meaning. Merriam-Webster. Retrieved
August 27, 2022, from https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/physical%20education
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Physical Activities Toward Health anditne
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(Movement Competency Training)