1.2.

2 Lathe CNC machine

The way CNC lathe machines operate is by rotating the material
of the workpiece
about a primary axis. The lathe cutting tools remove the material
from the workpiece
and shape it as needed [10]

Fig 1.1 lathe machine

Components of a CNC lathe Machine

Fig 1.2 lathe machine

Number of Axes in CNC Lathe Machines

CNC lathe machines are used in various applications and are
typically available in
the following configurations:
• 2 Axes (X and Z): This is the basic configuration used for simple
turning
operations.
• 3 Axes (X, Y, Z): Adds a third axis (Y) for more complex
operations,
allowing for side cutting.
• 4 Axes: Introduces a rotational axis (Axis A), enabling work on
more
complex shapes.
• 5 Axes: Allows for advanced machining capabilities with two
additional
rotational axes [10]
Advantages of CNC machining

Precision

One of the major advantages of CNC machining is its definiteness and precision.
Because the process is controlled by a computer, the machining can be done with a
high level of accuracy and repeatability.

More Capability

CNC machining also has a wider range of capabilities compared to traditional

machining methods. This includes the ability to produce parts with complex
shapes, contours, and surface finishes.

High Production and Scalability

CNC machines can produce parts quickly and efficiently, making it possible to
produce large quantities of parts in a short period of time.

Uniform Product

It can produce a uniform product. Because the process is controlled by a computer,

every part produced is identical, ensuring that there are no variations in quality.

Time Efficient

CNC machining is also time efficient. Because the process is automated, it is

possible to set up a CNC machine and let it run without the need for constant
supervision.

Range of Materials

CNC machining can work with a wide range of materials, including metals,
plastics, and composites. This makes it a versatile solution for manufacturers who
need to work with different materials.
Reliability

CNC machining is also reliable process, that ensures functionality. Because the
process is controlled by a computer, there is less room for human error compared
to traditional machining methods

Disadvantages of CNC machining

Costly

One of the major disadvantages of CNC machining is its expensiveness. CNC

machines can be costly to purchase and maintain. Apart from this, the cost of
programming and setting up the machine can also be a significant factor in
determining the exorbitant rates.

Size Restrictions

CNC machines have a fixed size and are not suitable for producing large parts or
products. This can be a limitation for manufacturers who need to produce larger
items or who work with materials that are not easily machined on a smaller scale.

Material Waste

CNC machining can result in material waste. Because the process involves
removing material to create a finished product, there is often excess material that is
discarded.

Design Limitations

CNC machining also has some design limitations. Because the process relies on
computerized controls, it is not well-suited for producing parts with highly organic
or irregular shapes.

Operation Errors

If the machine is not programmed correctly or if there is a problem with the

machine itself, it can result in faulty parts or production delays.
 Material Suitability

Some materials, such as certain plastics or composites, may not be suitable for
CNC machining due the requirement of special tooling or processes.

Time for Mass Production

While CNC machines can produce parts quickly and efficiently, it can take time to
set up the machine and program for mass production.

Trained Operator Required

CNC machining requires a trained operator to set up and run the machine. This can
be a limitation for manufacturers who do not have the resources or expertise to
train an operator or who need to quickly ramp up production.

https://karkhana.io/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-cnc-machining/

What Materials Can Be Used in a CNC Machine?

 Metals: Such as aluminum, brass or steel

 Plastics: Such as Acetal (POM), Acrylics (PMMA), Polycarbonate (PC) and

Polypropylene (PP)

 Wood: Such as hardwood, plywood or softwood

 Foam: Such as carving foam and rigid foam, which tend to be more lightweight
yet durable.

https://www.americanmicroinc.com/resources/cnc-machining-material-
guide/#:~:text=While%20you%20can%20use%20a,PC)%20and
%20Polypropylene%20(PP)
 CNC Lathe Machines Conventional lathe Machines
Precision: Offer high precision, often achieving Rely on the skill of the operator,
tolerances of ±0.01 mm or less, which can lead to variations in
thanks to digital control. precision.
Efficiency: Can operate automatically for Require an operator for ongoing
extended periods without human tasks, leading to potential downtime
intervention, increasing productivity. and increased labor costs.
They can run for long hours without
the need for monitoring.
Repeatability: Can produce identical parts May experience slight differences
repeatedly with high accuracy, between produced parts due to
making them ideal for mass manual adjustments.
production.
Automated The movements are preprogrammed Typically require manual input for
Control: using G-code, minimizing human adjustments, increasing the
error and allowing for complex likelihood of mistakes.
operations.
Productivity: Capable of performing multiple Often require manual setup and
operations without the need for tooling changes, which can slow
manual tool changes, contributing to down production
higher productivity.
Table 1-2 CNC and Conventional Lathe Machines
Fig 1.3 Fig 1.4