University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir KAC

chattar Klass

Monograph on Frageria vesca

By : Saad sadique
Roll no : 10
Class: BS 8th( A)
Session: 2020_24


Table of Contents

1 Introduction 4

2 0bjective 5

3 Taxonomy and classification 5

3.1 Classification 5

4 Descriptions 6

4.1 Morphology 7

5 Distribution 12

5.1 Global Distribution 12

6 Ecology 13

7 Ethnobotany 14

7.1 Timber and Ornamental Uses 15

7.2 Economic Importance 15

8 Photochemistry 15

9 Pharmacological Potential 17

10 Genetics 18

12 Cultivation and Propagation 20

Fragaria vesca
Fragaria vesca, commonly called the wild strawberry, woodland strawberry, Alpine
strawberry, Carpathian strawberry or European strawberry, is a perennial herbaceous
plant in the rose family that grows naturally throughout much of the Northern Hemisphere, and
that produces edible fruits.[2][3]

Classificatio
n

Plantae
Kingdom:

Clade: Tracheophyt
es
Clade: Angiosperms

Clade: Eudicots

Clade: Rosids

Order: Rosales

Family: Rosaceae

Genus: Fragaria

Species: F. vesca

Name:

Fragaria vesca L
The Latin specific epithet vesca may mean "thin, feeble",[4] however it likely derives in the sense
of "edible" from vescere "to eat, feed upon".[5]
Description

Five to eleven soft, hairy white flowers are borne on a green, soft fresh-hairy 3–15 centimetres
(1–6 in) stalk that usually lifts them above the leaves. The light-green leaves are trifoliate (in
threes) with toothed margins. The plant spreads mostly by means of runners (stolons), but the
seeds are viable and establish new populations.[6][7][8]
Taxonomy

Vilmorin-Andrieux (1885) makes a distinction between wild or wood strawberries (Fragaria

vesca) and alpine strawberries (Fragaria alpina),[9] a distinction which is not made by most seed
companies or nurseries, which usually sell Fragaria vesca as "alpine strawberry".
Under wild or wood strawberry, Vilmorin says:
It has seldom been seen in gardens since the introduction of the Red
Alpine Strawberry. ... Wood Strawberry possesses a quite particular
perfume and delicacy of flavour. 2,500 seeds to the gramme.
Under alpine strawberry, Vilmorin says:
A very different plant to the Wood Strawberry, and distinguished by
the greater size of all its parts — the fruit in particular — and
especially by the property (which is particular to it) of producing
flowers and fruit continuously all through the summer. ... The fruit has
nearly the same appearance and flavour as that of the Wood
Strawberry, but is generally larger, longer, and more pointed in
shape. The seed is also perceptibly larger and longer. A gramme
contains only about 1,500 seeds.
Subspecies

As of November 2020, Plants of the World Online accepts two subspecies in addition to
the autonym, Fragaria vesca ssp. vesca:[1]

 Fragaria vesca ssp. americana (Porter) Staudt

 Fragaria vesca ssp. bracteata (A.Heller) Staudt
Description in flora of Pakistan

Fragaria vesca var. nubicola Hook.f.

Plants stoloniferous, 4–25 cm tall. Leaves 3-foliolate, lateral leaflets often

distinctly petiolulate, elliptic or obovate, abaxially appressed white
sericeous (sometimes sparsely so between veins) appearing silvery,
adaxially appressed pilose, base broadly cuneate or rounded, margin
sharply incised serrate, apex obtuse. Stems and petioles appressed to
spreading. Inflorescence 1- to several flowered. Pedicels appressed white
sericeous. Flowers large, sometimes more than 2.5cm diam. Epicalyx
segments lanceolate, abaxially sparsely villous, margin entire to dentate,
apex acuminate. Sepals ovate-lanceolate or ovate-oblong, apex
acuminate. Petals white, obovate-elliptic. Stamens numerous. Carpels
numerous. Glandetum ovoid, fleshy, red, with persistent sepals
appressed. Achenes ovoid, smooth to rugose.

Fl.Per.: May-Aug.

Lectoype: Tibet (Xizang), Gosainthan. Wall. Catalogue No.1238 (K!).

Isolectotypes (K!, K-W!).

Distribution: Pakistan, Afghanistan, Bhutan, China, Myanmar, Nepal,

Sikkim.

Grows in wooded valleys, forest margins and meadows on mountain

slopes, 1500-3600 m.

Fruits edible, gathered and sold by local children.

Although Fragaria nubicola is closely related to Fragaria vesca, it is
generally recognised to be a distinct species characterised by appressed
persistent sepals in fruit (this may be difficult to see in herbarium
material).
The cultivated strawberry, Fragaria x ananassa (Weston)
Duchesne ex Rozier, is a hybrid of two American species,
Fragaria chiloensis (L) Mill., native to South America and
W North America, and Fragaria virginiana Mill., native to E
North America. It is characterised by large, tasty fruits to
3cm diameter with sepals appressed, and spreading hairs
on stems, petioles and pedicels.

Ecology
Wild strawberry collected in the forest in the Middle UralsFragaria vesca,
fruiting plantWild strawberry in Estonia, Pakri Peninsula.

Typical habitat is along trails and roadsides, embankments, hillsides, stone- and gravel-laid paths
and roads, meadows, young woodlands, sparse forest, woodland edges, and clearings. Often
plants can be found where they do not get sufficient light to form fruit. In the southern part of its
range, it can grow only in shady areas; further north it tolerates more sun.[10] It is tolerant of a
variety of moisture levels (except very wet or dry conditions).[10] It can survive mild fires and/or
establish itself after fires.[10]
Although F. vesca primarily propagates via runners, viable seeds are also found in soil seed
banks and seem to germinate when the soil is disturbed (away from existing populations of F.
vesca).[10]
Its leaves serve as significant food source for a variety of ungulates, such as mule deer and elk,
and the fruit are eaten by a variety of mammals and birds that also help to distribute the seeds in
their droppings.[10]
It is a larval host to the two-banded checkered skipper.[11]
Genomics

Genomic information

NCBI genome ID 3314

Ploidy diploid

Number of chromosomes 14

Year of completion 2010

The wild strawberry is used as an indicator plant for diseases that affect the garden strawberry. It
is also used as a genetic model plant for garden strawberry and the family Rosaceae in general,
due to its:

 very small genome size

 short reproductive cycle (14–15 weeks in climate-controlled
greenhouses)
 ease of propagation.
The genome of F. vesca was sequenced in 2010,[12] and with greater detail and accuracy in 2017
by the Knapp UC Davis program.[13]
All strawberry (Fragaria) species have a base haploid count of seven chromosomes; Fragaria
vesca is diploid, having two pairs of these chromosomes for a total of 14.

Seeds close-up

History, cultivation and uses

Evidence from archaeological excavations suggests that Fragaria vesca has been consumed by
humans since the Stone Age.[14]
Woodland strawberry fruit is strongly flavored, and is still collected and grown for domestic use
and on a small scale commercially for the use of gourmets and as an ingredient for commercial
jam, sauces, liqueurs, cosmetics and alternative medicine. In Turkey, hundreds of tons of wild
fruit are harvested annually, mainly for export.[15]
Most of the cultivated varieties have a long flowering period (and have been considered by
botanists as belonging to Fragaria vesca var. vesca ssp. semperflorens). They are usually
called alpine strawberries. They either form runners or multiple crowns in a cluster, fruit over a
very long period with larger fruit than the common wood strawberry, and are usually propagated
by seeds or division of the plants. The type in cultivation is usually everbearing and produces
few runners. Plants tend to lose vigour after a few years due to their abundant fruiting and
flowering with final decline caused by viral diseases.[16] Large-fruiting forms are known since the
18th century and were called "Fressant" in France.[17] Some cultivars have fruit that are white or
yellow when fully ripe, instead of the normal red.
Cultivars that form stolons are often used as groundcover, while cultivars that do not may be
used as border plants. Some cultivars are bred for their ornamental value.
Hybrids, Fragaria × vescana, have been created from crosses between woodland strawberry and
garden strawberry. Hybrids between the woodland strawberry and the European
species Fragaria viridis were in cultivation until around 1850, but are now lost.[18]
Alpine strawberry has an undeserved reputation among home gardeners as hard to grow from
seed, often with rumors of long and sporadic germination times, cold pre-chilling requirements,
etc.[citation needed] In reality, with proper handling of the very small seeds (which can easily be washed
away with rough watering), 80% germination rates at 70 °F (21 °C) in 1–2 weeks are easily
achievable.[citation needed]
Alpine strawberries are sometimes included as edging plants in herbaceous borders.[19]
Garden varieties currently in cultivation
[20][21][22]

Seed-propagated

 Rügen, the first modern cultivar, i.e., runnerless, everbearing and large
fruited — originating from Castle Putbus in Germany, first offered 1920
by the strawberry grower Emil Spangenberg from Morsleben.
 Alexandria, first offered 1964 by George W. Park Seed Co., USA
 Baron Solemacher, first offered 1935 by F. C. Heinemann, Germany
 Weisse Solemacher (white fruited) first offered by F. C. Heinemann
 Golden Alexandria (golden foliage).

Cultivars
Forms with runners are still found in old gardens.

 Quarantaine de Prin, France; commercially important before World War

I, but now almost extinct; maybe identical to the variety Erigée de
Poitou which was still offered around 1960.
 Blanc Amélioré, Great Britain; white-fruited; it is doubtful if the clone in
circulation today is identical to the historical variety from around 1900
because of its non-everbearing habit; nevertheless a good variety with
rather large, sometimes monstrous fruit of the Fressant type.
 Illa Martin, Germany; sold as an ornamental, white-fruited. Red
achenes have been reported but have not been found. Most plants in
circulation not true to name.
 Gartenfreude, Germany; large-fruited form, sometimes very large
monstrous fruit of the Fressant type.

Curious mutations have arisen and are sometimes grown by plantsmen and other connoisseurs of
the unusual:

 Monophylla (“Strawberry of Versailles”; has one large leaflet instead of

the normal three leaflets)[23] - Vilmorin-Andrieux (1885) stated as being
raised by Duchesne.[9]
  Multiplex (double flowered; sets less and smaller fruit)
 Muricata (“Plymouth strawberry”; the flowers are composed of
numerous small, leafy bracts; the fruit are similarly spiky).

Chemistry

F. vesca contains the ellagitannin agrimoniin which is an isomer of sanguiin H-6.[24]

References

1. ^ Jump up to:a b "Fragaria vesca L." Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic
Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 2020-11-12.
2. ^ Sullivan, Steven. K. (2015). "Fragaria vesca". Wildflower Search.
Retrieved 2015-06-16.
3. ^ USDA, NRCS (n.d.). "Fragaria vesca". The PLANTS Database
(plants.usda.gov). Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team.
Retrieved 2015-06-16.
4. ^ Harrison, Lorraine (2012). RHS Latin for Gardeners. United Kingdom:
Mitchell Beazley. ISBN 978-1845337315.
5. ^ Genaust, Helmut (1976). Etymologisches Wörterbuch der botanischen
Pflanzennamen. doi:10.1007/978-3-0348-7650-6. ISBN 978-3-0348-7651-3.
6. ^ Klinkenberg, Brian, ed. (2014). "Fragaria vesca". E-Flora BC: Electronic
Atlas of the Plants of British Columbia [eflora.bc.ca]. Lab for Advanced Spatial
Analysis, Department of Geography, University of British Columbia,
Vancouver. Archived from the original on 2017-08-28. Retrieved 2015-06-16.
7. ^ Giblin, David, ed. (2015). "Fragaria vesca". WTU Herbarium Image
Collection. Burke Museum, University of Washington. Retrieved 2015-06-16.
8. ^ "Fragaria vesca". Jepson eFlora: Taxon page. Jepson Herbarium; University
of California, Berkeley. 2015. Retrieved 2015-06-16.
9. ^ Jump up to:a b Vilmorin-Andrieux et cie (1885). The Vegetable Garden.
London: J. Murray. pp. 538–539.
10.^ Jump up to:a b c d e Munger, Gregory T. (2006). "Fragaria vesca". Fire Effects
Information System (FEIS). US Department of Agriculture (USDA), Forest
Service (USFS), Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory.
Retrieved 2008-08-06.
11.^ The Xerces Society (2016), Gardening for Butterflies: How You Can Attract
and Protect Beautiful, Beneficial Insects, Timber Press.
12.^ Shulaev, Vladimir; et al. (December 2010). "The genome of woodland
strawberry (Fragaria vesca)". Nature. 43 (2): 109–
116. doi:10.1038/ng.740. PMC 3326587. PMID 21186353.
13. ^
 • Edger, Patrick P; VanBuren, Robert; Colle, Marivi; Poorten, Thomas J;
Wai, Ching Man; Niederhuth, Chad E; Alger, Elizabeth I; Ou, Shujun;
Acharya, Charlotte B; Wang, Jie; Callow, Pete; McKain, Michael R; Shi,
Jinghua; Collier, Chad; Xiong, Zhiyong; Mower, Jeffrey P; Slovin, Janet P;
Hytönen, Timo; Jiang, Ning; Childs, Kevin L; Knapp, Steven J
(2017). "Single-molecule sequencing and optical mapping yields an
improved genome of woodland strawberry (Fragaria vesca) with
chromosome-scale contiguity". GigaScience. 7 (2). Oxford University
Press (OUP) & Beijing Genomics Institute: 1–
7. doi:10.1093/gigascience/gix124. ISSN 2047-217X. PMC 5801600. P
MID 29253147. S2CID 3583016.
 • Liu, Zhongchi; Ma, Hong; Jung, Sook; Main, Dorrie; Guo, Lei (2020).
"Developmental Mechanisms of Fleshy Fruit Diversity in
Rosaceae". Annual Review of Plant Biology. 71 (1). Annual Reviews:
547–573. doi:10.1146/annurev-arplant-111119-021700. ISSN 1543-
5008. PMID 32442388. S2CID 218856801.
 • Bushakra, J.M.; Alice, L.A.; Carter, K.A.; Dossett, M.; Lee, J.C.; Liston,
A.; Meiers, R.; Mulch, C.; Nyberg, A.M.; Peterson, M.E.; Clark, M.;
Vining, K.J.; Worthington, M.L.; Yin, M.H.; Sutherland, B.L.; Zurn, J.D.;
Clark, J.R.; Finn, C.E.; Bassil, N.V.; Hummer, K.E. (2020). Status
of Rubus germplasm at the US National Clonal Germplasm Repository
in Corvallis, Oregon. XII International Rubus and Ribes Symposium:
Innovative Rubus and Ribes Production for High Quality Berries in
Changing Environments. Acta Horticulturae. No. 1277. International
Society for Horticultural Science (ISHS). pp. 121–
128. doi:10.17660/actahortic.2020.1277.17. ISSN 0567-7572.
 • Whitaker, Vance M.; Knapp, Steven J.; Hardigan, Michael A.; Edger,
Patrick P.; Slovin, Janet P.; Bassil, Nahla V.; Hytönen, Timo; Mackenzie,
Kathryn K.; Lee, Seonghee; Jung, Sook; Main, Dorrie; Barbey,
Christopher R.; Verma, Sujeet (2020). "A roadmap for research in
octoploid strawberry". Horticulture Research. 7 (1). Nature + Nanjing
Agricultural University:
33. Bibcode:2020HorR....7...33W. doi:10.1038/s41438-020-0252-1. ISS
N 2662-6810. PMC 7072068. PMID 32194969. S2CID 212706734.
 • Mayrose, Itay; Lysak, Martin A (2020). "The Evolution of
Chromosome Numbers: Mechanistic Models and Experimental
Approaches". Genome Biology and Evolution. 13 (2). Oxford
University Press (Society for Molecular Biology &
Evolution). doi:10.1093/gbe/evaa220. ISSN 1759-6653. PMC 7875004.
PMID 33566095.
 • Liu, Zhao-Yu; Xing, Jian-Feng; Chen, Wei; Luan, Mei-Wei; Xie, Rui;
Huang, Jing; Xie, Shang-Qian; Xiao, Chuan-Le (2019). "MDR: an
integrative DNA N6-methyladenine and N4-methylcytosine
modification database for Rosaceae". Horticulture
Research. 6 (1). Nature + Nanjing Agricultural University:
 78. Bibcode:2019HorR....6...78L. doi:10.1038/s41438-019-0160-4. ISS
N 2052-7276. PMC 6572862. PMID 31240103. S2CID 189819178.
 • Jung, Sook; Lee, Taein; Cheng, Chun-Huai; Buble, Katheryn; Zheng,
Ping; Yu, Jing; Humann, Jodi; Ficklin, Stephen P; Gasic, Ksenija; Scott,
Kristin; Frank, Morgan; Ru, Sushan; Hough, Heidi; Evans, Kate; Peace,
Cameron; Olmstead, Mercy; DeVetter, Lisa W; McFerson, James; Coe,
Michael; Wegrzyn, Jill L; Staton, Margaret E; Abbott, Albert G; Main,
Dorrie (2018). "15 years of GDR: New data and functionality in the
Genome Database for Rosaceae". Nucleic Acids
Research. 47 (D1). Oxford University Press (OUP): D1137–
D1145. doi:10.1093/nar/gky1000. ISSN 0305-1048. PMC 6324069. PMI
D 30357347. S2CID 53031442.
 • Li, Yongping; Pi, Mengting; Gao, Qi; Liu, Zhongchi; Kang, Chunying
(2019). "Updated annotation of the wild strawberry Fragaria vesca V4
genome". Horticulture Research. 6 (1). Nature (Nanjing Agricultural
University): 61. Bibcode:2019HorR....6...61L. doi:10.1038/s41438-019-
0142-6. ISSN 2052-7276. PMC 6491553. PMID 31069085. S2CID 1403
35118.
 • Renner, Susanne S.; Müller, Niels A. (2021). "Plant sex chromosomes
defy evolutionary models of expanding recombination suppression and
genetic degeneration". Nature Plants. 7 (4). Nature Portfolio: 392–
402. Bibcode:2021NatPl...7..392R. doi:10.1038/s41477-021-00884-3. I
SSN 2055-0278. PMID 33782581. S2CID 232421827.
 • Gaston, Amelia; Osorio, Sonia; Denoyes, Béatrice; Rothan,
Christophe (2020). "Applying the Solanaceae Strategies to Strawberry
Crop Improvement". Trends in Plant Science. 25 (2). Cell Press: 130–
140. Bibcode:2020TPS....25..130G. doi:10.1016/j.tplants.2019.10.003.
ISSN 1360-1385. PMID 31699520. S2CID 207945187.
 • Liston, Aaron; Wei, Na; Tennessen, Jacob A.; Li, Junmin; Dong, Ming;
Ashman, Tia-Lynn (2019). "Revisiting the origin of octoploid
strawberry". Nature Genetics. 52 (1). Nature Portfolio: 2–
4. doi:10.1038/s41588-019-0543-3. ISSN 1061-4036. PMID 31844319.
S2CID 209381318.
 • Edger, Patrick P.; McKain, Michael R.; Yocca, Alan E.; Knapp, Steven
J.; Qiao, Qin; Zhang, Ticao (2019). "Reply to: Revisiting the origin of
octoploid strawberry". Nature Genetics. 52 (1). Nature Portfolio: 5–
7. doi:10.1038/s41588-019-0544-2. ISSN 1061-4036. PMC 6960091. P
MID 31844320. S2CID 209381682.
14.^ "Internet Archaeol 1. Tomlinson & Hall. 7". intarch.ac.uk. Retrieved 2017-
08-28.
15.^ Ece Turhan and Sevgi Paydas Kargi (June 2007), "Strawberry Production in
Turkey" (PDF), Chronica Horticulturae, 47 (2): 18–20, ISSN 0578-039X,
archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-01-20, retrieved 2009-01-17
16.^ "Fragaria vesca 'Semperflorens'". Plants for a Future. Retrieved 2017-08-
20.
17.^ Staudt, Günter (2003), Les dessins d'A. N. Duchesne pour son Histoire
naturelle des fraisiers, Paris: Muséum Nat. d'histoire Naturelle