Bizerte

Bizerte (Arabic: ‫بنزرت‬, romanized: Binzart, Tunisian Arabic pronunciation: [bɪnzɑrt] )

is a city of Bizerte Governorate in Tunisia. It is the northernmost city in Africa, Bizerte
located 65 km (40 mi) north of the capital Tunis. It is also known as the last town ‫بنزرت‬
to remain under French control after the rest of the country won its independence Binzart
from France. The city had 162,053 inhabitants in 2014.
City

Bizerte

Names
The classical name of Bizerte, Hippo, is the latinization of a Punic[3][4] name
(Punic: 𐤍‬𐤅𐤐𐤏, ʿpwn),[5] probably related to the word ûbôn, meaning "harbor".[6]
To distinguish it from Hippo Regius (the modern Annaba, in Algeria), the Greeks
and Romans used several epithets. Scylax of Caryanda mentions it as Hippo Acra
and Hippo Polis ("Hippo the City").[7][3] Polybius mentions it as
Hippo Diarrhytus (Greek: Ἱππὼν διάρρυτος, Hippōn Diárrhytos), "Hippo
Divided-by-the-Water", in reference to the town's prominent canal.[4] It also
appears in Roman, Vandal, and Byzantine sources as Hippo Zarytus.[8] Its
Arabic name Binzart (‫ )بنزرت‬and the French and English forms derived from it
all represent phonetic developments of its ancient name.[3]

History

Later history
Arab armies took Bizerte in 647 in their first
invasion of the area, but the city reverted to
control from Constantinople until the Byzantines
were defeated and finally driven from North
Aerial view of Bizerte
Africa in 695–98. The troops of Charles V of the
(October 2008)
Holy Roman Empire captured the city in 1535;
the Turks took it in 1574. The city then became a
corsair harbour and struggled against the French and the Venetians. From top to bottom, left to right: View of Bizerte
from Ksiba, a Bizerte corniche, Old port of Bizerte,
Bizerte Center, the local government building,
With its occupation of Tunisia in 1881, France gained control of Bizerte and built
Bizerte Bridge.
a large naval harbour in the city.

In 1924, after the French government officially recognized the Soviet Union
(USSR), the western military fleet of White Russia that had been kept in the port
of Bizerte was returned to the Soviet government. The ships were never moved
from the port and finally were sold there as scrap metal.

In March 1939, towards the end of the Spanish Civil War, Spanish Republican
Navy Commander Miguel Buiza ordered the evacuation of the bulk of the
Republican fleet. Three cruisers, eight destroyers and two submarines left
Cartagena harbor and reached Bizerte, where the French authorities impounded
them.[9]

During the Second World War, the German and Italian armies occupied Bizerte
until Allied troops defeated them on 7 May 1943. During the fighting between the
Allied forces and the German Army, many of the city's inhabitants fled to the
countryside or to Tunis. The city suffered significant damage during the battle.[10]
Due to Bizerte's strategic location on the Mediterranean, France retained control
of the city and their naval base after Tunisian independence in 1956. In 1961
Bizerte
Tunisian forces blockaded the area of Bizerte and demanded French withdrawal.
The face-off escalated when a French helicopter took off and drew fire. The
French brought in reinforcements; when these were fired upon, France took
decisive military action against the Tunisian forces. Using superior weapons and
decisive force the French took Bizerte and Menzel Bourguiba. During three days
in July 1961, 700 Tunisians died (1200 wounded); the French lost 24 dead (100
wounded).[11]

Meetings at the UN Security Council and other international pressure moved

France to agreement; the French military finally abandoned Bizerte on 15 October
1963.[11]

Geography

Location in Tunisia
Bizerte

Circonsciption of Bizerte.

Bizerte (Africa)
Coordinates: 37°16′40″N 9°51′50″E
Location Country Tunisia
Bizerte is on a section of widened inlet and east-facing coast of the north coast of Governorate Bizerte Governorate
Tunisia, 15 kilometres from Ras ben Sakka (the northernmost point in Africa on Delegation(s) Bizerte North, Bizerte South
the Mediterranean Sea), 20 kilometers northeast of the Ichkeul lake (a World Government
Heritage Site), 30 kilometers (19 miles) north of the archaeological site of Utica • Mayor Kamel Ben Amara (Ennahda)
and 65 kilometers north of Tunis. Area
• Urban 34[1] km2 (13.127 sq mi)
West of the city there are coastal hills forming an outcrop of the Tell Atlas with
well-conserved woods and vantage points. Its associated beaches include Sidi Elevation 5[2] m (16 ft)
Salem, La Grotte, Rasenjela, and Al Rimel. It is on a section of Mediterranean Population (2022[1])
climate coastline, close to Sardinia and Sicily, as opposed to coasts in the south of • City 162,053[1]
the country which have a year-round dry desert climate. • Density 3,363/km2 (8,712/sq mi)
• Metro 600,012
The city is centered on the north shore of the canal of Bizerte linking the
Time zone UTC+01:00 (CET)
Mediterranean Sea to a tidal lake, the Lac de Bizerte which is larger than all parts
of the town combined, to the immediate south. Built-up areas are in three Postal code 7000
directions: Area code +216 (Tun) 72 (Bizerte)
Website www.commune-bizerte.gov.tn
South-west along the widening canal with jetties at Pecherie and (https://web.archive.org/web/20
Jarrouba, the latter associated with Bizerte-Sidi Ahmed Air Base 100104111052/http://www.com
adjoining the opening of the lake and military/rescue heliport. mune-bizerte.gov.tn/)
North are Sidi Salam and Corniche. They are within meters of the
coast and on coast-facing slopes of the Ain Berda, a range of hills toward Cap Blanc, a small headland in the Ain
 Damou Plage natural conservation area.
Zarzouna, Menzel Jemil and Menzel Abderrahmane are
on the south shore of the canal, formed by the locality of
Zarzouna and the towns of Menzel Jemil and Menzel
Abderrahmane, by a moveable bridge and both Menzels
face the lake itself. The rest of the isthmus on which they
stand is the gently rising Foret de Remel, reaching a
Roman mosaic with scenes of high point east of its forest area at Cap Zebib.
fishing and village life (Bardo
National Museum, Tunisia) Phoenician trade routes 1200
BC – 539 BC

Aerial view of Bizerte in 1959

Aerial view of Bizerte

Transport
The bridge leads to the motorway A4 leading to Tunis–Carthage International Airport and the
capital. On the town side the P11 passes semi-rural Louata, hugs Ichkeul Lake and branches
into a western route, the P7, leading directly to Tabarka on the coast next to the Algerian border.
The P11 leads south-west to Béja, a governorate center, in the foothills of the Tell Atlas, forks
into several roads at Bou Salem, a small town in a broad fertile plain, and climbs to Firnanah
passing two high-altitude lakes and also approaching the north-west border with Algeria.

Climate
A4 motorway connecting Bizerte
Bizerte enjoys a hot-summer mediterranean climate, with mild, rainy winters and hot, dry and Tunis
summers. The Mediterranean Sea breeze makes summers cooler and more humid than in the
interior of Tunisia.[12]
 Climate data for Bizerte (1991–2020, extremes 1901–2023)

Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year

Record high °C 27.0 27.2 33.5 34.7 40.4 46.0 48.9 48.9 45.0 40.5 34.0 27.2 48.9
(°F) (80.6) (81.0) (92.3) (94.5) (104.7) (114.8) (120.0) (120.0) (113.0) (104.9) (93.2) (81.0) (120.0)

Mean daily 16.0 16.2 18.4 21.0 25.1 29.5 32.4 33.2 29.7 26.1 20.9 17.1 23.8
maximum °C (°F) (60.8) (61.2) (65.1) (69.8) (77.2) (85.1) (90.3) (91.8) (85.5) (79.0) (69.6) (62.8) (74.9)

11.5 11.5 13.4 15.7 19.4 23.5 26.4 27.2 24.5 21.0 16.2 12.7 18.6
Daily mean °C (°F)
(52.7) (52.7) (56.1) (60.3) (66.9) (74.3) (79.5) (81.0) (76.1) (69.8) (61.2) (54.9) (65.5)

Mean daily 7.1 6.9 8.3 10.5 13.8 17.6 20.4 21.3 19.3 15.9 11.6 8.4 13.4
minimum °C (°F) (44.8) (44.4) (46.9) (50.9) (56.8) (63.7) (68.7) (70.3) (66.7) (60.6) (52.9) (47.1) (56.2)

−4.2 −1.4 −0.4 1.0 3.1 8.0 8.0 10.0 8.9 4.9 0.0 −0.5 −4.2
Record low °C (°F)
(24.4) (29.5) (31.3) (33.8) (37.6) (46.4) (46.4) (50.0) (48.0) (40.8) (32.0) (31.1) (24.4)

Average
91.1 83.4 58.8 49.0 22.3 9.9 2.8 18.7 49.9 66.5 96.2 104.6 653.2
precipitation mm
(3.59) (3.28) (2.31) (1.93) (0.88) (0.39) (0.11) (0.74) (1.96) (2.62) (3.79) (4.12) (25.72)
(inches)

Average
precipitation days 10.9 9.6 7.3 6.5 3.8 1.4 0.4 1.6 5.2 6.6 10.3 11.6 75.2
(≥ 1.0 mm)

Average relative
83 80 78 78 75 70 68 69 75 78 83 83 77
humidity (%)

Mean monthly
161.3 181.4 227.8 252.6 312.2 345.1 379.8 339.5 266.3 226.2 177.4 157.3 3,026.9
sunshine hours

Mean daily
4.6 5.8 7.0 7.9 9.8 11.0 12.4 11.5 8.9 6.7 5.1 4.3 7.9
sunshine hours

Source 1: Institut National de la Météorologie (extremes 1950–2021, sun 1981-2010)[13][14][15][16][note 1]

Source 2: Deutscher Wetterdienst (extremes 1901–1992)[18] OGIMET [19] Arab Meteorology Book (humidity and daily sun),[20]NOAA[21]

Bizerte mean sea temperature[18]

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
14.6 °C 14.0 °C 14.3 °C 15.1 °C 17.2 °C 19.9 °C 23.4 °C 24.9 °C 23.8 °C 21.7 °C 18.8 °C 16.2 °C
(58.3 °F) (57.2 °F) (57.7 °F) (59.2 °F) (63.0 °F) (67.8 °F) (74.1 °F) (76.8 °F) (74.8 °F) (71.1 °F) (65.8 °F) (61.2 °F)

Demography
In 2020 the estimated population of Bizerte was 182,662, with a density of 392.4/km2.[22]

Population structure
In 2014 the Males represented 50.3% of the population and the Females 49.7%.[23] The population aged 60 years and over represented
12.4% and the urban population represented 60.4% of the population.[24]

Demographic evolution
Demographic evolution of Bizerte
and its delegations
2004 2014 2020
Bizerte 144 889 167 759 182 622
Bizerte Nord[25] 75 234 87 307 95 268
Bizerte Sud[26] 45 227 55 659 62 426
Zarzouna[27] 24 428 24 793 24 929
 Source : Citypopulation.de

Architecture and landscape

Vieux Port
Le vieux port (the old port) of Bizerte is a port with its small pool surrounded by white houses, cafes and large boats in bright
colors.[28] The old port is the most charming place in Bizerte. The quay stretches in an arc along the Siena earth ramparts of the
Kasbah and the low white houses. A modest boat painted in red and green slices through the calm water, a fisherman unloads his fish
for the nearby market, another weighs anchor... Bizerte presents the familiar spectacle of a small Provençal or Spanish port which
would have traded its bell tower for a minaret. The old port of Bizerte comes alive particularly at the end of the day, when the terraces
of the bistros invade the quays.[29]

Vieux Port of Bizerte

Medina
The medina corresponds to the old town of Bizerte. It stretches north of the modern city, above
Avenue Bourguiba, and runs along the old port to the Kasbah (the fortress). Once protected by a
rampart facing inland, it was brought down during the French protectorate to assert its power
over the city. The medina is a sort of labyrinth of narrow streets that intersect in all directions.
In the souks, the smells change from one alley to another, according to the shops of craftsmen
and their products. The names of the streets correspond to the old corporations present here: rue
des armuriers, rue des carpenters, weavers, jewelers ... In narrow stalls you can see a craftsman
at work. The tall octagonal-shaped minaret of the Great Mosque (dating from the 17th century)
rises above the medina. At his side, the zaouïa of Sidi Mokhtar Dey, boss of Bizerte.

The Medina of Bizerte is an old town that surrounds the picturesque Old Port district. It is a
bustling center of traditional crafts. In its winding labyrinth of narrow alleys and covered souks
are the workshops of metalworkers and carpenters, and butchers and grocery stores. The streets
are named after the artisans who live and work there: the blacksmiths on rue des Forgerons, the
The Medina of Bizerte. gunsmiths on rue des Armuriers, carpenters on rue des Menuisiers and butchers on rue des
bouchers. It is a very atmospheric place to walk, and unlike the Medinas of Hammamet and
Monastir, it has not been restored so it oozes with all the exotic charm of the Orient.[30]

Kasbah
The Kasbah is located in north of the old port, it has a single entrance from the West side. It has small dimensions: approximately
175m by 120m and has 8 towers and a walkway. It was built in the 17th century. On the other side of the canal, the kasbah rises its
ramparts above the medina: it is accessed for the beautiful view of the city, the port, the lake and the sea. The origins of this fortress go
back to the time of the Byzantine occupation: rectangular in shape, a tower occupies each corner. The entrance to the kasbah is a
narrow arched passageway designed to slow down any invaders attempting to enter it at the time. The interior of the fortress is a maze
of small alleys lined with houses. At the foot of the north-west rampart, the market place comes alive with the cry of the merchants,
and the stalls give the impression of an organized jumble. Beyond stretches the Andalusian quarter, where the Moors from Spain took
refuge in the 17th century. Further along, linked by a rampart of the kasbah, we can see the silhouette of the fort of Spain, which
overlooks Bizerte at an altitude of about 40 meters on a height to the north. This fort dates from 1573, built during the Turkish
domination by the Pasha of Algiers. It is built so as to be able to face the artillery, composed of
thirteen sides with re-entrant angles. Now far from any threat, the fort has since been
redeveloped into an open-air theater, which notably hosts the Bizerte International Festival
(music, dance, film).[31]

Education
Bizerte is served by the ISG (Institut Supérieur de Gestion)[32]

Health
There is in Bizerte a large hospital Hôpital Régional de Bizerte, one of the biggest in the
region.[33]

View of The Kasbah of Bizerte.

Economy
Bizerte's economy is very diverse. There are several military
bases and year-round tourism. As a tourist centre the region is
however not as popular as the eastern coast of Tunisia. There
is manufacturing (textile, auto parts, cookware), fishing, fruits
and vegetables, and wheat.

Hospital of Habib Bougata Miscellaneous Schoolyard of the ISG

The port of Bizerte is being developed into a

significant Mediterranean yachting marina that was scheduled to open in May
2012. The superyacht section of the marina will be called Goga Superyacht
Marina, and will have berths for yachts of up to 110m in length. It is expected that
this will give a significant boost to the local economy as the yacht owners and also
the hundreds of professional crew will become year-round consumers. The service
industries supplying the yachts will gradually develop and bring additional
employment.[34]
The actor Abdelmajid Lakhal was born in Bizerte.
The Teapacks song "Lo haya lano klum" is about how bandleader Kobi Oz' family
Jebel Aïn Chouna
were expelled from Bizerte by the Nazis in 1942.

Titular see
Hippo Diarrhytus is a titular see of the Roman Catholic Church. In 1989–2002 it was held by Tadeusz Kondrusiewicz, then by Jose
Paala Salazar, O.P. in 2002–2004 and by Manfred Grothe since 14 October 2004. The city and see of Hippo Diarrhytus should not be
confused with those of Hippo Regius where Saint Augustine of Hippo was the bishop.

Serbian Army in Bizerte 1915–1919

Army
After the Serbian army's retreat through Albania in 1915, during World War I, part of the army was transported by the French navy to
their naval base in Bizerte. Serbian soldiers, and a small number of civilians, arrived in Bizerte on three occasions. In December 1915
and early 1916, after the Albanian Golgotha, then later in 1916 after the first clashes on the Salonica front in Greece and in the early
1917 when Serbian volunteers began to gather in Bizerte. During the entire war, the soldiers were transported to the Salonica front
while the wounded were transported back to Tunisia. It is estimated that over 60,000 Serbian soldiers passed through the camp. The
training of the volunteers was organized in the camp, education of the disabled but also the cultural events.[35] French-Serbian
dictionary was compiled and published by Veselin Čajkanović in Bizerte. Out of 7,000
copies, 5,000 and 1,000 were distributed to Serbian and French soldiers, respectively,
while the remaining 1,000 copies were sold, with money being donated to the war
invalids.[36]

Serbian wounded soldiers were originally placed in the Lambert barrack. Few days later
they were relocated to the 5 km (3.1 mi) away camp Lazouaz. Almost 200 barracks were
built in the camp complex.[36] Citizens of Bizerte, French soldiers and administration were
highly obliging to the Serbs, especially the Bizerte governor, admiral Émile Guépratte. He
was involved in the care of the soldiers on daily basis and organized ceremonial greetings
for every ship upon arrival. The last Serbian soldiers left Bizerte on 18 August 1919.[35]
Admiral Guépratte directly disobeyed the order from the French High Command by which
he was ordered to dislocate Serbs into the Sahara's hinterland.[37] When Guépratte visited
Serbian military cemetery in Bizerte
Belgrade for the first time in 1930, he was awaited by the crowd which carried the admiral
on their shoulders from the Belgrade Main railway station to the Slavija Square. The street
where the admiral was carried, today bears his name (Serbian: Улица адмирала Гепрата, lit. 'Admiral Guépratte Street').[38]

Hospitals
In Northern Africa, Serbian wounded soldiers were treated in the hospitals in Bizerte, Tunis, Sousse, Sidi Abdala, Algiers, Oran and
Annaba. From December 1915 to August 1919, a total of 41,153 Serbian soldiers were treated. In Tunisian hospitals, 833 soldiers died
(typhus, malaria, wounds, hunger and frostbites). In Sidi Abdala, local population helped the Serbs providing food, medicines and
nurture. A total of 1,722 people died there.[37]

Cemeteries
The dead in Bizerte, Sousse and Tunis were buried in the memorial ossuary on the Christian cemetery in Bizerte. Those who died in
Sidi Abdala were interred on the joint French-Serbian military cemetery. Those two cemeteries are the largest of all in Northern Africa
where Serbian soldiers were buried – a total of 24 cemeteries in Tunisia, Algeria and Morocco, with 3,005 buried soldiers.[37][39]

Notable residents
Georges Madon (1892–1924), ace pilot
Claude Pujade-Renaud (born 1932), writer
Maurice Poli (born 1933), actor
Abdelmajid Lakhal (1939–2014), actor and theatre director
Nikita Mandryka (1940–2021), cartoonist
Lionel Duroy (born 1949), writer
Pierre Cohen (born 1950), politician
Jean-Marc Luisada (born 1958), pianist
Mondher Kebaier (born 1970), football coach
Hassen Bejaoui, (born 1975), former footballer
Malek Jaziri (born 1984), tennis player
Hamdi Harbaoui (born 1985), footballer
Souheïl Ben Radhia (born 1985), footballer
Farouk Ben Mustapha (born 1989), footballer
Hamza Mathlouthi (born 1992), footballer
Bilel Saidani (born 1993), footballer

International relations

Sister cities
Bizerte is twinned with:
 Tangiers, Morocco, since 1976
Port Said, Egypt, since 1977
Annaba, Algeria, since 1985
Kalamata, Greece, since 1997
Palermo, Italy, since 2005
Saint Petersburg, Russia, since 2013
Rostock, Germany, since 2016

Cooperation agreement
Clermont-Ferrand, France, (a program of rehabilitation of historic centers)
Dunkerque, France,

Gallery

A photo for
Bizerte
dock, also
knows as
leksiba

See also

Africa portal

European enclaves in North Africa before 1830

Notes
1. The Station ID for Bizerte is 11414111.[17]

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External links
"Bizerte" (https://archive.today/20121211040840/http://i-cias.com/e.o/bizerte.htm) in the Encyclopedia of the Orient
Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Bizerta" (https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Bizerta).
Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 4 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
Pétridès, Sophron (1910). "Hippo Diarrhytus" (https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Hippo_Dia
rrhytus). In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 7. New York: Robert Appleton Company.

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