NAME: PRANAV KUMAR

COLLEGE UID: 0103203646

UNIVERSITY REGISTRATION NUMBER: 017-

1111-3404-20

UNIVERSITY ROLL NUMBER: 201017-21-1605

NAME OF TOPIC: CLIMATE CHANGE

SHIFT: EVENING

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 INDEX
S. no Topics Page no.

1. Introduction 03

2. Global Warming 04 - 05

3. Causes or Greenhouse effect 06

4. Measures 07 - 11

5. Impact on Urban areas 12 - 13

6. Conclusion 14

7. Acknowledgement 15

8. Bibliography 16

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 INTRODUCTION
Climate change includes both global warming driven by human-induced emissions of
green house gases and the resulting large-scale shifts in weather pattern. Since the
mid-20th century had unpredictable change on earth’s climate system causes change

GLOBAL TEMPERATURE RECORD

on global scale. The largest cause is emission of harmful gases that create a green
house effect, includes 90% of carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane. Fossil fuel burning
(coal, oil, and natural gas) for energy consumption is the main source of these
emissions, with additional contributions from agriculture, deforestation, and
manufacturing

Temperature rise on land is about twice the global average increase, leading to
desert expansion and more common heat waves and wildfires. Temperature rise is
also amplified in the Arctic, where it has contributed to melting permafrost and sea
ice loss. Warmer temperate are increasing rates of evaporation, causes more
intense storms and weather extremes. Impact on ecosystems includes the relocation
or extinctions of many species as their environment changes, most immediately in
mountain, and the Arctic. Climate change threatens people with food insecurities,
water scarcities, flooding, infectious diseases, extreme heat, economic losses and
displacement. These impacts have lead the World Health Organization to call climate
change the greatest threat of global health in the 21st century. Even efforts to
minimize future warming are successful, some effects will continue for centuries,
including rise in temperatures, and ocean acidification.

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 GLOBAL WARMING

Global warming, the phenomenon of increasing average air temperatures near the
surface of earth over the past one to two centuries. Climate scientists have the mid-
20th century gathered detailed observation of various weather phenomena (such as
temperatures, precipitation, and storms) and of related influences on climate (such
as ocean currents and the atmosphere’s chemical composition). These data
indicates the Earth’s climate has changed over the beginning of geological time and
that the influence of human activities.

How does global warming works?

Human activity affects global surface temperatures by changing Earth’s radiative

balance the “give and take” between what comes in during the day and what Earth
emitted at night. Increase in greenhouse gases i.e., carbon dioxide and methane that
absorbs heat energy emitted from Earth’s surface and reradiate it back generated by
industries and transportations causes the atmosphere to retain more heat, which
increases temperatures and alters precipitation patterns.

Global Warming

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Where does global warming occurs in the atmosphere?
Global warming, the phenomenon of increasing average air temperature near Earth’s
surface over the past one to two centuries, happens mostly in the troposphere, the
lowest level of atmosphere, which extends from Earth’s surface up to a height of 6-
11 miles. This layer contains most of the Earth’s cloud and is where living things and
their habitats and weather primarily occurs.

Why is global warming a social problem?

Continued global warming is expected to impact everything from energy use to water
availability to crop production throughout the world. Poor countries and communities
with limited abilities to adapt to these changes are expected to suffer badly. Global
warming is already being associated with increase in the incidence of extreme
weather, heavy flooding, and wildfire- phenomenon that threaten homes, dams,
transportation networks, and other facets of human infrastructure.

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 Causes Greenhouse effect
Greenhouse effect, a warming of Earth’s surface and troposphere (the lowest layer
of the atmosphere) caused by the presence of water vapour, carbon
dioxide, methane, and certain other gases in the air. Of those gases, known
as greenhouse gases, water vapour has the largest effect.

Gases that contribute to the greenhouse effect include:

 Water vapor. The most abundant greenhouse gas, but importantly, it acts as a
feedback to the climate. Water vapor increases as the Earth's atmosphere
warms, but so does the possibility of clouds and precipitation, making these
some of the most important feedback mechanisms to the greenhouse effect.

 Carbon dioxide (CO2). A minor but very important component of the

atmosphere, carbon dioxide is released through natural processes such as
respiration and volcano eruptions and through human activities such as
deforestation, land use changes, and burning fossil fuels. Humans have
increased atmospheric CO2 concentration by 47% since the Industrial
Revolution began. This is the most important long-lived "forcing" of climate
change.

 Methane. A hydrocarbon gas produced both through natural sources and

human activities, including the decomposition of wastes in landfills,
agriculture, and especially rice cultivation, as well as ruminant digestion and
manure management associated with domestic livestock. On a molecule-for-
molecule basis, methane is a far more active greenhouse gas than carbon
dioxide, but also one which is much less abundant in the atmosphere.

 Nitrous oxide. A powerful greenhouse gas produced by soil cultivation

practices, especially the use of commercial and organic fertilizers, fossil fuel
combustion, nitric acid production, and biomass burning.

 Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs). Synthetic compounds entirely of industrial origin

used in a number of applications, but now largely regulated in production and
release to the atmosphere by international agreement for their ability to
contribute to destruction of the ozone layer. They are also greenhouse gases.

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 Measures to reduce Global warming
Burning fossil fuels such as natural gas, coal, oil, and gasoline raises the level of
carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, and carbon dioxide is a major contributor to
the greenhouse effect and global warming. Global climate change is certainly one of
the top environmental issues today.

Reduce, Reuse and Recycle

To reduce waste choose reusable products instead of disposables get a reusable

water bottle, for example. Buying products with minimal packaging (including the
economy size when that makes sense for you) will help to reduce waste. And
whenever you can, recycle paper, plastic, newspaper, glass, and aluminum cans. If
there isn't a recycling program at your workplace, school, or in your community, ask
about starting one. By recycling half of your household waste, you can save 2,400
pounds of carbon dioxide annually.

Using less heat and air conditioning

Adding insulation to your walls and attic, and installing weather stripping or
surrounding around doors and windows can lower your heating costs by 15 percent
or more, by reducing the amount of energy you need to heat and cool your home.

Turn down the heat while you're sleeping at night or away during the day, and keep
temperatures moderate at all times. Setting your thermostat just 2 degrees lower in
winter and higher in summer could save about 2,000 pounds of carbon dioxide each
year.

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Change light bulb

Wherever practical, replace regular light bulbs with LED bulbs; they are even better
than compact fluorescent light (CFL). ENERGY STAR-qualified LEDs use 20 percent
- 25 percent of the energy and last up to 25 times longer than the traditional
incandescent bulbs they replace.

Drive less but drive smart

Less driving means fewer emissions. Besides saving gasoline, walking and biking
are great forms of exercise. Explore your community mass transit system, and check
out options for carpooling to work or school. Even vacations can provide
opportunities to reduce your carbon footprint.

When you do drive, make sure your car is running efficiently. For example, keeping
your tires properly inflated can improve your gas mileage by more than 3 percent.
Every gallon of gas you save not only helps your budget, it also keeps 20 pounds of
carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere.

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Buy Energy-Efficient Products

When it's time to buy a new car, choose one that offers good gas mileage. Home
appliances now come in a range of energy-efficient models, and LED bulbs are
designed to provide more natural-looking light while using far less energy than
standard light bulbs. Look into your state's energy efficiency programs; you might
find some help.

Avoid products that come with excess packaging, especially molded plastic
and packaging that can't be recycled. If you reduce your household garbage by 10
percent, you can save 1,200 pounds of carbon dioxide annually

Use less hot water

Set your water heater at 120 degrees to save energy, and wrap it in an insulating
blanket if it is more than 5 years old. Buy low-flow showerheads to save hot water
and about 350 pounds of carbon dioxide yearly. Wash your clothes in warm or cold
water to reduce your use of hot water and the energy required to produce it. That
change alone can save at least 500 pounds of carbon dioxide annually in most
households. Use the energy-saving settings on your dishwasher and let the dishes
air-dry.

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Use the off switch

Save electricity and reduce global warming by turning off lights when you leave a
room, and using only as much light as you need. And remember to turn off your
television, video player, stereo, and computer when you're not using them.

It's also a good idea to turn off the water when you're not using it. While brushing
your teeth, shampooing the dog or washing your car, turn off the water until you
actually need it for rinsing. You'll reduce your water bill and help to conserve a vital
resource.

Plant a tree

If you have the means to plant a tree, start digging. During photosynthesis, trees and
other plants absorb carbon dioxide and give off oxygen. They are an integral part of
the natural atmospheric exchange cycle here on Earth, but there are too few of them
to fully counter the increases in carbon dioxide caused by automobile traffic,
manufacturing, and other human activities.8 Help mitigate climate change: a single
tree will absorb approximately one ton of carbon dioxide during its lifetime

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Get a Report Card from Your Utility Company

Many utility companies provide free home energy audits to help consumers identify
areas in their homes that may not be energy efficient. In addition, many utility
companies offer rebate programs to help pay for the cost of energy-efficient
upgrades.

Encourage Others to Conserve

Share information about recycling and energy conservation with your friends,
neighbors, and co-workers, and take opportunities to encourage public officials to
establish programs and policies that are good for the environment.

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 Impact of climate on Urban Side
Urban climates are distinguished from those of less built-up areas by differences of
air temperature, humidity, wind speed and direction, and amount of precipitation.
These differences are attributable in large part to the altering of the natural terrain
through the construction of artificial structures and surfaces. For example, tall
buildings, paved streets, and parking lots affect wind flow, precipitation runoff, and
the energy balance of a locale.

Also characteristic of the atmosphere over urban centres are substantially higher
concentrations of pollutants such as carbon monoxide, the oxides of sulfur and
nitrogen, hydrocarbons, oxidants, and particulate matter. Foreign matter of this kind
is introduced into the air by industrial processes (e.g., chemical discharges by oil
refineries), fuel combustion (for the operation of motor vehicles and for the heating of
offices and factories), and the burning of solid wastes. Urban pollution
concentrations depend on the magnitude of local emissions sources and the
prevailing meteorological ventilation of the area—i.e., the height of the atmospheric
layer through which the pollutants are being mixed and the average wind speed
through that layer. Heavy concentrations of air pollutants have considerable impact
on temperature, visibility, and precipitation in and around cities. Moreover, there
occasionally arise weather conditions that allow the accumulation of pollutants over
an urban area for several days. Such conditions, termed temperature
inversions (increasing air temperature with increasing altitude),
strongly inhibit atmospheric mixing and can cause acute distress in the population
and even, under extremely severe conditions, loss of life. Atmospheric inversion
caused an air-pollution disaster in London in December 1952 in which about 3,500
people dies from respiratory diseases.

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The centre of a city is warmer than are outlying areas. Daily
minimum temperature readings at related urban and rural sites frequently show that
the urban site is 6° to 11° C (10° to 20° F) warmer than the rural site. Two primary
processes influence the formation of this “heat island.” During summer, urban
masonry and asphalt absorb, store, and reradiate more solar energy per unit area
than do the vegetation and soil typical of rural areas. Furthermore, less of this energy
can be used for evaporation in urban areas, which characteristically exhibit greater
precipitation runoff from streets and buildings. At night, radiative losses from urban
building and street materials keep the city’s air warmer than that of rural areas.

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 CONCLUSION

Climate change is a problem that is facing our planet and it has progressed a lot
after the industrial revolution. The emission of greenhouse gases has accelerated
the progress of climate change and made our weather more intense. However, the
world’s dependence on Jamil 11 fossil fuel for energy, transportation, and
manufacturing have created a major obstacle for us to switch to renewable energy. I
would like to conclude with what Dr. Wuebbles mentioned regarding the solutions
that have been developed to prevent climate change from progressing, he said, “We
need to transfer our energy to renewable energy. Also, one of the things we must do
is to adapt to the changes that occurred and will occur. We need to prevent any
future changes from happening, but adaptation is a major thing we need to do”
(Phone interview). Scientists, environmentalists, communities, as well as policy
makers need to diligently and cooperatively to live up to these challenges and
combat climate change.

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my thank to the “Calcutta University” and professors of

Environmental Studies for giving me opportunity to make a project, support and their
guidelines. A special thanks to my teachers, friends, parents for the direction and
finalizing of their project.

Date: Signature

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 BIBLIOGRAPHY

www.nap.edu
www.quora.com
www.climatecommunication.org

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