A.

​ Introduction
-​ Global Warming is one of the most serious problems facing the world that is a long-term
changes brought by the Climate Change that includes, increase in our temperature, such
as the warming of the oceans, the melting of the ice in the tundra, and the rise in sea
level, causes various effects on our planet.

-​ (reporter) The main cause of global warming is the increase in greenhouse gases from
human activities, such as the use of fossil fuels and deforestation. So it is very important
that everyone join forces to fight the effects of global warming and protect our planet for
future generations.

B.​ What is Global Warming?

-​ Global warming refers to the gradual rise in the earth's surface temperature. This
occurrence has been noted for the last one or two centuries. This alteration has
disrupted the earth's climate system. Nevertheless, global warming remains a
contentious topic, despite scientists presenting compelling data to suggest that the
Earth's temperature is steadily increasing.

C.​ Greenhouse effects

1. Solar Energy Reaches the Earth

●​ Sunlight (Solar Radiation): The Sun emits energy in the form of electromagnetic
radiation, which includes visible light and some infrared radiation. This energy travels
through space and reaches Earth’s atmosphere.
●​ Absorption of Solar Energy: Some of the incoming sunlight is reflected back into space
by clouds, snow, and other reflective surfaces (this is called the albedo effect). The rest
of the sunlight is absorbed by the Earth’s surface (oceans, land, and vegetation),
warming it up.

2. Earth’s Surface Emits Heat (Infrared Radiation)

●​ After absorbing sunlight, the Earth’s surface heats up and begins to radiate the energy
back in the form of infrared radiation (heat). This radiation has longer wavelengths than
visible light.

3. Greenhouse Gasses Absorb and Re-radiate Heat

●​ The atmosphere contains greenhouse gasses like water vapor, carbon dioxide,
methane, nitrous oxide, ozone, and others. These gasses absorb infrared radiation
emitted by Earth’s surface and then re-radiate it in all directions, including back toward
the Earth’s surface.
 ●​ This process keeps the Earth warmer than it would be if the heat were allowed to escape
freely into space. Without the greenhouse effect, Earth’s average temperature would be
about -18°C (0°F), far too cold to support most life. The greenhouse effect raises the
average temperature to about 15°C (59°F), making it habitable.

4. Heat Retention and Warming Effect

●​ The greenhouse effect helps maintain a stable and relatively warm temperature on
Earth. By trapping some of the heat within the atmosphere, the greenhouse gasses act
as a thermal blanket, reducing the rate at which heat escapes into space.

D.​ Causes (man-made and natural causes)

●​ Man-Made Causes
• Deforestation
- Plants serve as the primary supplier of oxygen. They absorb carbon dioxide
and emit oxygen to uphold ecological equilibrium. Forests are diminishing due to
various domestic and commercial needs. This has caused a disruption in the
environment, resulting in global warming.
- It refers to the purposeful clearing or thinning of trees and forests.

• Industrial Development
- Due to industrialization, the Earth's temperature has been rising quickly. The
toxic gasses released by industries contribute to the rising global temperature.

• Livestock Farming or Agriculture

- Different agricultural practices result in the generation of carbon dioxide and
methane gases. These contribute to the greenhouse gases in the atmosphere
and raise the earth's temperature.
- As populations increase and economies grow, the level of GHG emissions also
increases along with standards of living. The increase in greenhouse gases is
worsening global warming and causing climate change.

• Transportation
- Even a brief use of vehicles leads to different gaseous emissions. Cars
consume fossil fuels, releasing high levels of carbon dioxide and other harmful
substances into the air, leading to a rise in temperatures.

• Chlorofluorocarbon
- The atmospheric ozone layer is impacted by the introduction of CFCs into the
environment from the overuse of air conditioners and refrigerators by humans.
The ozone layer shields the earth's surface from the damaging ultraviolet rays
produced by the sun. The CFCs resulted in the depletion of the ozone layer,
allowing more ultraviolet rays to reach the Earth and contributing to an increase
in temperature.
 • Overpopulation
- An increase in population results in a higher number of people who are
breathing. This results in a rise in the concentration of carbon dioxide, the main
gas responsible for global warming, in the air.

●​ Natural Causes
• Volcanoes
- Volcanoes play a major role in contributing to global warming. The ash and
smoke released during volcanic eruptions disperse into the atmosphere and
affects the climate.

• Water Vapour
- Water vapor is a type of gas found in the greenhouse. Because of the rise in
the Earth's temperature, an increased amount of water evaporates from bodies of
water and remains in the atmosphere, contributing to global warming.

• Melating Permafrost
- Permafrost is soil that is frozen and contains trapped environmental gases,
located beneath the Earth's surface for many years. It can be found in glaciers.
When the permafrost melts, it releases gases into the atmosphere, causing
Earth's temperature to rise.

• Forest Blaze
- Fires in the forest release a significant quantity of smoke containing carbon.
These gases are emitted into the air and raise the earth's temperature, leading to
global warming.

E.​ Effects of Global Warming

R - Rising Sea Level
I - Increase in temperature
C - Changes in Water supply
H - Habitat damage and Species Affected

-​ Rising Sea Level

- Sea level rise is caused by the melting of glaciers and ice in the polar regions and the
warming of the oceans. As the ice caps melt, their water adds to the total sea level.
 Another cause of sea level rise is the warming of water, which causes water bodies to
expand.

-​ Increase in Temperature
- With the increase in temperature in our world, severe drought occurs in some places;
every time this happens, the need for water also increases. As time passes, the average
temperature of the world continues to rise due to greenhouse gases derived from human
activities, such as fossil fuels, industry, and deforestation.

(reporter)
-​ To sum up, this is a serious threat to our world, human health, and the economy that
needs an immediate solution and change to protect our planet.

-​ Changes in Water Supply

- When the temperature rises, the ice in the glacier melts rapidly. In this situation, there
will be a short-term increase in water supply; however, eventually, it will cause a lack of
water supply as the ice is gradually depleted.

(reporter)
-​ Some areas experience severe drought, while others experience heavy rains that cause
flooding in their regions. Because of this change, many of our farmers are struggling, as
they depend on a constant supply of water for their crops.

-​ Habitat damage and species affected

- As the world continues to warm, the natural habitats of animals and plants, such as
forests, coral reefs, and tundra, are changing and disappearing. Many animals are
suffering and need food and shelter.

(reporter)
-​ Polar bears are one of these species, and many others are greatly affected by the
melting of ice and changes in water temperature.

F.​ How can we stop Global Warming?

-​ Global warming is one of the most pressing challenges of our time, but there are several
strategies we can adopt to mitigate its effects. First, reducing greenhouse gas
emissions is crucial, particularly by transitioning to renewable energy sources like solar,
wind, and hydroelectric power, which have a much lower carbon footprint than fossil
fuels. Another key step is improving energy efficiency in industries, transportation, and
homes, which can significantly reduce overall energy consumption. Governments can
implement stricter environmental regulations and incentivize businesses to adopt
greener practices, such as carbon capture technology and sustainable production
methods. Individuals can also make a difference by reducing waste, consuming less
meat, and supporting sustainable products and practices. Urban planning that
incorporates green spaces and sustainable infrastructure can help mitigate the urban
heat island effect, which exacerbates global warming. Finally, raising awareness and
fostering global cooperation on climate action is essential, as addressing this issue
requires coordinated efforts across borders to achieve lasting change.