English 7
Unit 4: The Historical Context
Lesson 1: Plot
Table of Contents
Introduction 1
Learning Competency 2
Learning Targets 2
Warm-Up 2
Learn about It 3
Introduction to Plot in Literature 4
Elements of a Plot 4
Linear and Flashback Plot Structure 4
Linear Plot Structure 4
Flashback Plot Structure 7
Analyzing a Narrative Text or Poem for Plot Elements 10
Key Points 12
Check Your Understanding 12
Let’s Step Up 13
Self-Assessment 13
Reflection 14
References 14
Answer Key 15
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Unit 4: The Historical Context
1 Plot
Figure 1. An interesting plot will keep readers hooked from beginning to end.
Introduction
The art of storytelling has been a part of human culture for centuries. At the heart of
every story lies a plot, a sequence of events that guides readers or listeners from the
beginning to the end. In literature, understanding the plot is crucial, as it provides a
road map to the narrative. Today, we will discuss the intricacies of the plot,
specifically focusing on its linear and flashback structures. By understanding these
structures, we can better appreciate the tales spun by authors and the values they
wish to convey.
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Learning Competency
At the end of this lesson, the learners should be able to analyze literary texts as expressions
of individual or communal values within (EN7LIT-I-1).
● Structural context
○ plot: linear and flashback
Learning Targets
In this lesson, the learners should be able to do the following:
● Define and describe the elements of a plot in literature.
● Differentiate linear plot from flashback.
● Analyze a given narrative text or poem and identify the key elements of its plot.
Warm-Up
Story Shuffle
1. Form small groups of four to five members.
2. Each group will be given a set of cards containing a brief description of an event
from a well-known story or fairy tale, but in jumbled order.
3. Arrange the cards in a logical sequence to create a coherent plot in a linear
structure within a set time limit.
4. After the time is up, present your arranged story to the class.
Guide Questions
1. How did your group decide on the order of events in the story?
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2. In what ways did the sequence of events influence your understanding of the story?
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3. How might the story be perceived differently if it were told in a flashback structure?
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Essential
Question How do different plot structures, like linear and
flashback, influence our understanding and
interpretation of a story's message or values?
Learn about It
Vocabulary
exposition the introduction of background information,
(noun) setting the scene for the story
the most intense point in a story where the
climax (noun)
main conflict reaches its peak
the final resolution or clarification of a
denouement dramatic or narrative plot, typically occurring
(noun) after the falling action and revealing the
outcome of the story's conflicts
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Introduction to Plot in Literature
The plot is the backbone of any narrative, be it a short story, novel, or poem. It is the
sequence of events that propels the story forward and gives it meaning. The plot is
essential in literature, as it provides a road map for readers, guiding them through the
highs and lows of the narrative, ensuring they remain engaged and invested in the
story.
Elements of a Plot
Every story, regardless of its length or complexity, contains certain key elements that
structure its plot:
● Exposition – This is where readers are introduced to the main characters, the
setting, and the basic situation or conflict.
● Rising action – As the story progresses, events build up, creating tension and
suspense leading up to the climax.
● Climax – This is the turning point of the story. It is the moment of greatest
tension, where the main conflict reaches its peak.
● Falling action – Post-climax, these events lead toward the resolution of the
story.
● Resolution or denouement – The story concludes, wrapping up loose ends
and resolving any remaining conflicts.
Linear and Flashback Plot Structure
While many stories follow a straightforward, chronological sequence known as a linear
plot, some narratives employ the flashback technique. In a linear plot, events unfold in
a direct line from start to finish. In contrast, a flashback disrupts this chronological
flow, taking readers back to past events to provide context or deeper understanding.
This technique can offer insights into a character's motivations or reveal hidden truths.
Linear Plot Structure
A linear plot, also known as a chronological plot, is one of the most traditional and
straightforward narrative structures in literature. Many classic novels, children's
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stories, and traditional tales employ a linear structure because of its clarity and
directness. The linear plot follows the Freytag pyramid structure.
Figure 2. Freytag’s pyramid
A linear plot follows events in the order they happen, without any deviations in time. It
starts at the beginning, moves to the middle, and concludes at the end. In a linear plot,
events occur in a logical sequence, making the narrative easy to follow and easier for
readers to digest and understand. While the outcomes of individual events might be
surprising, the overall flow of the narrative is often expected.
Take a look at this example:
The Lost Kitten
Maria, a 12-year-old girl, lives in a small town with her family. One sunny morning,
while playing in her backyard, she hears a faint meowing sound coming from the
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bushes. Maria discovers a tiny, scared kitten trapped in the thicket. She tries to
approach it, but the kitten hisses and retreats further into the bushes. Maria
realizes she needs to gain the kitten's trust. Over the next few days, she brings it
food and water, slowly inching closer each time. One afternoon, after much
patience, the kitten finally allows Maria to touch it. She carefully extracts it from the
thicket, ensuring it's not hurt. Maria decides to adopt the kitten, naming it
Whiskers. She introduces Whiskers to her family, who are equally enamored by the
tiny feline. They set up a cozy corner in the house for the new family member.
Whiskers becomes an integral part of Maria's life. The two share many adventures
together, and Maria often reflects on that fateful day when she heard the faint
meowing that changed her life.
The story sets the scene by introducing Maria, the main character, and the initial
situation—the discovery of a meowing sound from the bushes. The main conflict is
introduced here. Maria wants to help the kitten, but it is scared and untrusting. The
tension builds as Maria tries different methods to gain the kitten's trust. Maria's efforts
pay off when the kitten finally allows her to touch it. It is the moment of highest
emotional intensity, where the primary conflict reaches its peak. The immediate
aftermath of the climax is shown. The conflict is resolved, and the story begins to wind
down. Maria's decision to adopt the kitten and its acceptance into her family are the
events leading to the story's conclusion. The story concludes with a reflection on the
events, showing the lasting impact of Maria's actions and the bond she shares with
Whiskers.
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In a plot diagram, it should look like this:
Figure 3. Plot diagram of “The Lost Kitten”
Flashback Plot Structure
Flashbacks add depth and complexity to a narrative by disrupting its chronological
flow. A flashback is a narrative technique that shifts the storyline from the present
moment back to a previous event or series of events. It is like a memory being played
out in the narrative. It is used to build suspense, develop characters, or provide
background information that is crucial to the current storyline. It is common in mystery
novels, psychological thrillers, and literary fiction.
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Figure 4. Flashback plot structure
Flashbacks can reveal crucial information about a character's past, motivations, or the
origins of a particular conflict. By jumping between different time points, the narrative
becomes layered, offering a multifaceted view of events and characters. It can evoke
strong emotions, as it often touches on pivotal moments, past traumas, or significant
events in a character's life.
Take a look at this example:
The Locket
At a bustling flea market, Sarah, a woman in her early thirties, stumbles upon an
old, tarnished locket. As she opens it, she's flooded with memories from her past.
Ten years earlier, a younger Sarah receives the locket as a gift from her
grandmother. The locket, a family heirloom, symbolizes the strong bond between
them. Sarah's grandmother shares stories of her own youth, emphasizing the
importance of cherishing memories and moments. Back at the flea market, Sarah
negotiates with the seller, determined to reclaim the lost heirloom. She wonders
how the locket ended up here and feels a pang of guilt for having lost it. A few
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years after her grandmother's passing, Sarah recalls a tumultuous period in her
life. Amidst personal challenges, she loses the locket, which adds to her distress.
Sarah finally manages to buy back the locket. As she holds it, she feels a deep
connection to her past and her grandmother's legacy. Sarah decides to restore the
locket and wear it as a tribute to her grandmother. She also vows to pass it down to
future generations, ensuring the stories and memories it holds remain alive.
The story sets the scene by introducing Sarah and the discovery of the locket at the
flea market. This event triggers the flashbacks. The narrative jumps back in time,
providing context and depth to the present situation. The first flashback introduces the
locket's significance and its connection to Sarah's grandmother. The second flashback
reveals how Sarah lost the locket, adding layers to the story. The narrative returns to
the present, where Sarah's determination to reclaim the locket builds tension. The
emotional high point is reached when Sarah reclaims the locket, symbolizing her
reconnection with her past and her grandmother's memories. The story concludes in
the present, with Sarah's decision to cherish and continue the legacy of the locket.
In a plot diagram, it should look like this:
Figure 4. Plot structure of “The Locket”
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While linear plots provide a clear and direct narrative, flashbacks offer a more intricate
and layered storytelling approach. Flashbacks can be challenging for readers, as they
require them to keep track of different timelines and piece together information, but
they can also make the narrative more engaging and rewarding. The choice between
linear and flashback structures often depends on the story's content and the author's
intent. Some stories demand a straightforward approach, while others benefit from
the depth and complexity flashbacks introduce.
Analyzing a Narrative Text or Poem for Plot Elements
When diving into a narrative text or poem, understanding its plot is crucial for a
comprehensive appreciation of the work. The plot provides a road map to the
narrative, guiding readers through its twists and turns. By analyzing the plot, readers
can gain insights into the story's themes, characters' motivations, and the author's
intentions. Here is a step-by-step guide to help you identify and analyze the plot of a
given text:
● Identify the exposition. Begin by pinpointing the exposition, where the
author introduces the main characters, setting, and the basic situation or
conflict. Who are the primary characters? Where and when is the story set?
What initial conflict or situation is presented?
● Spot the rising action. Look for events that build tension or complications in
the story. These events lead up to the climax and often introduce secondary
conflicts or challenges. What challenges do the characters face? How do these
challenges escalate the main conflict?
● Determine the climax. Identify the story's turning point, where the main
conflict reaches its peak. This is often the most emotionally charged part of
the narrative. What is the pivotal event or decision that changes the course of
the story?
● Highlight the falling action. After the climax, note the events that lead
towards the story's resolution. These events often resolve secondary conflicts
introduced during the rising action. How do the characters deal with the
aftermath of the climax? Are there any lingering conflicts?
● Pinpoint the resolution. Determine how the story concludes. This is where
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all conflicts are resolved, and the story comes to a close. How are the conflicts
resolved? What is the final outcome for the main characters?
● Consider the structure. Reflect on whether the story follows a linear or
nonlinear structure. If flashbacks or flash-forwards are used, note their
significance in the narrative. Does the story follow a chronological order? If
not, how do the flashbacks or flash-forwards contribute to the overall
narrative?
● Analyze themes and motifs. Beyond the basic plot elements, delve deeper
to identify recurring themes, motifs, or symbols in the narrative. These often
provide insights into the story's deeper meanings or the author's intentions.
What themes or motifs recur throughout the story? How do they relate to the
plot and characters?
By following these steps, readers can dissect any narrative text or poem, gaining a
deeper understanding of its plot and the intricacies woven by the author. This
analytical approach not only enhances comprehension but also fosters a deeper
appreciation for the art of storytelling.
Let’s Check In
How does the use of flashbacks in a story affect your
understanding of the main character's motivations and actions?
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Key Points
● A plot is the sequence of events in a story, guiding readers from the beginning to the
end.
● While a linear plot follows a chronological sequence, a flashback interrupts this flow
to revisit past events.
● Understanding the plot structure helps in appreciating the narrative's depth and the
author's storytelling technique.
Check Your Understanding
Read the text and answer the questions that follow.
In a quaint village, Lila, a young girl, discovers an old diary in her attic. As she flips
through the pages, she's transported to a time when her grandmother was her age.
The diary recounts a summer romance, filled with dances under the stars and
stolen glances. However, as the entries progress, they reveal a heart-wrenching
decision her grandmother had to make between love and duty.
1. How does the diary serve as a plot device in the narrative?
2. Identify moments in the diary entries that could be considered the climax of the
grandmother's story. Explain your choice.
3. How does the discovery of the diary affect Lila's perception of her grandmother?
4. If the story were to introduce a flashback, which part of the diary entries would you
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choose to expand upon? Why?
5. Based on the diary entries, how would you describe the conflict between love and
duty in the grandmother's life?
Let’s Step Up
Analyze how the use of the diary as a narrative device in the story affects your
understanding of the theme of generational connections. What insights does it
provide about the shared experiences of different generations? Use examples from
the text to support your answer.
Self-Assessment
I think I need I have a minimal I am confident
Skills more time and understanding of that I can do this
assistance. it. with ease.
Define and describe
the elements of a
plot in literature.
Differentiate linear
plot from flashback.
Analyze a given
narrative text or
poem and identify
the key elements of
its plot.
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Unit 4: The Historical Context
Reflection
I find ______________________ the most interesting because ________________________________.
I need to improve on ________________________ because ___________________________________.
I need to practice _________________________ because ______________________________________.
I plan to ___________________________________________________________________________________.
References
Glatch, Sean. 2023. “What Is the Plot of a Story? Plot Structures & Devices.” Writers, July 10, 2023.
https://writers.com/what-is-the-plot-of-a-story.
Pardede, Parlindungan. 2020. “Types and Functions of Plot.” Weaving Edu Tapestry, August 12,
2020. https://www.weedutap.com/2020/07/types-and-functions-of-plot.html.
“Plot: Definition and Examples.” Literary Terms, October 1, 2017. https://literaryterms.net/plot/.
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Answer Key
Let’s Check In
How does the use of flashbacks in a story affect your understanding of the main character's
motivations and actions?
Possible answer: Answers may vary. The use of flashbacks in a story can provide depth to a
character's motivations and actions by offering insights into his or her past experiences,
decisions, and emotions. By understanding what a character has been through, readers
can better grasp why they act the way they do in the present. For instance, a character's
current fear of water might be explained by a flashback showing a near-drowning incident
in their childhood. Flashbacks can also reveal hidden truths or provide context to a
character's relationships, enriching the overall narrative.
Check Your Understanding
1. How does the diary serve as a plot device in the narrative?
Possible answer: Answers may vary. The diary serves as a window into the past,
allowing Lila to connect with her grandmother's experiences and emotions.
2. Identify moments in the diary entries that could be considered the climax of the
grandmother's story. Explain your choice.
Possible answer: Answers may vary. The climax could be the moment the
grandmother had to make a decision between her summer romance and her duty
to her family.
3. How does the discovery of the diary affect Lila's perception of her grandmother?
Possible answer: Answers may vary. The diary humanizes the grandmother, showing
Lila a side of her she never knew—one filled with passion, youth, and difficult
choices.
4. If the story were to introduce a flashback, which part of the diary entries would you
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choose to expand upon? Why?
Possible answer: Answers may vary. A flashback could expand upon one of the
dances under the stars, providing a deeper understanding of the romance and the
emotions felt by the grandmother.
5. Based on the diary entries, how would you describe the conflict between love and
duty in the grandmother's life?
Possible answer: Answers may vary. The conflict is portrayed as intense and
soul-searching, with the grandmother torn between her personal desires and her
obligations.
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