Geography Chapter 6 Manufacturing Industries

Important questions and expected points to be written are given

here.
Answers to be copied in your C.W are
SHORT ANSWERS :
Q.NO. 4,5,7,8,9,10,12,13
DETAIL ANSWERS
Q.NO. 2,3,17,24,25.A, 25.B, 30,38
Question 1.
What is manufacturing? To which sector of economy does it
belong?
Or
“The economic strength of a country is measured by the
development of manufacturing industries”. Support the
statement with arguments.
Answer:
Manufacturing. Production of goods in large quantities after
processing from raw materials to more valuable products is
called manufacturing.
Manufacturing belongs to secondary sector in which the primary
materials are processed and converted into finished goods. The
economic strength of a country is measured by the development
of manufacturing industries.
Question 2.
Write the importance of ‘manufacturing sector’ for our nation.
Or, “Manufacturing industry is considered the backbone of
economic development of India.” Give reasons.

Answer:
Importance of manufacturing industries for India:

1. It helps in modernizing agriculture, which is the base of our

economy.
2. It reduces heavy dependence on agricultural income by
providing jobs in non-agricultural sectors.
3. Industrial development is necessary for eradication of
poverty and unemployment because people get jobs and
generate more income.
4. Export of manufactured goods expands trade and brings in
much needed foreign exchange.
5. Industries bring riches faster to a nation because
manufacturing changes raw materials into finished goods of
a higher value, so industrial development brings prosperity
to the country.
Question 3.
“Agriculture and industry are not exclusive of each other, but
move hand in hand.” Give arguments in favour of this statement.
Or,

Explain with examples how industries in India have given a

major boost to agriculture. Answer:
Agriculture and industry in India are inseparable or
interdependent on each other:

1. Agro-industries in India have boosted agriculture by raising

its productivity.
 2. Industries depend on agriculture for their raw materials, e.g.
cotton textile industry.
3. Industries provide many agricultural inputs like irrigation
pumps, fertilisers, insecticides, PVC pipes, machines and
tools etc. to the farmers.
4. Manufacturing industries have assisted agriculturists to
increase their production and also made the production
processes very efficient.
5. Development of different modes of transport by industrial
sector has not only helped farmers to obtain agricultural
inputs but has also helped them trade their products.

4. The challenge of sustainable development requires control

over industrial pollution.’ Substantiate the statement with
examples.
Ans: i. On one hand Industries lead to extensive industrial
growth and expansion, other hand these are also the cause of
environmental degeneration which prompt to the different type
of air, water pollution.
ii. There is an increasing requirement to use a further sustainable
model. iii. Industries must produce eco-friendly products and
dump wastes responsibly.
1. Use of latest technology can help industries to control pollution
and lead towards sustainable mode of operation.
2. Industries use- Reuse-Recycle-Refuse approach.
3. If necessary, dump waste in specified places, away from the land
and water sources, for example- before dumping treat well and
 make useful for other than drinking purpose, stop using thermal
plants in some of the locations.

5.“consequences of Enviornment degradation do not

respect national or state boundaries” Explain this
statement.
Ans:
1. The increase in pollution of land water, air, noise and resulting
in degradation of environment cannot be overlooked.
2. Pollution of river waters effects all as most of the rivers passes
through different states.
3. Air pollution caused by the presence of high proportion of
undesirable gases adversely affects human health and
atmosphere as a whole.
4. Thermal pollution of river water effect the aquatic life
irrespective of state and national boundaries.

6.How are industries responsible for enviornmental

degradation in India? Explain with examples.
Ans: Industries responsible for environmental degradation
in India:
1. Pollution of land, water and air from industries caused
environmental degradation.
2. Burning of fossil fuels in big and small factories emit smoke in
the air.
3. Organic and inorganic industrial wastes and effluents are
discharged into rivers.
4. Dumping of wastes from industries renders the soil useless.
5. Rain water carrying pollutants from wastes dumped by
industries percolates and contaminated the ground water.

7.Explain with examples any five examples that are

responsible for industrial location.
Ans: Five factors responsible for industrial location:
1. Availability of raw material at low cost.
2. Government policies.
3. Availability of specialized labour.
4. Availability of markets and services facilities like Banking,
Transport etc.
5. Availability of power.

8.Explain any five effects of Globalization.

Ans: Five effects of Globalization:
1. Increased investments by MNCs.
2. It created new opportunities for companies.
3. Some large local companies like in India emerged as
Multinational companies.
4. Standards of living have been raised.
5. Several companies hit hard due to competition.
6. Several workers rendered jobless due to shut down of industries.

9.“Consequences of enviornmental degradation do not

respect national or state boundaries.” Justify your answers.
 Ans: Consequences of Environmental degradation do not
respect national or State boundaries:
1. The increase in pollution of land water, air, noise and resulting
in degradation of environment cannot be overlooked.
2. Pollution of river waters effects all as most of the rivers passes
through different states.
3. Air pollution caused by the presence of high proportion of
undesirable gases adversely affects human health and
atmosphere as a whole.
4. Thermal pollution of river water effect the aquatic life
irrespective of state and national boundaries.

10.Differentiate between Agro-based Industries and Mineral-based Industries?

Answer :
Agro-based Industries Mineral-based Industries

1. Raw materials are derived from agriculture, e.g. 1. Raw materials are obtained from minerals, e.g.
jute. iron.

2. These are light industries. 2. These are heavy industries.

3. Are consumer industries. 3. Are basic industries.

4. Spread all over the country. 4. Located where raw materials are available.

Question 11.
List the major factors which affect the location of an industry at
a place. What is the key to the decision of ‘factory location’?
Answer:
1. Raw material. Cheap and abundant availability of raw
material. Industries which use heavy and perishable raw
material have to be located close to the source of raw
material.
2. Labour. Availability of cheap labour is necessary for
keeping the cost of production low.
3. Power. Cheap and continuous supply of power is extremely
necessary for continuity in the production process.
4. Capital. It is necessary for developing infrastructure, for the
entire manufacturing process and for meeting manufacturing
expenditure.
5. Banking and insurance facilities, favourable government
policies are other factors which affect location of an
industry.
The ‘key’ to the decision of a factory location is least cost so
that the venture is profitable.

Question 12
“Industrialisation and urbanisation go hand in hand.” Explain.
Answer:
After an industrial activity starts, urbanisation follows. Some
industries are located in and around the cities. Thus
industrialisation and urbanisation go hand in hand. Cities
provide markets, services such as banking, insurance,
transport, labour, consultants and financial advice, etc. to
industries.
 Question 13
What are ‘agglomeration economies’ in the industrial
context?
Answer:
Many industries tend to come together to make use of the
advantages offered by the urban centres known as
‘agglomeration economies’. Gradually, a large industrial
agglomeration or clustering takes place around an urban
centre.

Question 14.
State any five basis on which industries are classified.
Answer:

1. On the basis of source of raw materials used — Agro-based

and mineral-based.
2. According to their main role — Basic and Consumer
industries.
3. On the basis of capital investment—Small-scale and large-
scale industries.
4. On the basis of ownership — Public Sector, Private Sector,
Cooperative Sector, Joint Sector.
5. Based on the bulk and weight of raw material and finished
goods—Heavy industries, Light industries.
Question 15.
Classify industries on the basis of capital investment. How are
they different from one another? Explain with examples.
Answer:
On the basis of capital investment industries can be classified as:

 Small-scale industry
 Large-scale industry
Difference:
If the investment is more than one crore rupees in any industry,
it is considered as a large scale industry.
For example, Iron and Steel industry, Cement industry.

If the investment is less than one crore rupees in any industry, it

is considered as a small scale industry.
For example, Plastic industry, Toy industry.

Question 16.
Classify industries on the basis of source of raw material. How
are they different from each other? Answer:
On the basis of sources of raw material industries are classified
as:
(i) Agro based industries;
(ii) Mineral based industries
Difference between Agro-based industries and Mineral-based
industries

Question 17.
Explain the types of industries on the basis of ownership and
give one example of each.
Answer:
Four types of industries based on ownership are:

1. Public Sector industries. They are owned and operated by

government agencies, e.g. BHEL, SAIL, etc.
2. Private Sector industries are owned and operated by an
individual or a group of individuals, e.g. TISCO, Bajaj Auto
Ltd., Dabur Industries.
3. Joint Sector industries are jointly run by the Public
(government) and Private Sector (individuals), e.g. Oil India
Ltd.
 4. Cooperative Sector industries are owned and operated by the
producers or suppliers of raw materials, workers, or both.
They pool in the resources and share the profits or losses
proportionately, e.g. sugar industry in Maharashtra and coir
industry in Kerala.
Question 18.
Explain the role of agro-based industries in Indian economy.
Answer:
Role of agro-based industries in Indian economy:

1. The agro-based industries in India have given a major boost

to agriculture by raising its productivity as they obtain their
raw material from agriculture.
2. Development and competitiveness of industries has not only
assisted agriculturists in increasing their production but also
made the production processes very efficient.
3. The farmers are heading for commercial farming to produce
high value crops for industries. This may in turn help
improve the economic status of the farmers.
4. These agro-based industries, by creating demand, support
the growth of many other industries e.g., packaging
materials and engineering works etc.
Question 19.
Explain the significance of textile industry in India.

Or

The textile industry is the only industry which is self reliant and
complete in the value-chain? Justify this statement? Or
“Textile industry occupies a unique position in the Indian
economy”. Support the statement with appropriate arguments.
The Textile industry occupies a unique position in the Indian
Economy because:

1. It contributes significantly to industrial production (14%).

2. It employs largest number of people after agriculture, i.e. 35
million persons directly.
3. Its share in the foreign exchange earnings is significant at
about 24.6%.
4. It contributes 4% towards GDP.
5. It is the only industry in the country which is self-reliant and
complete in the value chain, i.e., from raw material to the
highest value added products.
20. Difference between Agro-based industries and Mineral-
based industries

Agro-based industries Mineral-based industries

They obtain their raw They obtain their raw

materials from agricultural materials from minerals.

products. Example: Iron and steel,

cement, machine tools, petro-

Example: Textiles —cotton,
chemicals, etc.
jute, silk and woolen. Rubber,

Sugar, Coffee, Tea and Edible

Oil, etc.

Question 21.
Name four agro-based and four mineral-based industries.
Answer:
Four Agro-based industries are cotton textile, jute textile, sugar
industry and edible oils industry.
Four Mineral-based industries are iron and steel industry,
aluminium industry, copper smelting industry and cement
industry.
Question 22.
Write the stages of the development of cotton textile industry in
India from ancient to modern times.
Answer:
Stages of development of Cotton Textile Industry in India:

1. In ancient India, cotton textiles were produced with hand

spinning and handloom weaving techniques.
2. After the 18th century, powerlooms came into use.
3. Our traditional industries suffered a setback during the
colonial period because they could not compete with the
mill-made cloth from England.
 4. Today, there are nearly 1600 cotton and human-made fibre
textile mills working at various levels and owned by varied
sectors. It is a decentralised industry today.

Question 23.
List factors which favoured the location and concentration of
cotton textile industry in Maharashtra
and Gujarat in early years.

Answer:

1. Availability of raw cotton was abundant and cheap because

these are the traditional cotton growing States.
2. Moist climate in these coastal States also helped in the
development of cotton textile industry because humid
conditions are required for weaving the cloth, else the yarn
breaks.
3. Well developed transportation system and accessible port
facilities in Maharashtra and Gujarat led to their
concentration there.
4. Proximity to the market is yet another factor as cotton
clothes are ideal and comfortable to wear in these warm and
humid States.
5. Cheap labour was abundantly available.

Question 24.
What are the problems faced by the cotton textile industry?
Answer:
Problems faced by the cotton textile industry:

1. Power supply is erratic in our country.

 2. Machinery needs to be upgraded, especially in weaving and
processing sectors.
3. Low output of labour.
4. We still need to import cotton in spite of the fact that the
production of cotton in the country has increased.
5. Stiff competition from the synthetic fibre industry.
25. A. Explain the main factors which are responsible for the
concentration of jute mills along the banks of Hugli river.
Answer:
Factors responsible for the concentration of jute industry on the
banks of Hugli:

1. Proximity of the jute producing areas to the Hugli Basin.

2. Inexpensive water transport provided by the Hugli river.
3. It is well connected by a good network of railways,
waterways and roadways to facilitate movement of raw
materials to the mills.
4. Abundant water for processing raw jute.
5. Availability of cheap labour from West Bengal and the
adjoining States of Bihar, Orissa and Uttar Pradesh.
6. Kolkata as a port and large urban centre, provides banking,
insurance and port facilities for export of jute goods.
25. B. Write down the major problems/challenges faced by the
jute industry.
Answer:
The major challenges faced by the jute industry:

1. Stiff competition in the international market from synthetic

substitutes.
2. Stiff competition from other competitors like Bangladesh,
Brazil, Philippines, Egypt and Thailand.
 3. The demand for jute products is declining both in
international as well as domestic markets.
4. The cost of production is high and many jute mills still have
obsolete machinery.
26. Why are the sugar mills located close to the sugarcane
fields?
Or
Why are sugar mills concentrated in sugarcane producing areas?
Answer:
Reasons for location of sugar mills close to the fields:

 The raw material used, (i.e.,) sugarcane is bulky and

perishable.
 It cannot be transported to long distances because its sucrose
content dries up fast, so it should be processed within 24
hours of its harvest.
27. Why are sugar mills shifting and concentrating in southern
and western State of India? Give reasons.

Answer:
Sugar Industry is shifting towards southern and western States,
because:

1. Cane produced here has higher sucrose content.

2. The favourable climatic conditions (cooler climate) ensure a
longer growing and crushing season.
3. The Cooperatives are more successful in these States and
sugar industry being seasonal in nature, is ideally suited to
cooperative sector.
4. Yield per hectare is higher in southern States.
28. What are the major challenges faced by sugar industry?
Answer:
Challenges faced by the sugar industry:

1. Seasonal nature of the industry.

2. Old and inefficient methods of production.
3. Delays in transportation of cane to the factories.
4. The need to maximise the use of baggase.
29. Why is iron and steel industry called the basic or key
industry? Explain.

Answer:

1. Since all the other industries—heavy, medium and light,

depend on it for their machinery.
2. Steel is needed to manufacture a variety of engineering
goods.
3. Steel is needed for construction material, defence and
medical equipments.
4. Steel is needed for telephonic, scientific equipment and a
variety of consumer goods.
5. Production and consumption of steel is often regarded as the
index of a country’s development.

30. Why are most of the iron and steel industries concentrated in
and around Chotanagpur Plateau Region? Give reasons.
Answer:
Reasons:

1. Low cost of iron-ore which is mined here.

2. High grade raw materials in close proximity.
3. Availability of cheap labour.
 4. Vast growth potential in the home market.
5. Efficient transport network for their distribution to the
markets and consumers.
6. Availability of power because this region has many thermal
and hydel power plants.
7. Liberalisation and FDI have also given boost to the industry
with efforts of private entrepreneurs.
31. What problems does the iron and steel industry in India
face? Or,

Why is India not able to perform to her full potential in iron and
steel production? Explain.
Answer:
Inspite of being an important producer of iron and steel, India
has not been able to exploit her complete potential, because of:

1. High cost of production and limited availability of coking

coal.
2. Lower productivity of labour.
3. Irregular supply of energy.
4. Poor infrastructure.
32. Write four characteristics and four major uses of aluminium.
Answer:
Four characteristics of aluminium:

1. It is a light metal.
2. It is resistant to corrosion.
3. It is a good conductor of heat.
4. It is malleable and becomes strong when mixed with other
metals.
33. Four uses (importance) of aluminium.
 1. It is used for manufacturing aircrafts.
2. It is used for making utensils and packing material.
3. It is used for making wires.
4. It has gained popularity as a substitute of steel, copper, zinc
and lead in a number of industries.
34. “Electronic industry has revolutionized the life of the masses
and the country’s economy.” Justify the statement with suitable
arguments.
Answer:
Electronic industry has revolutionized the life of the people and
the country’s economy because:

1. It produces a wide range of products from transistor sets to

televisions and computers for the masses.
2. It has helped us set up telephone exchanges, telephones,
cellular telecom, radios and many other equipments which
have application in space technology, aviation, defence,
meteorological departments, etc.
3. It has generated employment for a large number of people. It
employed over one million people by March 2005, out of
these 30% are women employees.
4. This industry has been a major foreign exchange earner
because of its fast growing Business Process Outsourcing
(BPO) Sector.
 5. India is one of the leading countries in software
development. We have 18 software technology parks which
provide high data communication facility to software
experts.

35. What is a software technology park? How many such parks

do we have? Name the technology park which is closest to
Delhi.
Answer:
Software technology parks provide single window service and
high data communication facility to software experts.
We have 18 software technology parks. Noida Software
Technology Park is the closest to Delhi.
36. Explain how industries cause air pollution.
Answer:
Air pollution is caused by the industries in the following ways:

1. The presence of high proportion of undesirable gases, such

as sulphur dioxide and carbon monoxide in the smoke
emitted from the industries causes air pollution.
2. Smoke is emitted by chemical and paper factories, brick
kilns, refineries and smelting plants, and burning of fossil
fuels in factories that ignore pollution norms.
3. Air-borne particulate materials contain both solid and liquid
particles like dust, sprays, mist and smoke.
4. Toxic gas leaks can be very hazardous with long-term
effects, e.g., Bhopal gas leak tragedy.
37. Write down the adverse effects of air pollution.
Answer:
Air pollution adversely affects:

1. human health,
2. animals and plants,
3. buildings and
4. atmosphere as a whole resulting in climate change.
5.
38. Suggest measures to control air pollution caused by
industries.
Answer:
Measures to control air pollution:
(i) Particulate matter in the air can be reduced by fitting
smoke stacks to factories with fabric filters, electrostatic
precipitators etc.
(ii) Equipments to control aerosol emissions can be used in
industries, e.g., electrostatic precipitators, scrubbers and
inertial separators.
(iii) Smoke can be reduced by using oil or gas instead of coal
in factories.(a) How are water bodies polluted by industries?

37.(b) Give examples of industries which cause a lot of water

pollution.

1. Water pollution is caused by organic and inorganic

industrial wastes and affluents discharged
into rivers.
2. Major water pollutants are dyes, detergents, acids and salts.
3. Heavy metals like lead and mercury, pesticides and
fertilizers and synthetic chemicals with carbon, plastics and
rubber etc. discharged in the water bodies without treatment
pollute these water bodies.
 4. Solid wastes, e.g., fly ash, phospo-gypsum and iron and steel
slags, etc. and wastes from nuclear power plants cause water
pollution.
5. Dumping of harmful chemicals and industrial effluents etc.
on the land causes rain-water to percolate. As a result, these
pollutants contaminate ground water.
(b) Major water polluting industries are:

1. Paper and pulp industries

2. Petroleum refineries
3. Chemical industry
4. Tanneries
5. Textile and dyeing industries
6. Electroplating industries.
38. Suggest measures to control water pollution caused by
industries.

Answer:

1. Minimising the use of water for processing by reusing and

recycling it in two or more successive stages.
2. Harvesting of rain-water to meet water requirements of
industries and other domestic purposes.
3. Treating hot water and effluents before releasing them in
rivers and ponds in the following ways:
 Primary treatment by mechanical means such as
screening, grinding, flocculation and sedimentation.
 Secondary treatment by biological process.
 Tertiary treatment by biological, chemical and physical
processes. This involves recycling of waste water.
39. What is noise pollution? Write its effects on human health
and suggest ways to reduce industrial noise pollution.
Answer:
Noise pollution: Unwanted loud noise is an irritant and a source
of stress.
Effects of noise pollution on human health:

1. Noise pollution results in irritation and anger.

2. It can cause hearing impairment.
3. It can increase heart rate.
4. It can raise blood pressure.
5. There can be physiological effects as well.
40. Ways to reduce industrial noise pollution:

 Machinery and equipment can be fitted with silencers.

 Almost all machinery can be redesigned to increase energy
efficiency and reduce noise.
 Noise absorbing material may be used apart from personal
use of earplugs and earphones.
41. How do industries pollute environment? Explain with five
examples.

Answer:
The five types of industrial pollution are:

1. Air pollution. Smoke is emitted by chemical and paper

factories, brick kilns, refineries and smelting plants, and
burning of fossil fuels in factories that ignore pollution
norms. Air-borne particulate materials contain both solid and
liquid particles like dust, sprays, mist and smoke.
2. Water pollution. Major water pollutants are dyes, detergents,
acids and salts. Heavy metals like lead and mercury,
 pesticides and fertilizers and synthetic chemicals with
carbon, plastics and rubber etc. discharged in the water
bodies without treatment pollute these water bodies.
3. Noise pollution. The generators, compressors, machines,
furnaces, looms, exhaust fans, etc. used by industries create
a lot of noise. Noise can raise blood pressure and can have
physiological effects as well.
4. Land pollution. Land and water pollution are closely related.
Dumping of industrial wastes especially glass, harmful
chemicals, industrial effluents, packing, salts and garbage
renders the soil useless.
5. Thermal pollution. Wastes from nuclear power plants,
nuclear and weapon production facilities cause cancer and
birth defects.
42. Explain any five measures to control industrial pollution in
India.
Answer:
Five measures to control industrial pollution:

1. Particulate matter in the air can be reduced by fitting smoke

stacks to factories with fabric filters, electrostatic
precipitators, etc.
2. Equipments to control aerosol emissions can be used in
industries, e.g., electrostatic precipitators, scrubbers and
inertial separators. Smoke can be reduced by using oil or gas
instead of coal in factories.
3. Harvesting of rainwater to meet water requirements of
industries and other domestic purposes.
4. Treating hot water and effluents before releasing them in
rivers and ponds.
5. Machinery and equipment can be fitted with silencers.
6. Noise absorbing material may be used apart from personal
use of earplugs and earphones.
43. Explain the pro-active approach adopted by the National
Thermal Power Corporation (NTPC) for preserving the natural
environment and resources?

Answer:
NTPC is taking the following measures in places where it is
setting up power plants:

1. Optimum utilisation of equipment by adopting latest

techniques and upgrading existing equipment.
2. Minimising waste generation by maximising ash utilisation.
3. Providing green belts for nurturing ecological balance.
4. Reducing environmental pollution through ash pond
management, ash water recycling system and liquid waste
management.
5. Ecological monitoring, reviews and online data base
management for all its power stations.
44. Suggest any three steps to minimise the environmental
degradation caused by the industrial development in India.
Answer:
Steps to minimize the environmental degradation caused by
industrial development in India are:

1. Minimizing use of water for processing by reusing and

recycling in two or more successive stages. Harvesting of
rain water to meet water requirements of industries and other
domestic purposes.
2. Treating hot water and effluents before releasing them in
rivers and ponds.
3. Particulate matter in the air can be reduced by fitting smoke
to factories with electrostatic precipitators, fabric filters,
scrubbers and inertial separators. Smoke can be reduced by
using oil or gas instead of coal in factories.
4. Machinery and equipments can be fitted with silencers to
prevent noise pollution.